Basel Convention Graphics (1999 version) http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/basel-convention-graphics-1999-version en-US Graphics prepared for the Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, trade in waste, recycling and related topics. More recent information is to be found in <a href="http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/collectionid/17F46277-1AFD-4090-A6BB-86C7D31FD7E7">"Vital Waste Graphics"</a> UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page General archive http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/general-archive en-US UNEP/GRID-Arendal maps and graphics database up to approximately 1998 UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Nordområdena (Norwegian Arctic) http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/nordomr-dena-norwegian-arctic en-US A collection of graphics prepared for the Norwegian Mapping Authorities and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on issues related to sustainable development and resource extractions in the Barents Sea. This set has been further edited to confirm to UNEP/GRID-Arendal best practices, rather than the Norwegian government graphics profile. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Water stress in Europe http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/water-stress-in-europe en-US 10 figures for the report "Water stress in Europe, can the challenge be met?" published in 1997. Water resources, pesticides pollution, life expectancy... UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Worldwatch collection http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/worldwatch-collection en-US Maps and graphics on renewable energy and grain production in the world UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010 http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/arctic-biodiversity-trends-2010 en-US A component of the comprehensive Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) of the Arctic Council, this report provides a snapshot of the trends being observed in Arctic biodiversity today. Twenty-two indicators examine the current state of the environment. Issues include sea birds, fisheries, climate change, polar bears and traditional knowledge. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Arctic conservation collection http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/arctic-conservation-collection en-US A collection of graphics, prepared together with the WWF Arctic programme and the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) programme of the Arctic Council. Graphics cover the state and threats to conservation and biodiversity in the circum-polar Arcitc, as well as regional case studies. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Assorted illustrations for the Arctic Council http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/assorted-illustrations-for-the-arctic-council en-US Maps and graphics prepared primarily for assessments and reports for working groups such as Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) and Arctic Monitoring and Assement Programme (AMAP). UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page CAFF and CPAN Archive http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/caff-and-cpan-archive en-US Maps prepared for a report - Circumpolar Protected Areas Network (CPAN) Strategy and Action Plan - on protected areas in the Arctic, for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) working group and the Circumpolar Protected Areas Network (CPAN). UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Indigenous knowledge about disasters in the Russian north http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/indigenous-knowledge-about-disasters-in-the-russian-north en-US Maps for a project on collecting local stories and surveys related to natural disasters among the Russian Arctic indigenous peoples (throught the RAIPON organization). UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page COP 5 Emission graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/cop-5-emission-graphics en-US This set of graphics was produced for the 5th Conference of the Parties (COP-5) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Bonn, Germany 25th October to 6th November 1999. They were created in co-operation with IPCC, UNFCCC, and CICERO. Please note that these graphics are outdated, and have since been updated in new collections, see http://www.grida.no/climate for full information UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page COP 7 Emission graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/cop-7-emission-graphics en-US This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. Please note that this set of graphics are outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information, please see http://www.grida.no/climate/ for more information. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Biodiversity in Central and Eastern Europe http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/biodiversity-in-central-and-eastern-europe en-US A sample with national biodiversity status information from 22 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Newly Independent States (NIS) countries. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Caucasus ecoregion - environment and human development issues http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/caucasus-ecoregion-environment-and-human-development-issues en-US This collection of maps is prepared to support and enhance the transboundary and sub-regional cooperation in the mountain eco-region of the Caucasus in the field of conservation, management and sustainable development. The maps present a number of concerns related to conservation and development in the ecoregion. The Caucasus eco-region includes six countries - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russian and Turkey - and follows the eco-region definition prepared by WWF in their action plan for Caucasus. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Central Asia: Environment and development graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/central-asia-environment-and-development-graphics en-US This collection focuses on the Aral Sea region and was published as a calendar. It demonstrates the bleak outlook of the region based on several key categories including: food production, nutrition, Land use, economy, development, health, poverty, energy and biodiversity. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page ENRIN Archive http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/enrin-archive en-US Assorted maps and graphics prepared in UNEP/GRID-Arendal projects. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Security (EnvSec) archive http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-security-envsec-archive en-US Assorted maps and charts from the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative - Transforming risks into cooperation of UNDP, UNEP, OSCE, NATO, UNECE and REC. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Security: Southern Caucausus http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-security-southern-caucausus en-US Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Security: Transforming risks into cooperation - the case of Eastern Europe http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-security-transforming-risks-into-cooperation-the-case-of-eastern-europe en-US This collection highlights the importance of recognising the region’s geopolitical positioning between the EU and the Russian Federation, improving energy security without jeopardising the environment, cleaning up obsolete military infrastructure and chemicals stocks, addressing the Trasnistrian conflict in Moldova and strengthening cooperation over shared rivers and ecosystems. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page GIWA Black Sea graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/giwa-black-sea-graphics en-US Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Security Issues in the Southern Mediterranean Region http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-security-issues-in-the-southern-mediterranean-region en-US This report aims to describe how environmental deg- radation will affect human security in the Mediterra- nean space, paying particular attention to the Middle East and North Africa. The report looks at possible risks and degradation, and how they may impact on conflicts, but also at the potential for collaboration to solve environmental risks and build closer inter-state cooperation for the overall peace and stability of the Mediterranean region. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Security: Southern Caucausus http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-security-southern-caucausus en-US Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Security: Transforming risks into cooperation - the case of Eastern Europe http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-security-transforming-risks-into-cooperation-the-case-of-eastern-europe en-US This collection highlights the importance of recognising the region’s geopolitical positioning between the EU and the Russian Federation, improving energy security without jeopardising the environment, cleaning up obsolete military infrastructure and chemicals stocks, addressing the Trasnistrian conflict in Moldova and strengthening cooperation over shared rivers and ecosystems. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Poverty Times #1: WSSD issue http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-poverty-times-1-wssd-issue en-US The Environment & Poverty Times aims to explain the complex links between poverty and the environment. It shows, through short texts, maps and other illustrations, some of the manifestations of poverty and environmental conditions. It explains how environmental degradation contributes to poverty and how poor people are trapped in such a cycle. And it provides references to key publications and initiatives on sustainable development and poverty alleviation. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Poverty Times #2: GMEF 2000 issue http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-poverty-times-2-gmef-2000-issue en-US This edition of the Poverty and Environment Times was prepared for the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa. The issues is focusing on the complex, and often misunderstood links between the environment and poverty. Catchy titles such as "Poverty is pollution" and "Healthy environment, prosperous people" are misleading: they generalize the intricate interrelationships between poverty and resource mismanagement. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Poverty Times #3: Disaster issue http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-poverty-times-3-disaster-issue en-US This edition of the Environment Times illustrates the problems and challenges before us, showing many practical examples on how useful preventive action can be taken. It lays out why we must think “environment” at every stage of disaster management, be it in preparing, preventing, mitigating or reacting. As for the structure of the paper, the intention was to present the material in the order of the stages of disasters: from prevention early warning and preparedness to relief and reconstruction. This proved to be difficult, as we all know that ‘reconstruction starts with prevention’, but we nevertheless kept this basic roster, although certain articles could fit in different categories. The four stages are each preceded by an example of a natural event and an industrial accident, where the authors show the linkages between environmental management, risk reduction and effect on livelihoods. The end of the paper gives the floor to different industrial sectors and features the role of the local level in disaster management. Another double page is dedicated to more general refl ections on the role of environmental management in disaster risk reduction. The central pages feature a set of maps displaying issues related to disasters that possibly are not necessarily perceived as such. (Special Edition for the World Conference on Disaster Reduction January 18-22, 2005, Kobe, Japan) UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Poverty Times #4: MDG issue http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-poverty-times-4-mdg-issue en-US This edition focuses on the linkages between the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and our common environment. Regions of the world facing the most serious decline in the services provided by ecosystems are the same areas showing the slowest progress in achieving the MDGs. In sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South Asia and parts of Latin America, the burden of poverty, hunger and disease coincides with acute deterioration of natural services such as the provision of fresh water, the formation of soils to grow corps and the availiability of natural resources such as fish, fuel-wood and medicine derived from plants. We believe that certain things in life cannot be mentioned enough, and a paper shedding light on the linkages between our environment and the MDGs still stands out as highly relevant. Even though the world has made signifi cant progress in achieving many of the goals, progress has been far from uniform across the worldor across the Goals. There are huge disparities across and within countries. One can ask if the goals merely are targets set but never met? The environment might just be the pillar upon which all the goals anf hence a more sustainable development may well fall or stand. And the environment is not a luxury only affordable when all other issues have been resolved. It is, as stated, the red ribbon running around. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Poverty Times #5: Pro-poor growth issue http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-poverty-times-5-pro-poor-growth-issue en-US This issue of Environment & Poverty Times was released at the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) in Yokohama, Japan in May 2008. The paper features a collection of short articles, maps, graphics and other illustrations that focuses on the complex links between environment and poverty reduction. The articles describe how natural resources can contribute to economic growth that also benefits the poor. With the right mixture of entrepreneurship, investments and enabling policies at the national and international levels we can create economic opportunities for people to move beyond subsistence levels. Environment and Poverty Times is a series of publications in newspaper format, presenting current issues related to development and environment. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Poverty Times #6: Green Economy issue http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-poverty-times-6-green-economy-issue en-US The Environment & Poverty Times aims to explain the complex links between poverty and the environment. It shows, through short texts, maps and other illustrations, some of the manifestations of poverty and environmental conditions. It explains how environmental degradation contributes to poverty and how poor people are trapped in such a cycle. And it provides references to key publications and initiatives on sustainable development and poverty alleviation. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Polar Times #3 http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/polar-times-3 en-US The Polar Environment Times No 3 was launched at the Arctic Marine Strategic Plan workshop in Reykjavik, Iceland. This issue features articles from several of the ministers that went to Svalbard in August, views on Antarctica and a story on NATO bombing Saami ranges in northern Norway UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page African Environment Outlook 2 http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/african-environment-outlook-2 en-US The report underscores the concept of sustainable livelihoods, and the importance of the environmental initiatives in supporting them. It places in essence the human being at the center of sustainable development. The structure and design of the report strives to bring out this message as clearly as possible. The emphasis is put on what should and can be done with existing (remaining) environmental assets, in the context of identified constraints (issues), rather than focusing on what has been (already) lost. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page GEO Yearbook http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/geo-yearbook en-US The GEO Year Book is an annual report on the changing environment produced by the United Nations Environment Programme in collaboration with many world environment experts. As a compliment to the Global Environment Outlook assessment series, this represents a more agile format with timely reports on the relevant events from the pervious year and the outlook for the upcoming years ahead. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Global Deserts Outlook http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/global-deserts-outlook en-US Global Deserts Outlook examines the historical context, location and extent of the world’s deserts, as well as the fragile ecologies and unique biota of deserts. The report also aims to highlight the importance of desert ecosystem services, such as crops, oil and mineral deposits and tourism, and the challenges faced by countries with desert areas face and by their populations, and provide an outlook for the future. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Global Environment Outlook 3 (GEO-3) http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/global-environment-outlook-3-geo-3 en-US The Global Environment Outlook (GEO) series are the flagship publications of the world's leading environmental organization. They present comprehensive and authoritative reviews and analyses of worldwide environmental conditions and trends and the policies and policy instruments available to address them. GEO-3 is published 10 years after the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 and in time for its successor, the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. It sets an action-oriented environmental agenda for the future. Continuing the global and regional focus of the series, it complements the detailed assessment of the state of the global environment set out in GEO-2000. GEO-3 examines environmental trends over the past 30 years to provide an integrated explanation of the developments that have occurred. It not only examines the state of the environment over that period, but also the full range of social, economic, political and cultural drivers that have brought about change. Highlighting human vulnerability to environmental deterioration, it assesses effects of the spectrum of policy measures adopted. From this retrospective analysis, GEO-3 then projects future outcomes. It develops a range of scenarios for the next 30 years, from 2002-2032, with detailed exploration of the policies and instruments available at all levels for improving environmental conditions. Clearly organized and in accessible non-technical language, in full colour with extensive graphics, statistics, boxes and quick highlights, GEO-3 will be an essential tool for teaching and research as well as a vital guide for policy-makers and stimulus to future action. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Global Environment Outlook 4 (GEO-4) http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/global-environment-outlook-4-geo-4 en-US The Global Environment Outlook (GEO) is the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) flagship assessment process and report series. The fourth report in the series, GEO-4, provides an overview of the global and regional environmental, social and economic state-and-trends over the past two decades. It highlights the interlinkages, challenges and opportunities which the environment provides for developmen and human well-being. The report also presents an outlook, using four scenarios to explore plausible futures to the year 2050, as well as policy options to address present and emerging environmental issues. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Global Outlook for Ice and Snow http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/global-outlook-for-ice-and-snow en-US Global outlook for ice & snow provides an up-to-date, concise review of the state of the environment and the trends in ice and snow-covered regions (cryosphere) of the world. It features case studies, illustrations, graphics and maps and serves as an educational and reference publication. With a broad target audience that includes decision-makers at many levels, the report looks at the significance of changes in the cryosphere to human well-being and the implications for policy. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page GLOBIO GEO-3 http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/globio-geo-3 en-US Regional human impact/wilderness models and scenarios for the UNEP publication Global Environment Outlook 3 (2002) on the current and future state of biodiversity, wilderness and human impact. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page GLOBIO assorted maps http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/globio-assorted-maps en-US Assorted maps that has been produced within the GLOBIO project from 2001 and on. Most of these maps have been prepared using the GEO-3 analyses and with regional and re-projected views. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page GLOBIO GEO-3 http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/globio-geo-3 en-US Regional human impact/wilderness models and scenarios for the UNEP publication Global Environment Outlook 3 (2002) on the current and future state of biodiversity, wilderness and human impact. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Last Stand of the Orangutan, Rapid Response Assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/last-stand-of-the-orangutan-rapid-response-assessment en-US Assessment of the current status of Orangutan (Borneo and Sumatra) with a special focus on the national park system in Indonesia. The protected areas in Indonesia are underfunded, and the current park staff are not equipped to tackle the rampant illegal logging, hunting and burning that takes places in these areas. The assessment was prepared through a collaboration with UNEP-WCMC, UNEP/GRID-Arendal together with the UNEP/UNESCO Great Apes Survival Project (GRASP). UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Baltic GIS http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/baltic-gis en-US The Baltic Sea Region GIS, Maps and Statistical Database is a result of the Baltic Drainage Basin Project (BDBP), a multi-disciplinary research project under the EU 1991-1994 Environment Research Programme. It was developed as joint effort between the Beijer Institute, Stockholm, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University and UNEP/GRID-Arendal. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Towards an environmentally sustainable Nordic Region http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/towards-an-environmentally-sustainable-nordic-region en-US Maps and graphics for a presentation for a Nordic Council thematical conference in Gothenburg 1998. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Mapping indicators of poverty in West Africa http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/mapping-indicators-of-poverty-in-west-africa en-US A pilot study to examine the relationship between the location of rural poor population and land use potential in West Africa, based on 'best available data', using Geographic Information Systems technology. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Poverty-biodiversity mapping applications http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/poverty-biodiversity-mapping-applications en-US Discussion paper for the session "Decision-support systems - Their value in addressing health-poverty-conservation links" at the IUCN World Conservation Congress, November 17-25 2004, Bangkok, Thailand. This report was been written by Mathilde Snel for UNEP/GRID-Arendal. It includes some extracts from a recent summary on poverty mapping application in the health sector, written by Anna Ballance. Maps and graphics were prepared by Hugo Ahlenius. The report was reviewed by Hugo Ahlenius, Marianne Fernagut, and Otto Simonett. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Pro-poor growth and natural resources – the economics and politics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/pro-poor-growth-and-natural-resources-the-economics-and-politics en-US One of the keys to sustainable development and the eradication of poverty is the management of our shared natural resources. This collection of graphics were prepared for a publiction for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on economic growth, poverty and natural resources UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Blue Carbon - The Role of Healthy Oceans in Binding Carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/blue-carbon-the-role-of-healthy-oceans-in-binding-carbon en-US Very large cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases are needed if we are to avoid the worst effects of global climate change. This report describes the vital contribution that ecosystems can and must make to these efforts. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Green Hills, Blue Cities - an Ecosystems Approach to Water Resources Management for African Cities http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/green-hills-blue-cities-an-ecosystems-approach-to-water-resources-management-for-african-cities en-US Of the one billion people living on the African continent, about 40 per cent lives in urban areas. Between 1990 and 2010, the total urban population in Africa doubled from 205 million to 400 million, and by 2050, it is expected that this will triple to 1.23 billion. Of the total urban population, 60 per cent is living in slum conditions. In a time of rapid urban growth, Africa is likely to experience some of the most severe impacts of climate change, particularly when in terms of water and food security. This places huge pressures on the growing urban populations as well as the surrounding urban ecosystems on which they depend. This report, jointly produced by UNEP and UN-HABITAT in collaboration with the Africa Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW) and funded by Tongji University, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and Bayer Foundation, shows that there is a way forward for a more sustainable future where restoration of ecosystems, often in the green hills and watersheds surrounding cities, can provide cheaper, efficient and more resilient water supply systems in a rapidly changing Africa. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page In Dead Water - Climate Change, Pollution, Over-harvest, and Invasive Species in the World's Fishing Grounds http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/in-dead-water-climate-change-pollution-over-harvest-and-invasive-species-in-the-world-s-fishing-grounds en-US UNEP rapid response assessment on the state of the world's seas. In this report, the locations of the most productive fishing grounds in the World – from shallow, coastal waters to the deep and high seas- are compared to projected scenarios of climate change, ocean acidification, coral bleaching, intensity of fisheries, land-based pollution, increase of invasive species infestations and growth in coastal development. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Last Stand of the Orangutan, Rapid Response Assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/last-stand-of-the-orangutan-rapid-response-assessment en-US Assessment of the current status of Orangutan (Borneo and Sumatra) with a special focus on the national park system in Indonesia. The protected areas in Indonesia are underfunded, and the current park staff are not equipped to tackle the rampant illegal logging, hunting and burning that takes places in these areas. The assessment was prepared through a collaboration with UNEP-WCMC, UNEP/GRID-Arendal together with the UNEP/UNESCO Great Apes Survival Project (GRASP). UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Living Planet: Connected Planet, Rapid Response Assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/living-planet-connected-planet-rapid-response-assessment en-US Preventing the end of the world's wildlife migrations through ecological networks UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Sick Water - The Central Role of Wastewater Management in Sustainable Development http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/sick-water-the-central-role-of-wastewater-management-in-sustainable-development en-US The statistics are stark: Globally, two million tons of sewage, industrial and agricultural waste is discharged into the world’s waterways and at least 1.8 million children under five years-old die every year from water related disease, or one every 20 seconds. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page The Environmental Food Crisis - The Environment's Role in Averting Future Food Crises http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/the-environmental-food-crisis-the-environment-s-role-in-averting-future-food-crises en-US A new rapid response assessment report released by UNEP warns that up to 25% of the world’s food production may become lost due to environmental breakdown by 2050 unless action is taken. Prepared by the Rapid Response Assessment Team at UNEP/GRID-Arendal and UNEP-WCMC, the report provides the first summary by the UN of how climate change, water stress, invasive pests and land degradation may impact world food security, food prices and life on the planet and how we may be able to feed the world in a more sustainable manner. The report concludes that we need to get smart and more creative about recycling food wastes and fish discards into animal feed. While major efforts have gone into increasing efficiency in the traditional energy sector, food energy efficiency has received too little attention. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page The Environmental Food Crisis - The Environment's Role in Averting Future Food Crises [French] http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/the-environmental-food-crisis-the-environment-s-role-in-averting-future-food-crises-french en-US Après une tendance à la baisse qui a duré une bonne centaine d'années, les prix des produits alimentaires ont connu ces dernières années une envolée sans précédent au cours du siècle écoulé, tant par son ampleur et sa durée que par le nombre de groupes de produits dont les prix ont augmenté. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page The Last Stand of the Gorilla - Environmental Crime and Conflict in the Congo Basin http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/the-last-stand-of-the-gorilla-environmental-crime-and-conflict-in-the-congo-basin en-US The fate of the great apes is closely tied to ours as they inhabit some of the last remaining tropical rainforests – ecosystems that not only assist in supplying water, food and medicine but also play a global role in carbon sequestration and thus combating climate change. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page The Natural Fix? - The Role of Ecosystems in Climate Mitigation http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/the-natural-fix-the-role-of-ecosystems-in-climate-mitigation en-US Very large cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases are needed if we are to avoid the worst effects of global climate change. This report describes the vital contribution that ecosystems can and must make to these efforts. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Women at the Frontline of Climate Change - Gender Risks and Hopes http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/women-at-the-frontline-of-climate-change-gender-risks-and-hopes en-US Women are often in the frontline in respect to the impacts of a changing climate. Globally the world is seeing increasingly frequent droughts and floods which are having economic but also profound social consequences. The women and people of Asia are currently at greatest risk with over 100 million people affected in this region annually. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page State of the Environment Norway 98 http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/state-of-the-environment-norway-98 en-US 1998 edition of the Norway state of the environment report. Please note that this publication has since been replaced by http://www.environment.no/ UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Balkan Vital Graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/balkan-vital-graphics en-US Environmental protection is one of the areas where the Balkan countries still face a big challenge to catch up with their western neighbours. After the 1990s conflicts and the breakup of Yugoslavia, six new Balkan states emerged. Apart from integrating environmental concerns into the new policies, a major challenge is environmental management across new borders. What used to be six international river basins in the Balkans have now evolved into 13 internationally shared river basins and four trans-boundary lake basins. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Kick the Habit: A UN Guide to Climate Neutrality http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/kick-the-habit-a-un-guide-to-climate-neutrality en-US A new UNEP publication, written and produced by UNEP/GRID-Arendal for World Environment Day 2008, shows how various levels of society can work towards climate neutrality. Written and reviewed by experts from many disciplines and various countries, the book is aimed at a broad audience, with solutions for individuals, small and large businesses, NGOs, international organizations, cities and countries. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Arctic Graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-arctic-graphics en-US Vital Arctic Graphics is a compilation of illustrations and case studies intended to describe the Arctic, the livelihoods of Arctic indigenous peoples and the future well-being of this region. It summarizes some of the key threats to the future sustainability of the Arctic including the rapid pace of climate change, worrying levels of persistent organic and heavy metal pollutants, and increasing natural resource exploration. The coastal regions are particularly important to the peoples of the Arctic and their current protection status is therefore given particular focus. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Arctic Graphics (2004 edition) http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-arctic-graphics-2004-edition en-US Vital Arctic Graphics is a compilation of illustrations and case studies intended to describe the Arctic, the livelihoods of Arctic indigenous peoples and the future well-being of this region. It summarizes some of the key threats to the future sustainability of the Arctic including the rapid pace of climate change, worrying levels of persistent organic and heavy metal pollutants, and increasing natural resource exploration. The coastal regions are particularly important to the peoples of the Arctic and their current protection status is therefore given particular focus. This edition was prepared for the UNEP Governing council 2004, and has since been superceded by Vital Arctic Graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/collectionid/415C76C8-85AD-4135-B0D4-A0D5FA0C557D UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Caspian Graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-caspian-graphics en-US In recent years the Caspian Sea has been the focus of increased global attention. The world-wide decline in oil and gas reserves and the corresponding rise in the price of hydrocarbon derivatives have heightened interest in an area where there is still growth potential in oil and gas exploration. In addition, the region presents a wealth of opportunities in other areas, including bioresources, transport corridors, and not least ecotourism. These new ventures may bring increased prosperity, but they also put pressure on traditional rural communities and the environment. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Climate Change Graphics for Latin America and the Caribbean (2010) http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-climate-change-graphics-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-2010 en-US Climate change – its causes, its global consequences and the magnitude of its expected effects on both ecosystems and human activities – will be one of the greatest challenges of this century. It will significantly alter current patterns of production, distribution and consumption, as well as the overall lifestyles of modern societies. During the present century, countries will be compelled to deal with two simultaneous challenges: adapting to the new climate conditions and working to mitigate them. This will require an international agreement that recognizes historical, but differentiated, responsibilities. The Latin American and the Caribbean region is not immune to this challenge – one of the most difficult confronting modern economies – and will have to transition to a sustainable development strategy that pursues a low-carbon path and promotes equity and social inclusion. The United Nations Development Programme (UNEP), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) – through its Sustainable Development and Human Settlements Division – and GRID-Arendal hereby present Vital Climate Change Graphics for Latin America and the Caribbean. The objective of this work is to show, in a clear and articulate way, through charts, maps and detailed analyses, the status of climate change and its implications for the region. This document, in addition to contributing to the study and debate on the phenomenon of global climate change and its effects on the region, also provides a reference source for decision makers in both the public and private spheres. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Climate Change Graphics Update http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-climate-change-graphics-update en-US Vital Climate Change Graphics was first published in 2000 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and GRID-Arendal ( Based on the ?ndings of the Second Assessment Report (SAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it presented a collection of graphics focussing on the environmental and socio-economic impacts of climate change This updated edition, launched in February 2005, is based on the Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the IPCC that was published in 2001. The publication of this second edition was prompted by the popularity of the first edition and the obvious need for providing updated information to our readers. The contents of this publication are accessible on this web site where all the graphics are reproduced in data formats that could be downloaded for further use. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Climate Graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-climate-graphics en-US UNEP has been active in disseminating information for decision-making and promoting awareness of climate change. In cooperation with the Convention's secretariat, UNEP is taking action to promote the implementation of Article 6 of the Convention, which addresses public awareness, education and training. As part of this effort, UNEP's Global Resources Information Database (GRID) office in Arendal conceived an idea to develop an information package called Vital Climate Graphics. This first set of graphics focuses on the environmental and socio-economic impacts of climate change. The graphics are based primarily on the IPCC's Second Assessment Report (SAR), especially the contribution of Working Group II on Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change and on the IPCC Special Report on Regional Impacts of Climate Change. It is our hope that these Vital Climate Graphics find a wide and receptive audience. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Climate Graphics Africa http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-climate-graphics-africa en-US This set of 25 graphics focuses on the special challenges that Africa faces due to expected long term changes in climate. The graphics indicate that temperature rise in Africa corresponds to global temperature rise, and that adverse impacts including extremes, are spread across the diverse environments of Africa, putting a huge proportion of African continent at great risk. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Climate Graphics Latin America and the Caribbean http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-climate-graphics-latin-america-and-the-caribbean en-US Vital Climate Graphics Latin America and the Caribbean is a collection of graphics that highlight greenhouse gas emission trends, observational evidence, and projected impacts of warming and adverse weather events in the region. Despite the relatively small contribution of Latin America and the Caribbean to global warming, the fragile natural environments, livelihoods and resource-dependent economies of the region could be threatened by the impacts of global climate change. This collection of graphics is designed to present the complex subject of climate change into material that can be useful to a broad range of readers. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Forest Graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-forest-graphics en-US Forests are not only important for the 1.6 billion people who depend on them for their livelihoods, but for the world's population at large. Forests play a critical role in the Earth's life support system, including global carbon and hydrological cycles. To help communicate the value of forests to policy/makers and the wider public, three United Nations organizations / entities UNEP, FAO and UNFF joined efforts to analyse, synthsize and illustrate tropical forest issues. The Vital Forest Graphics provides an overview of the global trends in forest cover and looks specifically at the four largest forest ecosystems and analyses the trends and challenges in their conservation and management. It scrutinizes some of the key drivers behind forest loss, including the increasing demand for commodities and energy. Finally, it reviews some of the best practices for sustainable management of forest, including management of forest, including regulatory regimes, participatory management and economic incentives. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Ozone Graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-ozone-graphics en-US Vital ozone Graphics is a compilation of illustrations and case studies intended to describe the issues dealing with the depletion and condition of the Ozone layer encasing earth. the ozone layer filters out dangerous ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, thus protecting life on Earth. Scientists believe that the ozone layer was formed about 400 million years ago, essentially remaining undisturbed for most of that time. In 1974, two chemists from the University of California startled the world community with the discovery that emissions of man-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a widely used group of industrial chemicals, might be threatening the ozone layer. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Ozone Graphics 2.0 - Climate Link [French] http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-ozone-graphics-2-0-climate-link-french en-US The efforts of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol have, over more than 20 years, translated scientific realities into political decisions leading to concrete action on the ground. The experience of this Protocol can act as both guide and inspiring example of the multilateral system at its best, and should help build confidence for future multilateral environmental agreements. This second, revised edition of “Vital Ozone Graphics” sheds a light onto the latest decisions taken by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol to accelerate the phase out of HCFCs and the implications this has on the use of replacement chemicals. It also focuses on the links to climate both physically up in the air and on the institutional ground of international treaty negotiations and discusses the remaining challenges posed by the large amounts of ozone killer banks still present in equipment in use and stocked away, only safe for the atmosphere once entirely destroyed. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Ozone Graphics 2.0 - Climate Link [Russian] http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-ozone-graphics-2-0-climate-link-russian en-US Предпринятые за прошедшие 20 лет усилия государств – участников Монреальского протокола способствовали трансформации научных реалий в политические решения, которые привели к конкретным действиям на местах. Накопленный в рамках Протокола опыт может служить как путеводителем, так и вдохновляющим примером эффективной многосторонней системы и должен способствовать процессу укрепления доверия к будущим многосторонним соглашениям в области охраны окружающей среды. Во втором, исправленном издании «Озоновый слой. Основные диаграммы» освещаются недавно принятые сторонами Монреальского протокола решения по ускорению процесса искоренения ГХФУ, и описываются последствия данного процесса в сфере использования альтернативных химикатов. В докладе также акцентируется внимание на физической и юридической связях между климатом и международными соглашениями по охране окружающей среды. В нем также изложены проблемы, связанные со все еще сохраняющимся значительным количеством разрушающих озоновый слой веществ, которые содержатся в используемых и складированных приборах и которые станут безопастными для атмосферы только после их полного уничтожения. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Waste Graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-waste-graphics en-US The publication “Vital Waste Graphics” was initiated by the Basel Convention Secretariat and produced in partnership with the Division of Environmental Conventions (DEC) of UNEP, Grid-Arendal and the Division of Early Warning Assessment-Europe of UNEP. It is being published for the seventh meeting of the Conference to the Parties of the Basel Convention (COP7). UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Waste Graphics 2 http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-waste-graphics-2 en-US The second edition of Vital Waste Graphics looks at the lifecycle of products and provides a wealth of data, text and graphics that shed a light on types of waste that are usually hidden to the consumers. Vital Waste Graphics II was produced by UNEP/GRID-Arendal in collaboration with the Secretariat of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes and their Disposal on the occasion of the 8th Conference of Parties held in Nairobi 27 November until 1 December, 2006. It was co-financed by The Basel Convention Secretariat and UNEP's Division of Environmental Law and Conventions (DELC). UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Water Graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-water-graphics en-US The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has been at the forefront of assessing and monitoring global water resources and presenting information on their use and management for 30 years. UNEP has compiled this report in order to provide an easily accessible resource on the state of the world's waters. The goal of this publication is to produce a clear overview, through a set of graphics, maps and other illustrations, of the state of the world's fresh and marine waters. It also illustrates the causes, effects, trends and threats facing our water sources, with examples of areas of major concern and future scenarios for the use and management of fresh, coastal and marine waters. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Vital Water Graphics 2 http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/vital-water-graphics-2 en-US The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has been at the forefront of assessing and monitoring global water resources and presenting information on their use and management for 30 years. UNEP has compiled this report in order to provide an easily accessible resource on the state of the world's waters. The goal of this publication is to produce a clear overview, through a set of graphics, maps and other illustrations, of the state of the world's fresh and marine waters. It also illustrates the causes, effects, trends and threats facing our water sources, with examples of areas of major concern and future scenarios for the use and management of fresh, coastal and marine waters. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page World Resources 2008: Roots of Resilience - Growing the Wealth of the Poor http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/world-resources-2008-roots-of-resilience-growing-the-wealth-of-the-poor en-US The principles presented in the World Resources 2008 repor offers a way to screen development initiatives to ensure they best serve the poor by including investments in long-term conservation of the planet's natural wealth. Using community based natural resources management and support to rural enterprises ensures a new direction for the future. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page African environment collection http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/african-environment-collection en-US Assorted graphics, on issues related to environment and livelihoods in Africa UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Barentswatch Atlas http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/barentswatch-atlas en-US This set of maps and graphics shows physical geography, population and urban areas, forests and protected areas, fauna (wildlife) distribution and threats to the environment in the Barents Sea region (north of the Russian Federation and northern Scandinavia). UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Continental Shelf - The Last Maritime Zone http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/continental-shelf-the-last-maritime-zone en-US During the past decade, many coastal States have been engaged in peacefully establishing the limits of their maritime jurisdiction. This represents an historical milestone towards the defnition of maritime sovereignty, and presents enormous economic opportunities forcoastal States, but also brings new environmental challenges and responsibilities. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page EEA reports http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/eea-reports en-US Graphics prepared by UNEP/GRID-Arendal for European Environment Agency (EEA) reports in 2007, primarily for the UNECE Sixth Ministerial Conference 'Environment for Europe' in October 2007. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Environment and Security: Central Asia - Ferghana/Osh/Khujand Area http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/environment-and-security-central-asia-ferghana-osh-khujand-area en-US This is part of an in-depth assessment report of the environmental and security situation in the Ferghana valley that was released on the occasion of the conference in Almaty, Kazakhstan, 27 May 2005. The report is part of a one-year process carried out in close collaboration with the three countries, has identified several clusters of issues on the environment-security interface. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page High mountain glaciers and climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/high-mountain-glaciers-and-climate-change en-US Challenges to human livelihoods and adaptation Climate change is causing signifcant mass loss of glaciers in high mountains worldwide. Although glacier systems show a great amount of inherent complexity and variation, there are clear overall trends indicating global glacier recession, which is likely to accelerate in coming decades. Large gaps remain in our understanding and ability to model accurately the key processes and cause-effect relationships driving glacier response to climate change. In addition, a lot of data on glacier mass changes are not available to the public due to national interests concerning water supply. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page International Polar Year (IPY) educational posters http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/international-polar-year-ipy-educational-posters en-US There have been five posters prepared, with high-school age students as the main target groups. Each poster stands on its own but is recognizable as part of the series through the common design template. All the posters includes illustrations and text highlighting the human dimension of the poster theme - photos with people and text showing how people are affected and why they should care. The lifespan of these products is not limited to the IPY period (March 2007 - March 2009) and the ambition is that these will be useful beyond this period. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page IAASTD - International assessment of agricultural science and technology for development http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/iaastd-international-assessment-of-agricultural-science-and-technology-for-development en-US The International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) coincides with the widespread realization that despite significant scientific and technological achievements in our ability to increase agricultural productivity, we have been less attentive to some of the unintended social and ecological consequences of our achievements. We are now in a good position to reflect on these consequences and to outline various policy options to meet the challenges ahead, perhaps best characterized as the need for food and livelihood security under increasingly constrained environmental conditions from within and outside the realm of agriculture and globalized economic systems. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Kick the Habit: A UN Guide to Carbon Neutrality http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/kick-the-habit-a-un-guide-to-carbon-neutrality en-US A UN Guide to Climate Neutrality UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Many Strong Voices - Turning Vulnerability into Strength http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/many-strong-voices-turning-vulnerability-into-strength en-US Climate change presents the human race with profound choices that go beyond the current debate over new technologies, economic, and social costs and even concerns over environmental impacts. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has called climate change the “moral imperative and the defning issue of our era.” UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Millennium Ecosystem Assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/millennium-ecosystem-assessment en-US Since the inception of global assessments on ozone depletion and climate change, the global policy process has been better informed, and decision-makers are able to take more effective and timely decisions. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment followed in the footsteps of these assessments and was designed to meet the need for information about the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. It sought in particular to strengthen the link between scientific knowledge and decision-making. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Orangutans and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management in Sumatra http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/orangutans-and-the-economics-of-sustainable-forest-management-in-sumatra en-US Deforestation is responsible for approximately 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and is therefore a major contributor to climate change, but also to the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services and a direct threat to Asia’s great ape – the orangutan. Between 2005-2010, Indonesia had accelerating forest loss compared to 2000-2005 and is within the highest five countries for percentage of primary forest loss globally. This acceleration in forest loss not only negatively impacts forests and biodiversity, but also local and global ecosystem services such as water supply, human health and food security in addition to climate change mitigation. Much of the deforestation is caused by both illegal and short-term economic gains, often ndermining long-term development goals. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Planet in Peril http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/planet-in-peril en-US Planet in Peril UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Political maps http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/political-maps en-US Assorted political maps presenting regions covered in projects by UNEP/GRID-Arendal. The presentation of material on these maps does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or the UN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or areas of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Protecting Arctic Biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/protecting-arctic-biodiversity en-US The Arctic region is characterized by some of the largest continuous intact ecosystems on the planet, but is facing increasingly larger threats. Protecting Arctic Biodiversity: Limitations and strengths of environmental agreements allows governing and scientific bodies of MEAs, as well as national decision-makers, to better direct their programmes of work and other activities to address the needs of Arctic biodiversity and the region's local and Indigenous Peoples. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Reference maps http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/reference-maps en-US Locational maps, greatly simplified to just communicate the locations of points of interest, such as cities or regions. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Satellite and aerial image based maps and graphics http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/satellite-and-aerial-image-based-maps-and-graphics en-US Graphics that are based on high and low resolution from satellite imagery, taken from aerial surveys or photography from an elevated vantage points. These set of graphics have been prepared in other collections and publications by UNEP/GRID-Arendal and partners. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Species distribution maps http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/species-distribution-maps en-US Assorted maps from projects, displaying the distribution of flora and fauna, both species and higher taxonomic groups. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Topographic maps http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/topographic-maps en-US A collection of topographic maps (base maps) for overview of countries and regions, with relevant infrastructure, such as major cities and roads, providing a mini-atlas. Please note that some of these maps may not be up to date. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page Working for the Environment, South Africa http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/working-for-the-environment-south-africa en-US Working for the Environment is a publication launched by the Department of Environmental Affairs (former Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism). It aims to inform and educate the general public in South Africa on the vital work currently being done by the government to protect the environment and alleviate poverty. This publication covers five ongoing programmes under the umbrella of the government’s Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP): the Social Responsibility Programme and its Working for the Coast sub-programme, Working for Wetlands, Working for Water, and Working on Fire. UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page WWF Arctic Feedbacks Report http://maps.grida.no/go/collection/wwf-arctic-feedbacks-report en-US WWF Arctic Feedbacks Report UNEP/GRID-Arendal text/html Web page http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5C53F086-1526-826B-B621-1325ED096118 en-US The encroachment of road networks in Northern Norway, 1940-2000 Julien Rouaud, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The development of human settlements and the road network linking them together are fragmenting natural habitats especially for larger mammals, such as bears, wolves or reindeer. The nature loses its status as wilderness. Julien Rouaud, UNEP/GRID-Arendal NO UNEP/GRID-Arendal N250 road database, Statens Kartverk Tue, 14 Feb 2006 17:15:20 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/the_encroachment_of_road_networks_in_northern_norway_1940_2000_thumbnail.jpg 220 325 The development of human settlements and the road network linking them together are fragmenting natural habitats especially for larger mammals, such as bears, wolves or reindeer. The nature loses its status as wilderness. 64 17.5 57 4 71 31 wilderness biodiversity infrastructure finnmark reindeer human impact globio http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A8E1F084-D8F1-4FD6-81F6-069C81C0FF01 en-US 133 Parties to the Basel Convention (11 November 1999) UNEP/GRID-Arendal This graphic shows the locations of parties and signatories to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, as of November 11, 1999. Explanatory note from the full report: 'There were 133 Parties to the Basel Convention as of 11 November 1999. Out of these there were 28 African countries, 32 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 18 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, 27 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, 27 Western European and other countries, and the European Union. Afghanistan, Haiti and the United States were Convention signatories but had not yet ratified the treaty as of November 11, 1999.' UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Secretariat of the Basel Convention, www.basel.int; Email: sbc@unep.ch Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_133_parties_to_the_basel_convention_11_november__000.jpg 220 142 This graphic shows the locations of parties and signatories to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, as of November 11, 1999. Explanatory note from the full report: 'There were 133 Parties to the Basel Convention as of 11 November 1999. Out of these there were 28 African countries, 32 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 18 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, 27 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, 27 Western European and other countries, and the European Union. Afghanistan, Haiti and the United States were Convention signatories but had not yet ratified the treaty as of November 11, 1999.' 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention transport of hazardous waste transboundary movement of hazardous waste international movement of hazardous waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/708C0B68-13A0-C6B5-0F97-6A284542ACC5 en-US 162 Parties to the Basel Convention in October 2004 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal is the most comprehensive global environmental agreement on hazardous and other wastes. It aims to protect human health and the environmentagainst the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, transboundary movementsand disposal of hazardous and other wastes. The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movements of hazardous and other wastes and obliges its Parties to ensure that such wastes are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner. The Convention covers toxic, poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable, ecotoxic and infectious wastes. Parties are also expected to minimize the quantitiesthat are transported, to treat and dispose of wastes as close as possible to their place of generation and to prevent or minimize the generation of wastes at source. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Basel Convention Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/162_parties_to_the_basel_convention_in_october_2004_thumbnail.gif 220 143 The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal is the most comprehensive global environmental agreement on hazardous and other wastes. It aims to protect human health and the environmentagainst the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, transboundary movementsand disposal of hazardous and other wastes. The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movements of hazardous and other wastes and obliges its Parties to ensure that such wastes are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner. The Convention covers toxic, poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable, ecotoxic and infectious wastes. Parties are also expected to minimize the quantitiesthat are transported, to treat and dispose of wastes as close as possible to their place of generation and to prevent or minimize the generation of wastes at source. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EFA8995B-1000-1332-6C0F-12C9B81E5447 en-US 168 Parties to the Basel Convention in 2006 Cécile Marin, Emmanuelle Bournay By the 1980s, the international community launched treaty negotiations under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme. In March 1989, they adopted the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The treaty entered into force in 1992. Cécile Marin, Emmanuelle Bournay global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Basel Convention Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/168_parties_to_the_basel_convention_in_2006_thumbnail.jpg 220 161 By the 1980s, the international community launched treaty negotiations under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme. In March 1989, they adopted the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. The treaty entered into force in 1992. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel convention waste treaty waste hazardous waste transportation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/79321A79-141C-98C4-B528-E1A67EE3DB1A en-US 28 октября 2004 года UNEP/GRID-Arendal «Глобальный УФ-индекс — измерение уровня УФ-излучения на поверхности Земли. Целью разработки этого индекса стало информирование населения о возможных вредных последствиях для здоровья УФ-излучения и призыва к защите от чрезмерного воздействия солнца.. Чем выше показатель индекса, тем выше риск вреда коже и глазам, тем меньше времени нужно излучению для причинения такого вреда. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GMEX, 2006 ; INTERSUN, 2007. Thu, 27 May 2010 17:45:05 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/28-2004_thumbnail.jpg 220 84 «Глобальный УФ-индекс — измерение уровня УФ-излучения на поверхности Земли. Целью разработки этого индекса стало информирование населения о возможных вредных последствиях для здоровья УФ-излучения и призыва к защите от чрезмерного воздействия солнца.. Чем выше показатель индекса, тем выше риск вреда коже и глазам, тем меньше времени нужно излучению для причинения такого вреда. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone resource kit journalist http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/118D1146-1467-6BF3-D42B-12B53F539E74 en-US A history of waste management Diana Rizzolio, Emmanuelle Bournay A visual timeline of historical waste manaement. From the first recorded landfill created in Knossos in 3000 B.C. to the English parliament banning waste disposal in public waterways and ditches in 1388 to the establishment of The Basel Convention in 1992. Diana Rizzolio, Emmanuelle Bournay global UNEP/GRID-Arendal US Environmental Protection Agency; National Energy Education Development Project, Museum of Solid Waste, 2006; Ecollect, 2006; Waste online, 2006; Environment Switzerland 2000; Stadtreiningung Hamburg. Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/a-history-of-waste-management_thumbnail.jpg 220 37 A visual timeline of historical waste manaement. From the first recorded landfill created in Knossos in 3000 B.C. to the English parliament banning waste disposal in public waterways and ditches in 1388 to the establishment of The Basel Convention in 1992. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Waste management legislation history timeline http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5DAA035D-EBD7-1150-9111-6ED83399C058 en-US A look inside - Concentrations of micro-organisms excreted in one litre of wastewater UNEP/GRID-Arendal What one litre of wastewater might contain in terms of pathogens. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 2 Wastewater use in agriculture, 2006. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/a-look-inside-concentrations-of-micro-organisms-excreted-in-one-litre-of-wastewater_thumbnail_002.jpg 178 300 What one litre of wastewater might contain in terms of pathogens. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 sick water wastewater sustainable development global threat http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1097C561-1539-1338-C06A-6CA10C0875EA en-US A multifunctional perspective of agriculture IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In IAASTD, multifunctionality is used solely to express the inescapable interconnectedness of agriculture’s different roles and functions. The concept of multifunctionality recognizes agriculture as a multi-output activity producing not only commodities (food, fodder, fibers and biofuels), but also non-commodity outputs such as ecosystem services, landscape amenities and cultural heritages. IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Unknown Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/a-multifunctional-perspective-of-agriculture_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 292 In IAASTD, multifunctionality is used solely to express the inescapable interconnectedness of agriculture’s different roles and functions. The concept of multifunctionality recognizes agriculture as a multi-output activity producing not only commodities (food, fodder, fibers and biofuels), but also non-commodity outputs such as ecosystem services, landscape amenities and cultural heritages. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming economy society environment food production http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C2A621B2-EAFF-5F89-FAA6-5A7A24DA0E56 en-US A photographic impression of the gradual changes in two ecosystem types Michel Jeuken, PBL and Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Globally, over 1,000 (87%) of a total of 1,226 threatened bird species are impacted by agriculture. More than 70 species are affected by agricultural pollution, 27 of them seriously. Europe’s farmland birds have declined by 48% in the past 26 years (European Bird Census Council, 2008). Pesticides and herbicides pose a threat to 37 threatened bird species globally (BirdLife, 2008), in addition to deleterious effects of agricultural chemicals on ground water. Michel Jeuken, PBL and Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Bexfield, 2008. Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/a-photographic-impression-of-the-gradual-changes-in-two-ecosystem-types_thumbnail_007.jpg 197 300 Globally, over 1,000 (87%) of a total of 1,226 threatened bird species are impacted by agriculture. More than 70 species are affected by agricultural pollution, 27 of them seriously. Europe’s farmland birds have declined by 48% in the past 26 years (European Bird Census Council, 2008). Pesticides and herbicides pose a threat to 37 threatened bird species globally (BirdLife, 2008), in addition to deleterious effects of agricultural chemicals on ground water. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EAD929BE-E67C-DC72-405A-81AB69AD7DD9 en-US A Planet in Ecological Debt Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Global Footprint Network Tue, 06 Oct 2009 09:38:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/a-planet-in-ecological-debt_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 147 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment Poverty Times Green Economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5A629209-1514-CD96-B4E1-16A3043157CC en-US A World of Salt Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 Global water type by percentage. Estimates of global water resources based on several different calculation methods have produced varied estimates. Shiklomanov in Gleick (1993) estimated that: - The total volume of water on earth is 1.4 billion km3. - The volume of freshwater resources is 35 million km3, or about 2.5% of the total volume. Of these, 24 million km3 or 68.9% is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in mountainous regions, and in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. - Some 8 million km3 or 30.8% is stored underground in the form of groundwater (shallow and deep groundwater basins up to 2,000 metres, soil moisture, swamp water and permafrost). This constitutes about 97% of all the freshwater potentially available for human use. - Freshwater lakes and rivers contain an estimated 105,000 km3 or 0.3% of the world’s freshwater. - The total usable freshwater supply for ecosystems and humans is 200,000 km3 of water, which is less than 1% of all freshwater resources, and only 0.01% of all the water on earth (Gleick, 1993; Shiklomanov, 1999). Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal source: Igor A. Shiklomanov, State Hydrological Institute (SHL. St. Petersburg) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO, Paris), 1999. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/a-world-of-salt_thumbnail_007.jpg 220 140 Global water type by percentage. Estimates of global water resources based on several different calculation methods have produced varied estimates. Shiklomanov in Gleick (1993) estimated that: - The total volume of water on earth is 1.4 billion km3. - The volume of freshwater resources is 35 million km3, or about 2.5% of the total volume. Of these, 24 million km3 or 68.9% is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in mountainous regions, and in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. - Some 8 million km3 or 30.8% is stored underground in the form of groundwater (shallow and deep groundwater basins up to 2,000 metres, soil moisture, swamp water and permafrost). This constitutes about 97% of all the freshwater potentially available for human use. - Freshwater lakes and rivers contain an estimated 105,000 km3 or 0.3% of the world’s freshwater. - The total usable freshwater supply for ecosystems and humans is 200,000 km3 of water, which is less than 1% of all freshwater resources, and only 0.01% of all the water on earth (Gleick, 1993; Shiklomanov, 1999). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 global water global resources calculation freshwater world salt http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8E1A27B8-1471-1036-7824-10000D0F7DB9 en-US Abatement costs for transition from undisturbed forest to other land uses Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Opportunity costs for the transition from forest to other land uses between 1994-2009 in Tripa and 1990-2009 in Batang Toru are shown. For the transition to the most profitable land-use a price of slightly more than USD 10 per tCO2 would have been sufficient to offset opportunity costs in Batang Toru. For Tripa this value is lower because of the below ground carbon stocks in the peatlands. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Hamilton, K., Chokkalingam, U. and Bendana, M. 2009. State of the for-est carbon markets 2009. Ecosystem Marketplace Report. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/abatement-costs-for-transition-from-undisturbed-forest-to-other-land-uses_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 106 Opportunity costs for the transition from forest to other land uses between 1994-2009 in Tripa and 1990-2009 in Batang Toru are shown. For the transition to the most profitable land-use a price of slightly more than USD 10 per tCO2 would have been sufficient to offset opportunity costs in Batang Toru. For Tripa this value is lower because of the below ground carbon stocks in the peatlands. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C29698C8-1140-8A53-FE34-F5057E85379D en-US Ability of countries to support their citizens from their own environment Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Ecological Footprint measures the amount of productive land area needed to support a nation’s consumption and waste. This indicator shows that in many countries, as well as for the planet as a whole, the demand for natural resources, or the 'ecological capacity', exceeds the amount available. Countries that are not able to support their national consumption with their own natural resources are running at an 'ecological deficit'. Therefore these countries have to either import ecological capacity from other places, or take it from future generations. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Earthday Network Tue, 07 Feb 2006 18:21:34 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ability_of_countries_to_support_their_citizens_from_their_own_environment_thumbnail.jpg 220 202 The Ecological Footprint measures the amount of productive land area needed to support a nation’s consumption and waste. This indicator shows that in many countries, as well as for the planet as a whole, the demand for natural resources, or the 'ecological capacity', exceeds the amount available. Countries that are not able to support their national consumption with their own natural resources are running at an 'ecological deficit'. Therefore these countries have to either import ecological capacity from other places, or take it from future generations. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EF1A3417-16BC-D0E1-E2F6-DABD94DDC136 en-US Abkhazia - environmental headlines (topographic and political map) Matthias Beilstein and Otto Simonett Abkhazia - environmental headlines (topographic and political map). The basemap is complemented with textual information on 'environmental headlines' which are the preliminary results of a desk assessment conducted by GRID-Arendal under the ENVSEC initiative (UNEP; OSCE; NATO; UNDP; UNECE; REC) Matthias Beilstein and Otto Simonett GE UNEP/GRID-Arendal Base map Matthias Beilstein based on various international data sources. Information on environmental issues are based on a dialogue with the environmental authorities of the region, field visits conducted in 2006 and 2007, and publicly available scientific data and information. Thu, 14 Aug 2008 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/abkhazia-environmental-headlines-topographic-and-political-map_thumbnail_006.jpg 220 170 Abkhazia - environmental headlines (topographic and political map). The basemap is complemented with textual information on 'environmental headlines' which are the preliminary results of a desk assessment conducted by GRID-Arendal under the ENVSEC initiative (UNEP; OSCE; NATO; UNDP; UNECE; REC) 42 43 41 40 43 46 envsec security conflict georgia russia cis soviet union ethnic issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/157D1CD9-8B61-B95F-7975-BEEB971C2F4C en-US About the difficulties of classifying waste (and counting it) Emmanuelle Bournay A multitude of approaches exists to classify the various categories of waste. Waste can be sorted either by its origin (what activity has created it?), by its composition (what is it made of?), by the level of danger it poses to humans and the environment, or by the way it is managed and treated. Each of these approaches will lead to a list of wastes, and often those definitions are overlapping – yet another fact that complicates the collection and interpretation of data about waste. Emmanuelle Bournay global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Offi cial Journal of the European Communities. List of Wastes established by the Commission Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000, amended in January 2001 Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/about_the_difficulties_of_classifying_waste_and_counting_it_thumbnail.jpg 220 124 A multitude of approaches exists to classify the various categories of waste. Waste can be sorted either by its origin (what activity has created it?), by its composition (what is it made of?), by the level of danger it poses to humans and the environment, or by the way it is managed and treated. Each of these approaches will lead to a list of wastes, and often those definitions are overlapping – yet another fact that complicates the collection and interpretation of data about waste. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 waste classification problems hazardous environment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8B86CF90-6589-14F1-97B0-673658BB47CD en-US Above-ground carbon stocks Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Some of the richest above-ground carbon stocks are found in forests occupied by Sumatran orangutans. The total carbon stored in the above-ground woody biomass of a tropical forest varies between 170 and 250 tonnes of carbon per hectare. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Bathymetry from the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model downloaded from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Sumatran orangutan distribution shapefile prepared by Singleton and Wich and based on Wich et al. 2008 with unpublished data added. Data provided by the World Agroforestry Centre Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/above-ground-carbon-stocks_thumbnail.jpg 220 251 Some of the richest above-ground carbon stocks are found in forests occupied by Sumatran orangutans. The total carbon stored in the above-ground woody biomass of a tropical forest varies between 170 and 250 tonnes of carbon per hectare. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/10A98BB4-188D-B714-237A-1864730B7E04 en-US Above-ground carbon-stock density changes Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In Batang Toru, land use changes and deforestation led to an overall loss of around 10 tonnes of carbon per hectare between 1994 and 2009. Due to its exploitation for the cultivation of oil palm, the peat area of Tripa had to face a much more important decrease of 66 tonnes of carbon per hectare in the time period 1990-2009. In terms of CO2 emissions, it corresponds to an overall emission per year of 634,903 tCO2. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Tata, H.L. and van Noordwijk, M. 2010. Human livelihoods, ecosystem services and the habitat of the Sumatran orangutan: Rapid assessment in Batang Toru and Tripa. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Office, Bogor, Indonesia. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/above-ground-carbon-stock-density-changes_thumbnail.jpg 220 237 In Batang Toru, land use changes and deforestation led to an overall loss of around 10 tonnes of carbon per hectare between 1994 and 2009. Due to its exploitation for the cultivation of oil palm, the peat area of Tripa had to face a much more important decrease of 66 tonnes of carbon per hectare in the time period 1990-2009. In terms of CO2 emissions, it corresponds to an overall emission per year of 634,903 tCO2. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/DE6462B1-8F9D-D7A6-BBD8-806B1655BDFA en-US Access to safe drinking water Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal There are currently more than 1000 million people in the world that lacks access to an easily accessible and safe water source, such as a connection to water mains or a protected well. Instead, water access is limited or available through unprotected sources. The target, under the Millennium Development Goals, is to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund. 2000. Accessed through the United Nations Common Database in 2006. Online at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cdb/ Tue, 05 Aug 2008 21:42:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/access-to-safe-drinking-water_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 115 There are currently more than 1000 million people in the world that lacks access to an easily accessible and safe water source, such as a connection to water mains or a protected well. Instead, water access is limited or available through unprotected sources. The target, under the Millennium Development Goals, is to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 water freshwater poverty sanitation human development http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11B2DDE2-CBB5-6E20-7413-17E25F22AA38 en-US Access to sanitation facilities UNEP/GRID-Arendal Access to improved sanitation remains a pressing issue in many regions. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal JMP, Progress in drinking water and sanitation, 2008. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/access-to-sanitation-facilities_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 102 Access to improved sanitation remains a pressing issue in many regions. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 sick water wastewater sustainable development global threat http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16B8901D-D1F9-1763-6726-61AA593A1AD4 en-US Access to sanitation in urban Africa Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The number of people in Africa with access to improved sanitation, defined as “one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact” (WHO/UNICEF 2010), has increased over the last two decades. Still, because of the rapid urbanisation, the proportion of the urban population with access to improved sanitation is on the decrease. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal WHO/UNICEF. (2010). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, Addis Ababa. Mon, 21 Mar 2011 12:30:51 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/access-to-sanitation-in-urban-africa_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 269 The number of people in Africa with access to improved sanitation, defined as “one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact” (WHO/UNICEF 2010), has increased over the last two decades. Still, because of the rapid urbanisation, the proportion of the urban population with access to improved sanitation is on the decrease. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/127BCB44-BA50-1618-1CB9-11301CC0CD1A en-US Access to sanitation in Yaoundè Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Proper disposal of sewage is essential for urban water quality, and in Yaoundè the treatment of wastewater, excreta, and sewage can be classified into two categories – individual wastewater systems (septic tanks and latrines) and collective wastewater systems (sewer and treatment plants). About half of the residents of Yaoundè are connected to the sewer system, while the rest depend on either septic tanks, latrines, or a combination of the two. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Wéthé J., Radoux M., and Tanawa E. (2003). ‘Assainissement des eaux usées et risques socio-sanitaires et environnementaux en zones d’habitat planifié de Yaoundé-Cameroun’. Vertigo 4(1):1-12. Mon, 21 Mar 2011 12:30:51 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/access-to-sanitation-in-yaound_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 214 Proper disposal of sewage is essential for urban water quality, and in Yaoundè the treatment of wastewater, excreta, and sewage can be classified into two categories – individual wastewater systems (septic tanks and latrines) and collective wastewater systems (sewer and treatment plants). About half of the residents of Yaoundè are connected to the sewer system, while the rest depend on either septic tanks, latrines, or a combination of the two. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12A6CF4A-7539-60E7-1141-EEDA2F779542 en-US Access to water in urban Africa Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Improved water sources, defined as “one that is protected from outside contamination” (WHO/UNICEF 2010), is essential for ensuring the health of Africa’s urban dwellers. Although an increasing number of people have access to improved water, rapid urban population growth in the African region has equally increased the number of people without proper access. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal WHO/UNICEF. (2010). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, Addis Ababa. Mon, 21 Mar 2011 12:30:51 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/access-to-water-in-urban-africa_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 272 Improved water sources, defined as “one that is protected from outside contamination” (WHO/UNICEF 2010), is essential for ensuring the health of Africa’s urban dwellers. Although an increasing number of people have access to improved water, rapid urban population growth in the African region has equally increased the number of people without proper access. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B44B2ADA-6AA7-14C5-D747-9DFE1D718564 en-US Accounting units UNEP/GRID-Arendal A table about Accounting units UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/accounting-units_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 206 A table about Accounting units 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5CC238FB-10A6-B36D-FE86-B5909F4CB997 en-US Accounting units Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Countries that are signatories to the Kyoto Protocol have a tool for helping them in the Emissions Trading Scheme. In the Kyoto scheme each allowance is called an Assigned Amount Unit (AAU). Each entity equals one tonne of CO2 equivalent. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/accounting-units_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 210 Countries that are signatories to the Kyoto Protocol have a tool for helping them in the Emissions Trading Scheme. In the Kyoto scheme each allowance is called an Assigned Amount Unit (AAU). Each entity equals one tonne of CO2 equivalent. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/79A6F64C-16DB-1230-7DAE-113918755ED2 en-US Accroissement de la population humaine dans les pays développés et les pays en développement Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Population mondiale : estimations et projections (en milliards d’habitants) Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Goldewijk, Kees Klein. 2008. HYDE 3.0 population estimates “RE: Population data”. November 17, 2008 personal email (November 17 2008) Mon, 08 Jun 2009 15:05:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/accroissement-de-la-population-humaine-dans-les-pays-d-velopp-s-et-les-pays-en-d-veloppement_thumbnail_005.jpg 220 234 Population mondiale : estimations et projections (en milliards d’habitants) 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/28536B4F-F03D-4D72-AF56-B6EF7211EB72 en-US Acid rain in Europe Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Acid rain become a major transboundary enviromental issue in the late twentieth century. In Europe there were varying levels of the threat from acid rain. Poland were almost entire covered by medium to high risk of acid rain. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ed. Hatier, Paris, 1993 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/acid_rain_in_europe.jpg 220 194 Acid rain become a major transboundary enviromental issue in the late twentieth century. In Europe there were varying levels of the threat from acid rain. Poland were almost entire covered by medium to high risk of acid rain. 59 8.5 33 -27 85 44 acid rain pollution climate change europe industry http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/145A9D69-1111-106E-53AD-56544766CE40 en-US Acidification due to climate change - impacts for oceans and coral reefs Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal As carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase from land use changes and emissions from fossil fuels - so do concentrations in the ocean, with resultant acidification as a natural chemical process. The skeletons of coldwater coral reefs may dissolve, perhaps already within a few decades. The impacts will be greatest at high latitudes. This will have an impact on all marine organisms with calcerous shells and body parts, in addition to coral reefs this includes shellfish and plankton. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Orr, James C. 2005. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature, vol 437, 681-686. Fri, 22 Feb 2008 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/acidification-due-to-climate-change-impacts-for-oceans-and-coral-reefs_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 199 As carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase from land use changes and emissions from fossil fuels - so do concentrations in the ocean, with resultant acidification as a natural chemical process. The skeletons of coldwater coral reefs may dissolve, perhaps already within a few decades. The impacts will be greatest at high latitudes. This will have an impact on all marine organisms with calcerous shells and body parts, in addition to coral reefs this includes shellfish and plankton. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 marine issues oceans sea seas ocean world ocean acidification climate change plankton http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12BD5EBB-6887-D4E6-2543-E3329CEE42F9 en-US Actual and Projected Energy Demand Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Projected growth in energy demand in coming decades. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2008. Wed, 14 Oct 2009 12:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/actual-and-projected-energy-demand_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 235 Projected growth in energy demand in coming decades. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Blue Carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12360EB9-B128-E154-9581-1260EEA1C058 en-US Administration Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sumatran orangutan habitat overlaps 2 Provinces and 21 Districts, presenting many challenges for integrated development policies. 78% of the species’ present range lies within Aceh, and the remaining 22% in North Sumatra. A total of 13 districts in Aceh, and eight in North Sumatra, contain forests where wild Sumatran orangutans still occur. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Bathymetry from the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model downloaded from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Sumatran orangutan distribution shapefile prepared by Singleton and Wich and based on Wich et al. 2008 with unpublished data added. Provincial, District and Municipal boundaries from Provincial Development Agencies (Bappeda) of Aceh and N.Sumatra Provinces, and the 1:50,000 Bakosurtanal Topographic maps for Indonesia. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/administration_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 253 Sumatran orangutan habitat overlaps 2 Provinces and 21 Districts, presenting many challenges for integrated development policies. 78% of the species’ present range lies within Aceh, and the remaining 22% in North Sumatra. A total of 13 districts in Aceh, and eight in North Sumatra, contain forests where wild Sumatran orangutans still occur. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B7EB9EF5-FCE2-46E6-A89B-6F5D9E5478CA en-US Adult female literacy and agroclimatic zones Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This map shows the possible relation between the agricultural zones and levels of adult female literacy. In West Africa there seems to be a higher percentage of adult female literacy in the humid zones along coastal areas than the arid zones of the interior. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal westafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway / SSB, 1997 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/adult_female_literacy_and_agroclimatic_zones_thumbnail.jpg 200 132 This map shows the possible relation between the agricultural zones and levels of adult female literacy. In West Africa there seems to be a higher percentage of adult female literacy in the humid zones along coastal areas than the arid zones of the interior. 10.5 -2 0 -19 21 15 agroclimate literacy gender poverty climate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D8C5B09D-7B08-4D40-A26C-B86D261F0799 en-US Adult female literacy and land degradation in West Africa Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This map shows the possible spatial relation between the types of level of land degradation and adult female literacy. In West Africa there are a higher percentage of adult female illiteracy around areas that have higher levels of land degradation. Though in some areas this is not the case. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal westafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway / SSB, 1997 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/adult_female_literacy_and_land_degradation_in_west_africa_thumbnail.jpg 200 136 This map shows the possible spatial relation between the types of level of land degradation and adult female literacy. In West Africa there are a higher percentage of adult female illiteracy around areas that have higher levels of land degradation. Though in some areas this is not the case. 10.5 -2 0 -19 21 15 poverty land degradation soil erosion literacy gender development http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/670A3E5A-985B-171B-A3F4-FA7AB40D9CD7 en-US Advancement of phenological events in high-arctic Greenland Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> It is clear from lower latitudes that phenological trends are linked to temperature changes and experimental warming also results in earlier plant phenology. Yet, in Arctic and alpine ecosystems, the melting of the winter snow pack rather than temperature per se determines the onset of biological activity like the timing of flowering in plants and emergence in invertebrates. As such, the phenology of these groups of organisms, or taxa, could be advancing considerably in response to earlier snowmelt. In fact, in a study covering a range of taxa carried out at Zackenberg Research Station in Northeast Greenland, it was found that not only is reproductive phenology showing stronger trends in the Arctic than elsewhere, trends were also stronger the later, on average, that an event (e.g., flowering in plants, emergence in arthropods, and egg-laying in birds) took place during the season. There are clearly limits to such phenological flexibility. In a situation with extreme changes to the physical environment, the timing of reproductive phenology may be more influenced by other cues like day length. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> GL UNEP/GRID-Arendal Høye, T.T., Post, E., Meltofte, H., Schmidt, N.M. & Forchhammer, M.C. 2007. Rapid advancement of spring in the High Arctic. Curr. Biol. 17:R449–R451. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/advancement-of-phenological-events-in-high-arctic-greenland_thumbnail.jpg 161 300 It is clear from lower latitudes that phenological trends are linked to temperature changes and experimental warming also results in earlier plant phenology. Yet, in Arctic and alpine ecosystems, the melting of the winter snow pack rather than temperature per se determines the onset of biological activity like the timing of flowering in plants and emergence in invertebrates. As such, the phenology of these groups of organisms, or taxa, could be advancing considerably in response to earlier snowmelt. In fact, in a study covering a range of taxa carried out at Zackenberg Research Station in Northeast Greenland, it was found that not only is reproductive phenology showing stronger trends in the Arctic than elsewhere, trends were also stronger the later, on average, that an event (e.g., flowering in plants, emergence in arthropods, and egg-laying in birds) took place during the season. There are clearly limits to such phenological flexibility. In a situation with extreme changes to the physical environment, the timing of reproductive phenology may be more influenced by other cues like day length. 71 -42.5 59 -73 83 -12 conservation biodiversity species ecology vegetation climate change phenology http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EB6B5FA5-110B-EFBD-803F-BF5A35A4A5ED en-US Africa: policy on genetically modified organisms (GMO) and genetically engineered (GE) foods Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Cartagena protocol on biosafety, a supplement to the convention on biological diversity, has strong support in Africa, with a majority of the countries as signatories. In addition, several countries have, in the past, rejected aid (especially unmilled grains) in food imports with concerns for national biosafety. South Africa is so far the only country that is seeing wide-spread use of genetically modified crops. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Center for Food Safety Thu, 02 Nov 2006 16:51:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/africa_policy_on_genetically_modified_organisms_gmo_and_genetically_engineered_ge_foods_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 229 The Cartagena protocol on biosafety, a supplement to the convention on biological diversity, has strong support in Africa, with a majority of the countries as signatories. In addition, several countries have, in the past, rejected aid (especially unmilled grains) in food imports with concerns for national biosafety. South Africa is so far the only country that is seeing wide-spread use of genetically modified crops. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 gmo ge genetically modified organisms biosafety biodversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11DACF68-1427-CD89-A999-D9EB5DD267B1 en-US Africa: Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The process initiated by UNEP in 1995, materialised as the Stockholm convention in May 2001. The convention bans chemicals such as chlordane, DDT and PCB and other organic pesticides and industrial chemicals, as well as establishing precautionary approaches for the future. Most African countries are using agents, such as DDT, for control of disease vectors and pests under exemptions. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Stockholm convention secretariat Thu, 02 Nov 2006 16:51:57 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/africa_stockholm_convention_on_persistent_organic_pollutants_pops_002.jpg 200 147 The process initiated by UNEP in 1995, materialised as the Stockholm convention in May 2001. The convention bans chemicals such as chlordane, DDT and PCB and other organic pesticides and industrial chemicals, as well as establishing precautionary approaches for the future. Most African countries are using agents, such as DDT, for control of disease vectors and pests under exemptions. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 pops pollution ddt pcb stockholm convention persistant organic pollutants http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/173F71EE-1160-9CC7-CDFE-B577940093AF en-US Africa’s rivers and lake basins cross many borders Philippe Rekacewicz (Le Monde diplomatique), 2007 The below shows the locations of 13 major river basins in Africa. Philippe Rekacewicz (Le Monde diplomatique), 2007 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Wolf and others 1999; Revenga and others 1998; Rekacewicz 2006' Jågerskog and Phillips 2006. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/africa-s-rivers-and-lake-basins-cross-many-borders_thumbnail_007.jpg 220 273 The below shows the locations of 13 major river basins in Africa. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/71033976-8225-41F0-9F84-BF4181AECD52 en-US African wildlife under threat from climate change Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate change poses a threat to wildlife because as climatic conditions change, many species may be unable to tolerate the changes. This graphic shows the numbers of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish species that are critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable in various regions of Africa and in Africa as a whole, as of 1998. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal WCMC/IUCN Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/african_wildlife_under_threat_from_climate_change_thumbnail.jpg 200 129 Climate change poses a threat to wildlife because as climatic conditions change, many species may be unable to tolerate the changes. This graphic shows the numbers of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish species that are critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable in various regions of Africa and in Africa as a whole, as of 1998. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 threatened species biodiversity loss climate change biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8192A67E-BF8E-B37D-93F2-B038C7825C37 en-US Agricultural labor as share of total labor IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal As the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increases the percentage of agricultural labour as the entire labour of a country. East Africa has the highest levels of agricultural labour as Japan and the U.S.A. have the lowest levels of agricultural labour. IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Polaski, 2006 Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/agricultural-labor-as-share-of-total-labor_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 138 As the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increases the percentage of agricultural labour as the entire labour of a country. East Africa has the highest levels of agricultural labour as Japan and the U.S.A. have the lowest levels of agricultural labour. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming labour Gross Domestic Product GDP http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1231716F-BAA2-A114-67CE-5C917D612F4B en-US Agricultural land in the Caucasus ecoregion Manana Kurtubadze About 54% of a total of 44,019,400 ha of land is used for agriculture in the Caucasus. Most agricultural land is located in the plains, the Kuban-Azov plain, the Stavropol plateau, the Kura-Araks lowland and the Ararat valley while there is a shortage of farm land in mountain regions. The main crops of the Caucasus area are cereals, fodder, fruit, tea and tobacco. Manana Kurtubadze caucaususecoregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Caucasus Atlas project, 2007 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 13:15:15 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/agricultural-land-in-the-caucasus-ecoregion_thumbnail.jpg 220 188 About 54% of a total of 44,019,400 ha of land is used for agriculture in the Caucasus. Most agricultural land is located in the plains, the Kuban-Azov plain, the Stavropol plateau, the Kura-Araks lowland and the Ararat valley while there is a shortage of farm land in mountain regions. The main crops of the Caucasus area are cereals, fodder, fruit, tea and tobacco. 36.5 44.5 28 38 45 51 agriculture rural development http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B273DCF4-C2DB-1486-D78A-F970757C70D6 en-US Agricultural liberalization: Developing country winners and losers under Doha Scenario for agriculture (scenario 1) IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Under various new scenarios for world agricultural trade and development many of the world's regions will be negatively affected. Under the Doha Scenario China would fair the worst with many developing nations running into a negative scenario. IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Polaski, 2006 Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/agricultural-liberalization-developing-country-winners-and-losers-under-doha-scenario-for-agricultur_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 118 Under various new scenarios for world agricultural trade and development many of the world's regions will be negatively affected. Under the Doha Scenario China would fair the worst with many developing nations running into a negative scenario. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming doha scenario trade economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11FEE23C-14CE-77D9-F74B-C01F377D264F en-US Agricultural production increases, per commodity 1965-2008 Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil The use of fertilizers accounts for approximately 50% of the yield increase, and greater irrigation for another substantial part (FAO, 2003). Current FAO projections in food demand suggest that cereal demand will increase by almost 50% towards 2050 (FAO, 2003; 2006). This can either be obtained by increasing yields, continued expansion of cropland by conversion of natural habitats, or by optimizing food or feed energy efficiency from production to consumption. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank. 2009. Global Economic Prospects 2009. http://www.worldbank.org/gep2009 (Accessed January 9, 2008) Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/agricultural-production-increases-per-commodity-1965-2008_thumbnail.jpg 220 249 The use of fertilizers accounts for approximately 50% of the yield increase, and greater irrigation for another substantial part (FAO, 2003). Current FAO projections in food demand suggest that cereal demand will increase by almost 50% towards 2050 (FAO, 2003; 2006). This can either be obtained by increasing yields, continued expansion of cropland by conversion of natural habitats, or by optimizing food or feed energy efficiency from production to consumption. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/82414204-12B1-6CB3-DE6E-AA5712B1D9B5 en-US Agricultural trends, production, fertilisers, irrigation and pesticides Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Figure 8: Global trends (1960–2005) in cereal and meat production, use of fertilizer, irrigation and pesticides. (Source: Tilman, 2002; FAO, 2003; International Fertilizer Association, 2008; FAOSTAT, 2009). Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2008. FAOSTAT ProdSTAT, Livestock Primary. http://faostat.fao.org/site/612/default.aspx (Accessed November 12, 2008) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2008. FAOSTAT ProdSTAT, Crops. http://faostat.fao.org/site/612/default.aspx (Accessed November 12, 2008) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2008. FAOSTAT ResourceSTAT, Pesticides Trade. http://faostat.fao.org/site/423/default.aspx (Accessed November 12, 2008) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2009. FAOSTAT ResourceSTAT, Total area equipped for irrigation. http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/default.aspx (Accessed January 22, 2008) International Fertiliser Association. 2008. IFADATA. HYPERLINK 'http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/ifadata/search' http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/ifadata/search (Accessed November 12, 2008) Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. 2007. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. HYPERLINK 'http://esa.un.org/unpp' http://esa.un.org/unpp (Accessed November 12, 2008) Tilman, David et al. 2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671-677 Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/agricultural-trends-production-fertilisers-irrigation-and-pesticides_thumbnail.jpg 220 226 Figure 8: Global trends (1960–2005) in cereal and meat production, use of fertilizer, irrigation and pesticides. (Source: Tilman, 2002; FAO, 2003; International Fertilizer Association, 2008; FAOSTAT, 2009). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E6139A3A-C740-11F9-6E33-A6DDF68BD179 en-US Agricultural water withdrawals as proportion of total water withdrawals IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Agriculture already consumes 70% of all global freshwater withdrawn worldwide and has depleted soil nutrients, resulting in N, P and K deficiencies covering 59%, 85%, and 90% of harvested area respectively in the year 2000 coupled with a 1,136 million Mg yr loss of total global production. IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO, Aquastat, 2007 Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/agricultural-water-withdrawals-as-proportion-of-total-water-withdrawals_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 185 Agriculture already consumes 70% of all global freshwater withdrawn worldwide and has depleted soil nutrients, resulting in N, P and K deficiencies covering 59%, 85%, and 90% of harvested area respectively in the year 2000 coupled with a 1,136 million Mg yr loss of total global production. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming water depletion desertification http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D90605EB-ED86-8800-95EA-11DD014A11DD en-US Agriculture and Fisheries Emmanuelle Bournay and Matthias Beilstein, Zoï Environment Network Environment and Security in the Mediterranean: Agriculture and Fisheries Emmanuelle Bournay and Matthias Beilstein, Zoï Environment Network global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Plan Bleu, Swiss World Atlas, Geographie Europas (Lehrmittelverlag des Kantons Zürich) Fri, 20 Nov 2009 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/agriculture-and-fisheries_thumbnail.jpg 220 140 Environment and Security in the Mediterranean: Agriculture and Fisheries 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 environment degradation human security Mediterranean http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/106F45CE-5625-A300-950F-9CB996B0577D en-US Agriculture and manufacturing waste generation Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Agricultural waste consists of things like pesticide waste, discarded pesticide containers, plastics such as silage wrap, bags and sheets, packaging waste, old machinery, oil and waste veterinary medicines. In a comparison between selected European countries, Hungary and Ireland have a greater share of waste from agriculture and forestry. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal OECD, 2002 Tue, 07 Feb 2006 21:59:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/agriculture_and_manufacturing_waste_generation_thumbnail.jpg 220 210 Agricultural waste consists of things like pesticide waste, discarded pesticide containers, plastics such as silage wrap, bags and sheets, packaging waste, old machinery, oil and waste veterinary medicines. In a comparison between selected European countries, Hungary and Ireland have a greater share of waste from agriculture and forestry. 59 4 33 -27 85 35 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption agriculture forestry http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/10E39380-D5CA-7E08-44CD-10DE4D38B119 en-US Agriculture in Africa, value added out of GDP Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal For the future of Africa, agriculture remains one of the most important issues. A majority of the population, especially outside urban areas, are involved in agriculture, and food security is one of the most important issues to solve in the short term in some parts of the region. The current financial importance varies, as presented in this map, with agriculture representing up to 50-60% of the total economy in some countries (Guinea-Bissau, Central Africa, Ethiopia) and representing 20-40% in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP GEO Data portal Thu, 02 Nov 2006 16:51:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_agriculture_in_africa_value_added_out_of_gdp_001.jpg 220 198 For the future of Africa, agriculture remains one of the most important issues. A majority of the population, especially outside urban areas, are involved in agriculture, and food security is one of the most important issues to solve in the short term in some parts of the region. The current financial importance varies, as presented in this map, with agriculture representing up to 50-60% of the total economy in some countries (Guinea-Bissau, Central Africa, Ethiopia) and representing 20-40% in Sub-Saharan Africa. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 agriculture land rainfed agriculture crops http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A0AB9B82-A12B-89C5-192C-13B1AD08E0D8 en-US Agriculture land use distribution - croplands and pasture land Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The World's agricultural land is used in different ways, depending on climatic and soil factors, but also related to cultural and social issues. The majority of croplands, where rice, wheat, legumes and corn - among other crops - are spread out in the Northern Hemisphere, in the temperate zone, and in South and Eastern Asia. Areas where primarily livestock is held for agricultural are dominant in Africa, South America and Australia. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) at University of Wisconsin-Madison. 2003. Global Land Use Database - Cropland extent 1992. http://www.sage.wisc.edu:16080/iamdata/ (Accessed July 10, 2007) Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) at University of Wisconsin-Madison. 2003. Global Land Use Database – Grazing land extent 1992. http://www.sage.wisc.edu:16080/iamdata/ (Accessed July 10, 2007) Thu, 25 Oct 2007 16:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/agriculture-land-use-distribution-croplands-and-pasture-land.gif 210 150 The World's agricultural land is used in different ways, depending on climatic and soil factors, but also related to cultural and social issues. The majority of croplands, where rice, wheat, legumes and corn - among other crops - are spread out in the Northern Hemisphere, in the temperate zone, and in South and Eastern Asia. Areas where primarily livestock is held for agricultural are dominant in Africa, South America and Australia. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture grazing livestock crops croplands pasture lands http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FB8AF7F9-4B20-4E81-8E55-57B496F50E07 en-US Air temperature in the Barents Region in summer Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. In order to better understand the trends in global warming accurate readings of temperature needs to be made. This map shows the average temperatures in the Barents region in July and is meant to show the difference in the January temperatures. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentsregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Finnish Barents Group Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/air_temperature_in_the_barents_region_in_summer_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 127 The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. In order to better understand the trends in global warming accurate readings of temperature needs to be made. This map shows the average temperatures in the Barents region in July and is meant to show the difference in the January temperatures. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) 72.5 39 60 5 85 73 Arctic Barents Temperature Climate Russia Finland climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9CE28800-2F9A-49F4-BEFF-0512AA833C47 en-US Air temperature in the Barents Region in winter Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. In order to better understand the trends in global warming accurate readings of temperature needs to be made. This map shows the average temperatures in the Barents region in January and is meant to show the difference between the July temperatures. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentsregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Finnish Barents Group Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/air_temperature_in_the_barents_region_in_winter_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 127 The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. In order to better understand the trends in global warming accurate readings of temperature needs to be made. This map shows the average temperatures in the Barents region in January and is meant to show the difference between the July temperatures. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) 72.5 39 60 5 85 73 Arctic Barents Temperature Climate climate change global warming russia finland http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11EE792A-636E-A6B1-F69C-E405055AB0DF en-US Alaska, indigenous population Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Depending on the definition of the boundaries of the region, the Arctic is home to some 4 million inhabitants. Roughly one-third of this total population is indigenous peoples, spread over numerous communities around the Arctic. The indigenous proportion of each polar region varies significantly- from 88% of the regional population in Nunavut Territory in Canada (the Inuit), to 2.5% in the North of Scandanavia and the Kola Peninsulathat (the Saami). Despite tremendous social and political upheaval, increasing pressure from industrial development, climate change impacts and pollution, many of these communities still maintain vibrant traditional - and sustainable- lifestyles closely linked to the natural environment. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal alaska UNEP/GRID-Arendal AMAP, 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Arctic monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway. xii+188 pp. Tue, 21 Mar 2006 09:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/alaska_indigenous_population_thumbnail.jpg 220 264 Depending on the definition of the boundaries of the region, the Arctic is home to some 4 million inhabitants. Roughly one-third of this total population is indigenous peoples, spread over numerous communities around the Arctic. The indigenous proportion of each polar region varies significantly- from 88% of the regional population in Nunavut Territory in Canada (the Inuit), to 2.5% in the North of Scandanavia and the Kola Peninsulathat (the Saami). Despite tremendous social and political upheaval, increasing pressure from industrial development, climate change impacts and pollution, many of these communities still maintain vibrant traditional - and sustainable- lifestyles closely linked to the natural environment. 61 -155 50 -180 72 -130 demography population indigenous peoples http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5654FF34-0409-4A10-9693-9890A034C221 en-US Albania, topographic map UNEP/GRID-Arendal Albania is located in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro comprising of 28,748 sq km. It has an estimated population of 3,563,112 (2005). Major environmental concerns are deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents. UNEP/GRID-Arendal AL UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Times Atlas of the World Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/albania_topographic_map_thumbnail.jpg 137 200 Albania is located in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro comprising of 28,748 sq km. It has an estimated population of 3,563,112 (2005). Major environmental concerns are deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents. 40.5 20 39 19 42 21 Albania topography Adriatic Ionian Europe http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BC7D2A18-9524-4BED-AC28-C0D1324F166A en-US Albania, topographic map with railroad routes UNEP/GRID-Arendal Albania is located in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro comprising of 28,748 sq km. It has an estimated population of 3,563,112 (2005). Major environmental concerns are deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents. UNEP/GRID-Arendal AL UNEP/GRID-Arendal Department of Public Information of the United Nations, Cartographic Section Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/albania_topographic_map_with_railroad_routes_thumbnail.jpg 105 200 Albania is located in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro comprising of 28,748 sq km. It has an estimated population of 3,563,112 (2005). Major environmental concerns are deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents. 40.5 20 39 19 42 21 albania balkans topography railway adriatic sea http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/96996EF8-D8C3-1442-21F9-FB41313064E3 en-US Albedo of basic thick sea ice surface types Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The albedo for different surface conditions on the sea ice range widely, from roughly 85 per cent of radiation reflected for snow-covered ice to 7 per cent for open water. These two surfaces cover the range from the largest to the smallest albedo on earth. Melting snow, bare ice and ponded ice lie within this range. There is a general decrease in the albedo of the ice cover during the melt season as the snow-covered ice is replaced by a mix of melting snow, bare ice, and ponded ice. As the melt season progresses, the bare ice albedo remains fairly stable, but the pond albedo decreases. During summer the ice cover retreats, exposing more of the ocean, and the albedo of the remaining ice decreases as the snow cover melts and melt ponds form and evolve. These processes combine to form the ice–albedo feedback mechanism. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Pegau, W.S. and Paulson, C.A. (2001). The albedo of Arctic leads in summer. Ann. Glaciol., 33, 221–224 Perovich, D.K., Grenfell, T.C., Light, B. and Hobbs, P.V. (2002). Seasonal evolution of the albedo of multiyear Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), 8044, doi:10.1029/2000JC000438 Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/albedo-of-basic-thick-sea-ice-surface-types_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 290 The albedo for different surface conditions on the sea ice range widely, from roughly 85 per cent of radiation reflected for snow-covered ice to 7 per cent for open water. These two surfaces cover the range from the largest to the smallest albedo on earth. Melting snow, bare ice and ponded ice lie within this range. There is a general decrease in the albedo of the ice cover during the melt season as the snow-covered ice is replaced by a mix of melting snow, bare ice, and ponded ice. As the melt season progresses, the bare ice albedo remains fairly stable, but the pond albedo decreases. During summer the ice cover retreats, exposing more of the ocean, and the albedo of the remaining ice decreases as the snow cover melts and melt ponds form and evolve. These processes combine to form the ice–albedo feedback mechanism. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 cryosphere ice sea-ice climate climate change feedback climatology http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14D42383-1082-F112-5216-EF960C4D0110 en-US Aleutian and Pribilof Islands, reference map Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This map locates two groups of islands, outside continental Alaska - the Pribiliof and Aleutian Islands. These islands are located in the Pacific Ocean and the south end of the Bering Sea in the Arctic, and are a part of the USA. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal alaska UNEP/GRID-Arendal N/A Fri, 17 Mar 2006 13:13:28 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/aleutian_and_pribilof_islands_reference_map_thumbnail.jpg 220 136 This map locates two groups of islands, outside continental Alaska - the Pribiliof and Aleutian Islands. These islands are located in the Pacific Ocean and the south end of the Bering Sea in the Arctic, and are a part of the USA. 61 -155 50 -180 72 -130 aleutian islands alska pacific berings sea pribilof islands aleuts http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7E8C5E45-6A0A-4974-84EC-89E60F3D7504 en-US Alkalinity in major rivers Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This graphic shows the average bicarbonate concentrations, in milligrams per litre, at major river mouths for the time periods 1976 to 1990 and 1991 to 2000. The graphic also shows the changes in average bicarbonate levels between these two time periods. Bicarbonate is an indication of the alkalinity in the rivers which reflects the geology (rock, minerals, sand) and increases the buffering capacity, but can also increase the risk of eutrophication (excess nutrients). Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP- Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) Water Programme, 2001; National Water Research Institute Environment Canada, Ontario, 2001. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/alkalinity_in_major_rivers_thumbnail.jpg 84 180 This graphic shows the average bicarbonate concentrations, in milligrams per litre, at major river mouths for the time periods 1976 to 1990 and 1991 to 2000. The graphic also shows the changes in average bicarbonate levels between these two time periods. Bicarbonate is an indication of the alkalinity in the rivers which reflects the geology (rock, minerals, sand) and increases the buffering capacity, but can also increase the risk of eutrophication (excess nutrients). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 bicarbonate levels rivers freshwater http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CED5B1EB-99CB-11C7-16D7-FA7C59BE651F en-US All actors towards a climate neutral society Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Visualizing investments necessary and savings to be done by individuals as consumers, residents, travelers, citizens, parent and professionals. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/all-actors-towards-a-climate-neutral-society_thumbnail.jpg 220 136 Visualizing investments necessary and savings to be done by individuals as consumers, residents, travelers, citizens, parent and professionals. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5CC44BC0-F1D9-FF83-1C27-7F4223CDAB7E en-US All actors towards a climate neutral society UNEP/GRID-Arendal About All actors towards a climate neutral society UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP / GRID-Arendal, 2008 Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/all-actors-towards-a-climate-neutral-society_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 136 About All actors towards a climate neutral society 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/149DDD3F-1256-AEEE-7725-A8F11FBF52F2 en-US All recipient and contributor countries of the Multilateral Fund Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Countries receive funds according to their compliance needs. That is, they receive funds to phase-out specific amounts of ozone depleting substances (ODS) production and consumption. Hence, ODS producer countries and high consumers receive more funds since they have greater needs. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Multilateral Fund, 2007. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 21:53:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/all-recipient-and-contributor-countries-of-the-multilateral-fund_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 457 Countries receive funds according to their compliance needs. That is, they receive funds to phase-out specific amounts of ozone depleting substances (ODS) production and consumption. Hence, ODS producer countries and high consumers receive more funds since they have greater needs. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone Multilateral Fund Montreal Protocol chlorofluorocarbons CFCs depletion ozone hole ozone depleting substances ODS http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/605103B1-B81F-1579-2F2F-F3A16E6F2438 en-US Amazonian Deforestation in the Global Context Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. Growing global demand for land for the production of agricultural commodities has resulted in sometimes irreversible changes to the world’s forest cover. The Amazon is now part of a national and international economy which, through globalization, is responding to market demands, accelerating the rate at which agricultural crops and cattle ranching are replacing or impoverishing native forests (Nepstad et al. 2006). Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Woods Hole Research Center 2007; Amazon Institute for Environmental Research et al. 2006; Reuters 2008. Research, information collection and elaboration by Giulio Frigieri, University of Bologna, Italy, 2008. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 22:28:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/amazonian-deforestation-in-the-global-context_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 155 Growing global demand for land for the production of agricultural commodities has resulted in sometimes irreversible changes to the world’s forest cover. The Amazon is now part of a national and international economy which, through globalization, is responding to market demands, accelerating the rate at which agricultural crops and cattle ranching are replacing or impoverishing native forests (Nepstad et al. 2006). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1164D38B-6E9E-96AD-66B7-14FE9E4C7E18 en-US An increasing number of countries are leasing land abroad to sustain and secure their food production Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil The world regions are sharply divided in terms of their capacity to use science in promoting agricultural productivity in order to achieve food security and reduce poverty and hunger. For every US$100 of agricultural output, developed countries spend US$2.16 on public agricultural research and development (R&D), whereas developing countries spend only US$0.55 (IFPRI, 2008). Total agricultural R&D spending in developing countries increased from US$3.7 billion (1991) to US$4.4 billion (2000), or by 1.6% annually (IFPRI, 2008). This spending was largely driven by Asia, where annual spending increased by 3.3 percent. Today, Asia accounts for 42% of total agricultural R&D spending in developing countries (with China and India accounting for 18 and 10%, respectively). In Africa, agricultural R&D expenditure declined slightly, by 0.4%/year. Although Africa is geographically large, its share in R&D spending is only 13%. Latin America accounts for 33% (with Brazil being responsible for 48% of the region’s spending). Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GRAIN, 2008; Mongabay 2008. Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/an-increasing-number-of-countries-are-leasing-land-abroad-to-sustain-and-secure-their-food-productio_thumbnail_008.jpg 220 106 The world regions are sharply divided in terms of their capacity to use science in promoting agricultural productivity in order to achieve food security and reduce poverty and hunger. For every US$100 of agricultural output, developed countries spend US$2.16 on public agricultural research and development (R&D), whereas developing countries spend only US$0.55 (IFPRI, 2008). Total agricultural R&D spending in developing countries increased from US$3.7 billion (1991) to US$4.4 billion (2000), or by 1.6% annually (IFPRI, 2008). This spending was largely driven by Asia, where annual spending increased by 3.3 percent. Today, Asia accounts for 42% of total agricultural R&D spending in developing countries (with China and India accounting for 18 and 10%, respectively). In Africa, agricultural R&D expenditure declined slightly, by 0.4%/year. Although Africa is geographically large, its share in R&D spending is only 13%. Latin America accounts for 33% (with Brazil being responsible for 48% of the region’s spending). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/66B97520-1007-BF41-3A79-C060F182815B en-US Animal proteins: the good, the bad and the ugly UNEP/GRID-Arendal Kilograms of CO2 equivalents per 100 kilocalories of product UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal fatknowledge.blogspot.com Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/animal-proteins-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 317 Kilograms of CO2 equivalents per 100 kilocalories of product 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14C74E76-BE47-5FBC-8FA4-6E92B0494F95 en-US Animal proteins: the good, the bad and the ugly Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Meat imports in 2005 and Meat consumption displayed as kilograms of CO2 equivalents per 100 kilocalories of product for major countries around the world. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/animal-proteins-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 132 Meat imports in 2005 and Meat consumption displayed as kilograms of CO2 equivalents per 100 kilocalories of product for major countries around the world. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12AB00ED-7661-4219-B9AE-89886A95CBFC en-US Annual cycle of light in the Northern Arctic Beatrice Collignon, Sorbonne University The Arctic is often described as a place of utter darkness or white snow in winter and of midnight sun during the summertime. In fact, there are few places on Earth where the sun displays so much variation in colour due to the low angle of the sun reflected on the mountains, snow and sky over long periods of time. North of the Arctic Circle the sun disappears during winter for days to months, depending upon latitude, leaving the sky in a palette of blues, greys, reds, oranges and purples. The moon, snow, angle of the sun and the northern lights add to this diversity. This image illustrate the length of the at day Holman, Northwest Territories in the Canadian Arctic (70°44'N - 117°43'W). Beatrice Collignon, Sorbonne University nwt UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/a Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/annual_cycle_of_light_in_the_northern_arctic_thumbnail.jpg 200 111 The Arctic is often described as a place of utter darkness or white snow in winter and of midnight sun during the summertime. In fact, there are few places on Earth where the sun displays so much variation in colour due to the low angle of the sun reflected on the mountains, snow and sky over long periods of time. North of the Arctic Circle the sun disappears during winter for days to months, depending upon latitude, leaving the sky in a palette of blues, greys, reds, oranges and purples. The moon, snow, angle of the sun and the northern lights add to this diversity. This image illustrate the length of the at day Holman, Northwest Territories in the Canadian Arctic (70°44'N - 117°43'W). 70 -119.5 60 -137 80 -102 daylight http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/0D8B62D5-4944-42D0-9DDF-A8C4AA4C2F2E en-US Annual deforestation in the Amazon and resulting CO2 emissions UNEP/GRID-Arendal According to the World Resources Institute,Brazil had the highest carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in the region in 2001, primarily due to changes in land use.) Most of the region’s forests are in South America, particularly in Brazil and Peru, which comprise 92% of the total forest cover. These countries are among the 10 that hold two-thirds of the world’s forests and jungles. Because of its size, the greatest extent of deforestation is in Brazil, but the deforestation rates are higher in Mexico and Argentina. While the deforestation rate in Brazil in the 1990s was 0.4%, the rate in Mexico and Argentina was 1.1% and 0.8%, respectively. Tree-felling in the Brazilian Amazon basin during the last decade increased by 32%, from 14,000 to 18,000 square kilometres per year. The major sources of pressure in the forests include the expansion of farming and livestock activities and urban spread, which force a re-conversion of the land. More recently, there has also been the impact of plants in the Amazon and Cerrado regions that are involved in the production of beef and soybean substitutes, with a harmful impact on the forests. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geosameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP 1999; La Rovere 2000; Cramer 2004 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/annual_deforestation_in_the_amazon_and_resulting_co2_emissions_thumbnail.jpg 179 179 According to the World Resources Institute,Brazil had the highest carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in the region in 2001, primarily due to changes in land use.) Most of the region’s forests are in South America, particularly in Brazil and Peru, which comprise 92% of the total forest cover. These countries are among the 10 that hold two-thirds of the world’s forests and jungles. Because of its size, the greatest extent of deforestation is in Brazil, but the deforestation rates are higher in Mexico and Argentina. While the deforestation rate in Brazil in the 1990s was 0.4%, the rate in Mexico and Argentina was 1.1% and 0.8%, respectively. Tree-felling in the Brazilian Amazon basin during the last decade increased by 32%, from 14,000 to 18,000 square kilometres per year. The major sources of pressure in the forests include the expansion of farming and livestock activities and urban spread, which force a re-conversion of the land. More recently, there has also been the impact of plants in the Amazon and Cerrado regions that are involved in the production of beef and soybean substitutes, with a harmful impact on the forests. -20.5 -58 -57 -83 16 -33 amazon deforestation emissions CO2 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/10B2ED8E-CDC4-6107-D357-12C58F06E915 en-US Annual flow of benefits from forests in selected countries Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In most countries, the marketed values of ecosystems associated with timber and fuelwood production are less than one third of the total economic value, including non-marketed values such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection, and recreation. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 27 Jan 2008 19:19:12 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/annual-flow-of-benefits-from-forests-in-selected-countries_thumbnail.jpg 220 345 In most countries, the marketed values of ecosystems associated with timber and fuelwood production are less than one third of the total economic value, including non-marketed values such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection, and recreation. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest economy grazing lumber ecosystems http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D54AF617-5509-C8F5-5DE4-13944AE8AA53 en-US Annual flow of water to the Caspian Sea Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Most of the water flowing into the sea comes from coastal rivers – currently supplying 300 to 310 cubic km a year. The Volga alone accounts for 80% of inflow. But it has dropped substantially during the 20th century, declining from about 400 cubic km in the 1920-30s to between 260 cubic km and 270 cubic km at present, due to various climatic factors and human activities such as dams built for hydroelectric energy production. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspianregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Worldlake database, International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC), 2005. Wed, 23 Jan 2008 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/annual-flow-of-water-to-the-caspian-sea_thumbnail.jpg 220 412 Most of the water flowing into the sea comes from coastal rivers – currently supplying 300 to 310 cubic km a year. The Volga alone accounts for 80% of inflow. But it has dropped substantially during the 20th century, declining from about 400 cubic km in the 1920-30s to between 260 cubic km and 270 cubic km at present, due to various climatic factors and human activities such as dams built for hydroelectric energy production. 42.5 55 30 40 55 70 caspian sea water level rainfall rivers water scarcity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FA98561B-66BB-1899-1A53-691C0CB762CA en-US Annual rainfall Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sumatran orangutans live in lowland tropical rainforests, with precipitation normally between 1,680 mm and 4,070 mm annually. Western regions receive much more rain than those in the east, as prevailing winds from the Indonesian ocean are forced upwards, cooling rapidly and condensing water vapour, which then falls as precipitation. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Hillshade generated from SRTM 90m DEM available from the CGIAR website (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/). Bathymetry from the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model downloaded from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Sumatran orangutan distribution shapefile prepared by Singleton and Wich and based on Wich et al. 2008 with unpublished data added. Shapefile for lakes digitized by PanEco/YEL from Landsat mosaics (see above overview). Rainfall layer adapted from Grid (1km) of Average Annual Rainfall (Zone29) downloaded from the WorldClim website (http://www.worldclim.org). Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/annual-rainfall_thumbnail.jpg 220 251 Sumatran orangutans live in lowland tropical rainforests, with precipitation normally between 1,680 mm and 4,070 mm annually. Western regions receive much more rain than those in the east, as prevailing winds from the Indonesian ocean are forced upwards, cooling rapidly and condensing water vapour, which then falls as precipitation. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A694CC79-D8FD-ABE5-E985-76334CB7F539 en-US Annual snowfall pattern for a typical mountain environment, Columbine Pass, Colorado 1971-2000 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Mountain snow cover typically develops in the autumn and grows to a maximum depth in early spring. As day length and sun angles increase, so do air temperatures, causing snow cover to warm and begin to melt. Snow cover balances the availability of water in mountain environments. Where winter precipitation falls as rain, surface runoff occurs almost immediately. In contrast, snow stores water during the winter and then melts in the spring and early summer, creating peak stream flows in the afternoon and an overall seasonal peak flow. In many semi-arid mountain environments, snow melt buffers the transition into the dry summer season. Mountain snow is also a key source of groundwater, since a significant portion of the snow melt enters the soil and drains downhill into valley sediments. The timing, spatial distribution, and volume of snow melt are critical for determining how much water flows as surface runoff into rivers and lakes and how much becomes groundwater. This figure presents the annual snowfall distribution for a typical mountain environment, exemplified by Columbine Pass in Colorado, USA. Snow water equivalent is a typical measure of snowfall and snowpack, where snow is measured as the amount of water it represents, when melted. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal colorado UNEP/GRID-Arendal Based on data from the U.S. National Resources Conservation Service Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/annual-snowfall-pattern-for-a-typical-mountain-environment-columbine-pass-colorado-1971-2000_thumbnail.jpg 220 126 Mountain snow cover typically develops in the autumn and grows to a maximum depth in early spring. As day length and sun angles increase, so do air temperatures, causing snow cover to warm and begin to melt. Snow cover balances the availability of water in mountain environments. Where winter precipitation falls as rain, surface runoff occurs almost immediately. In contrast, snow stores water during the winter and then melts in the spring and early summer, creating peak stream flows in the afternoon and an overall seasonal peak flow. In many semi-arid mountain environments, snow melt buffers the transition into the dry summer season. Mountain snow is also a key source of groundwater, since a significant portion of the snow melt enters the soil and drains downhill into valley sediments. The timing, spatial distribution, and volume of snow melt are critical for determining how much water flows as surface runoff into rivers and lakes and how much becomes groundwater. This figure presents the annual snowfall distribution for a typical mountain environment, exemplified by Columbine Pass in Colorado, USA. Snow water equivalent is a typical measure of snowfall and snowpack, where snow is measured as the amount of water it represents, when melted. 39.5 -104.5 37 -108 42 -101 cryosphere snow climatology climate precipitation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6BE09A79-D1B5-15E2-235E-10D479359E30 en-US Annual Temperatures Increases for 2001-2005 Relative to 1951-1980 Laura Margueritte Average surface temperature anomaly (oC) Laura Margueritte global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Hansen, J., et al. Global Temperature Changes, Prot. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, 2006. Wed, 28 Oct 2009 12:34:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/annual-temperatures-increases-for-2001-2005-relative-to-1951-1980_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 159 Average surface temperature anomaly (oC) 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F95443DE-C3DE-8C1C-D986-1084DB41A41F en-US Annual world nuclear reactor construction / Spent fuel generation Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Both the volume and the level of radioactivity have to be considered – a large volume of waste with a low-level of radioactivity presents less danger than a smaller amount of waste with a high-level of radioactivity. For example, spent fuel (elements that have been removed from a reactor after use) makes up less than 1% of the volume of radioactive waste, but contains almost 95% of the total radioactivity. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Worldwatch, OECD Thu, 09 Feb 2006 23:37:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/annual_world_nuclear_reactor_construction_spent_fuel_generation_thumbnail.jpg 128 180 Both the volume and the level of radioactivity have to be considered – a large volume of waste with a low-level of radioactivity presents less danger than a smaller amount of waste with a high-level of radioactivity. For example, spent fuel (elements that have been removed from a reactor after use) makes up less than 1% of the volume of radioactive waste, but contains almost 95% of the total radioactivity. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution nuclear fuel radioactivity power energy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/124B607B-11B2-C63A-9DA9-131532B9FDA3 en-US Anomalies in Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Snow cover extent has continued to decline and is projected to decline further, despite the projected increase in winter snowfall in some areas. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GSL, Rutger University, 2009. Wed, 28 Oct 2009 12:54:24 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/anomalies-in-northern-hemisphere-snow-cover_thumbnail.jpg 220 128 Snow cover extent has continued to decline and is projected to decline further, despite the projected increase in winter snowfall in some areas. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11FE5366-B4E7-1778-9387-9DF242931F65 en-US Antarctic Greenland Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Tue, 27 Oct 2009 19:11:54 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/antarctic-greenland_thumbnail.jpg 220 120 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/90C1D24E-1777-597E-AEFC-E6773742590E en-US Antarctic References Laura Margueritte Images of Antarctica (left) and Greenland (right) to scale. Antarctica is 50 per cent larger than the United States or Europe. Greenland is 7 times smaller than Antarctica. There is enough ice in Antarctica to raise global sea level by 60 metres and 7 metres in Greenland. Laura Margueritte global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Tue, 27 Oct 2009 18:53:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/antarctic-references_thumbnail_001.jpg 168 300 Images of Antarctica (left) and Greenland (right) to scale. Antarctica is 50 per cent larger than the United States or Europe. Greenland is 7 times smaller than Antarctica. There is enough ice in Antarctica to raise global sea level by 60 metres and 7 metres in Greenland. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1309FD70-DF0D-FDA9-5AA0-1443FF82250E en-US Antarctic Specially Protected Areas Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The 1961 Antarctic treaty system, which governs the land and water south of 60 degrees latitude south, gives the environment an overall protection against human development. In addition, certain areas are specifically designated for protection, such as the Antarctic specially protected areas (ASPA), presented in this map. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AQ UNEP/GRID-Arendal Antarctic Treaty Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP), Antarctic Specially Protected Areas Summary descriptions http://www.cep.aq/apa/aspa/sites/ASPASummary.html Downloaded by Gateway Antarctica in November 2005 Mon, 29 May 2006 09:13:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/antarctic-specially-protected-areas_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 The 1961 Antarctic treaty system, which governs the land and water south of 60 degrees latitude south, gives the environment an overall protection against human development. In addition, certain areas are specifically designated for protection, such as the Antarctic specially protected areas (ASPA), presented in this map. -75 0 -90 -180 -60 180 antarctica protected areas biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/58CFBE9E-13B4-57A6-B768-C260B963AE2A en-US Antarctica, overview Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Antarctic is the fifth largest continent of the world at 14 million square kilometres and is covered in a permanent continental ice. The ice is distributed in two major ice sheets, the East Antarctic and the West Antarctic, and in addition there are shelf ice, extending over the sea water. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AQ UNEP/GRID-Arendal Various Fri, 17 Mar 2006 13:31:41 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/antarctica_overview_thumbnail.jpg 220 170 Antarctic is the fifth largest continent of the world at 14 million square kilometres and is covered in a permanent continental ice. The ice is distributed in two major ice sheets, the East Antarctic and the West Antarctic, and in addition there are shelf ice, extending over the sea water. -75 0 -90 -180 -60 180 antarctica ice south pole http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14703619-15C8-74A5-DEB5-D2B46BEADECA en-US Antarctica, showing rates of surface-elevation change derived from satellite radar-altimeter measurements Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The figure shows rates at which the ice-sheet mass was estimated to be changing based on radar-altimeter data (black), mass-budget calculations (red), and satellite gravity measurements (blue). Rectangles depict the time periods of observations (horizontal) and the upper and lower estimates of mass balance (vertical). Measurements by satellite techniques based on gravity indicate mass loss at a rate of 138 ± 73 billion tonnes per year during 2002–2005, mostly from the West Antarctica Ice Sheet. That is equivalent to a rise in global sea level of 0.4 ± 0.2 mm per year, or 10–30% of the global rate measured since the 1950s, and is in good agreement with recent massbudget estimates. However, two interpretations of satellite radar altimetry pointed to a much smaller loss of about 31 billion tonnes of ice per year or a net gain of about 27 billion tonnes per year. The difference between these estimates from totally independent techniques reflects the uncertainties in these difficult measurements; nevertheless, on balance, they indicate a recent shift to a net loss of Antarctic ice and suggest that losses may be accelerating. Similar conclusions result from studies of Antarctic Peninsula glaciers, indicating that they are melting much faster than previously predicted and are probably already contributing significantly to sea-level rise. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AQ UNEP/GRID-Arendal (corresponding to numbers on rectangles): 1 Rignot and Thomas 2002; 2 Ramillien and others 2006; 3 Velicogna and Wahr 2006; 4 Chen and others 2006; 5 Zwally and others 2005; 6 Wingham and others 2006; 7 Rignot and others 2007 Rignot, E. and Thomas, R. (2002). Mass balance of polar ice sheets. Science, 297(5586), 1502-1506 Ramillien, G., Lombard, A., Cazenave, A., Ivins, E., Remy, F. and Biancale, R. (2006). Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE. Global and Planetary Change, 53, 198-208 Velicogna, I. and Wahr, J. (2006a). Measurements of time-variable gravity show mass loss in Antarctica. Science, 311(5768), 1754-1756 Chen, J., Wilson, C., Blankenship, D. and Tapley, B. (2006a). Antarctic mass rates from GRACE. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L11502 Zwally, H.J., Giovinetto, M.B., Li, J., Cornejo, H.G., Beckley, M.A., Brenner, A.C., Saba, J.L. and Yi, D. (2005). Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992-2002. Journal of Glaciology, 51(175), 509-527 Wingham, D., Shepherd, A., Muir, A. and Marshall, G. (2006a). Mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, 364, 1627-1635 Rignot, E., Arthern, R., Bamber, J., van den Broeke, M., Davis, C., Li, Y., van de Berg, W.J. and van Meijgaard, E. (2007). A net source of ocean mass from coastal thinning of Antarctic glaciers. In print Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/antarctica-showing-rates-of-surface-elevation-change-derived-from-satellite-radar-altimeter-measurements_thumbnail.jpg 220 120 The figure shows rates at which the ice-sheet mass was estimated to be changing based on radar-altimeter data (black), mass-budget calculations (red), and satellite gravity measurements (blue). Rectangles depict the time periods of observations (horizontal) and the upper and lower estimates of mass balance (vertical). Measurements by satellite techniques based on gravity indicate mass loss at a rate of 138 ± 73 billion tonnes per year during 2002–2005, mostly from the West Antarctica Ice Sheet. That is equivalent to a rise in global sea level of 0.4 ± 0.2 mm per year, or 10–30% of the global rate measured since the 1950s, and is in good agreement with recent massbudget estimates. However, two interpretations of satellite radar altimetry pointed to a much smaller loss of about 31 billion tonnes of ice per year or a net gain of about 27 billion tonnes per year. The difference between these estimates from totally independent techniques reflects the uncertainties in these difficult measurements; nevertheless, on balance, they indicate a recent shift to a net loss of Antarctic ice and suggest that losses may be accelerating. Similar conclusions result from studies of Antarctic Peninsula glaciers, indicating that they are melting much faster than previously predicted and are probably already contributing significantly to sea-level rise. -75 0 -90 -180 -60 180 cryosphere ice snow ice sheet climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/87163699-1210-B9FA-4EC4-12B604F01358 en-US Antarctica, topographic map Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Antarctic is the fifth largest continent of the world at 14 million square kilometres and is covered by a permanent continental ice sheet. The ice is distributed in two major ice sheets, the East Antarctic and the West Antarctic, and in addition there are shelf ice, extending over the sea water. Antarctic inland ice ranges in thickness up to 5000 m, with an average thickness of about 2400 m, making Antarctica by far the highest of the continents. Straddling the South Pole, Antarctica is cold even during summer. Much of the continent is a cold desert with very low precipitation rates. Thus, in contrast to Greenland, only a tiny proportion of the mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet occurs by melting from the surface – summertime melt from the margins of the ice sheet only occurs in the northern Antarctic Peninsula and the northernmost fringes of East Antarctica. Instead, most ice loss from Antarctica is from basal melting and iceberg calving from the vast floating ice shelves. The West Antarctica Ice Sheet drains mostly into the Ross Ice Shelf, at the head of the Ross Sea; but also into the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf (two connected ice shelves), at the head of the Weddell Sea; and into small ice shelves along the Amundsen Sea coast. The Ross and Filchner/Ronne ice shelves are each about the area of Spain. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AQ UNEP/GRID-Arendal Various Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/antarctica-topographic-map_thumbnail.jpg 220 214 Antarctic is the fifth largest continent of the world at 14 million square kilometres and is covered by a permanent continental ice sheet. The ice is distributed in two major ice sheets, the East Antarctic and the West Antarctic, and in addition there are shelf ice, extending over the sea water. Antarctic inland ice ranges in thickness up to 5000 m, with an average thickness of about 2400 m, making Antarctica by far the highest of the continents. Straddling the South Pole, Antarctica is cold even during summer. Much of the continent is a cold desert with very low precipitation rates. Thus, in contrast to Greenland, only a tiny proportion of the mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet occurs by melting from the surface – summertime melt from the margins of the ice sheet only occurs in the northern Antarctic Peninsula and the northernmost fringes of East Antarctica. Instead, most ice loss from Antarctica is from basal melting and iceberg calving from the vast floating ice shelves. The West Antarctica Ice Sheet drains mostly into the Ross Ice Shelf, at the head of the Ross Sea; but also into the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf (two connected ice shelves), at the head of the Weddell Sea; and into small ice shelves along the Amundsen Sea coast. The Ross and Filchner/Ronne ice shelves are each about the area of Spain. -75 0 -90 -180 -60 180 cryosphere ice ice sheet topography basemap topographic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/144E6134-1310-D6B4-ED9C-D9DC01D0DE43 en-US Antarctica, topography and bathymetry (topographic map) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Antarctic is the fifth largest continent of the world at 14 million square kilometres and is covered by a permanent continental ice sheet. The ice is distributed in two major ice sheets, the East Antarctic and the West Antarctic, and in addition there are shelf ice, extending over the sea water. Antarctic inland ice ranges in thickness up to 5000 m, with an average thickness of about 2400 m, making Antarctica by far the highest of the continents. Straddling the South Pole, Antarctica is cold even during summer. Much of the continent is a cold desert with very low precipitation rates. Thus, in contrast to Greenland, only a tiny proportion of the mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet occurs by melting from the surface – summertime melt from the margins of the ice sheet only occurs in the northern Antarctic Peninsula and the northernmost fringes of East Antarctica. Instead, most ice loss from Antarctica is from basal melting and iceberg calving from the vast floating ice shelves. The West Antarctica Ice Sheet drains mostly into the Ross Ice Shelf, at the head of the Ross Sea; but also into the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf (two connected ice shelves), at the head of the Weddell Sea; and into small ice shelves along the Amundsen Sea coast. The Ross and Filchner/Ronne ice shelves are each about the area of Spain. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Patterson, T. 2006. CleanTOPO2. http://www.shadedrelief.com/cleantopo2/ (accessed July 20, 2006 Mon, 04 Aug 2008 20:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/antarctica-topography-and-bathymetry-topographic-map_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 Antarctic is the fifth largest continent of the world at 14 million square kilometres and is covered by a permanent continental ice sheet. The ice is distributed in two major ice sheets, the East Antarctic and the West Antarctic, and in addition there are shelf ice, extending over the sea water. Antarctic inland ice ranges in thickness up to 5000 m, with an average thickness of about 2400 m, making Antarctica by far the highest of the continents. Straddling the South Pole, Antarctica is cold even during summer. Much of the continent is a cold desert with very low precipitation rates. Thus, in contrast to Greenland, only a tiny proportion of the mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet occurs by melting from the surface – summertime melt from the margins of the ice sheet only occurs in the northern Antarctic Peninsula and the northernmost fringes of East Antarctica. Instead, most ice loss from Antarctica is from basal melting and iceberg calving from the vast floating ice shelves. The West Antarctica Ice Sheet drains mostly into the Ross Ice Shelf, at the head of the Ross Sea; but also into the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf (two connected ice shelves), at the head of the Weddell Sea; and into small ice shelves along the Amundsen Sea coast. The Ross and Filchner/Ronne ice shelves are each about the area of Spain. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 ipy polar cryosphere south southern hemisphere topography bathymetry basemap topographic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BC7F15CC-B972-A48D-AA10-BAD9C0C79358 en-US Arable land in the Baltic Sea region Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ratio of arable land out of total land use in the Baltic Sea drainage basin. Agriculture is one of the main contributors to the nutrient (in this case, primarily nitrogen) influx into the Baltic Sea, and thus a main driver for the eutrophication problems in the sea. The displays the situation at approximately 1990. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal balticregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Baltic Sea Region GIS, Maps and Statistical Database (UNEP/GRID-Arendal) Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arable_land_in_the_baltic_sea_region_thumbnail.jpg 200 199 Ratio of arable land out of total land use in the Baltic Sea drainage basin. Agriculture is one of the main contributors to the nutrient (in this case, primarily nitrogen) influx into the Baltic Sea, and thus a main driver for the eutrophication problems in the sea. The displays the situation at approximately 1990. 60 20 50 4 70 36 eutrophication baltic sea agriculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1201D0E3-A973-1396-2F8E-DD3CBC5F9F1D en-US Aral Sea: Chances of Survival I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Aral Sea is shrinking at an alarming rate and the amount of consumption of water in the Aral Sea Basin has greatly affected current conditions. This shows predicted models of water problems in the Aral Sea. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal aralsea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sorokin D., Sorokin A., Report on the work conducted for the application of the hydrological model towards the assessment of scenarios of the Aral Sea basin development; Ruzlev A., Prikhod’ko V., Application of the Aral Sea Basin Management Model towards specific plans of the Aral Sea basin development, UNDP and SIC ICWC, Tashkent, 2001 Tue, 14 Feb 2006 18:17:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/aral_sea_chances_of_survival_thumbnail.jpg 220 299 The Aral Sea is shrinking at an alarming rate and the amount of consumption of water in the Aral Sea Basin has greatly affected current conditions. This shows predicted models of water problems in the Aral Sea. 45 66.5 36 53 54 80 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar. water consumption http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7880DD12-D1CE-1011-6D9F-14CF30EA681A en-US Aral Sea: Chances of Survival [Russian] I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Aral Sea is shrinking at an alarming rate and the amount of consumption of water in the Aral Sea Basin has greatly affected current conditions. This shows predicted models of water problems in the Aral Sea. In Russian. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal aralsea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sorokin D., Sorokin A., Report on the work conducted for the application of the hydrological model towards the assessment of scenarios of the Aral Sea basin development; Ruzlev A., Prikhod’ko V., Application of the Aral Sea Basin Management Model towards specific plans of the Aral Sea basin development, UNDP and SIC ICWC, Tashkent, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 19:51:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/aral_sea_chances_of_survival_russian_thumbnail.jpg 220 289 The Aral Sea is shrinking at an alarming rate and the amount of consumption of water in the Aral Sea Basin has greatly affected current conditions. This shows predicted models of water problems in the Aral Sea. In Russian. 45 66.5 36 53 54 80 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar. water consumption http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9219B4AB-E3FB-4069-8782-60706D99B8E3 en-US Aral Sea: trends and scenarios Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The demise of the Aral Sea was caused primarily by the diversion of the inflowing Amu Dar'ya and Syr Dar'ya rivers to provide irrigation water for local croplands. This graphic shows the disappearance of the Aral Sea from 1957 to 2000 and three possible scenarios showing the relationship between future demand (and thus water abstraction) and future available runoff in cubic kilometres per year. The scenarios cover the time period from 2000 to 2020. They show what may happen if water abstraction and the demand for water continue to increase, what may happen if they remain the same as they were in the year 2000, and what may happen if they decrease. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nickolai Denisov, GRID-Arendal, Norway; Scientific Information Center of International Coordination Water Commission (SIC IWC); International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS); The World Bank; NASA; USGS, Earthshots: Satellite images of environmental change, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2000. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/aral_sea_trends_and_scenarios_thumbnail.jpg 220 192 The demise of the Aral Sea was caused primarily by the diversion of the inflowing Amu Dar'ya and Syr Dar'ya rivers to provide irrigation water for local croplands. This graphic shows the disappearance of the Aral Sea from 1957 to 2000 and three possible scenarios showing the relationship between future demand (and thus water abstraction) and future available runoff in cubic kilometres per year. The scenarios cover the time period from 2000 to 2020. They show what may happen if water abstraction and the demand for water continue to increase, what may happen if they remain the same as they were in the year 2000, and what may happen if they decrease. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 water loss water use freshwater http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/17AF3A0B-12C5-D65B-1BF3-129C03F8DE4A en-US Arctic biodiversity - pressures and impacts Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> The Arctic plays host to a vast array of biodiversity, including many globally significant populations. Included among these are more than half of the world´s shorebird species, 80% of the global goose populations, several million reindeer and caribou, and many unique mammals, such as the polar bear. During the short summer breeding season, 279 species of birds arrive from as far away as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and South America to take advantage of the long days and intense period of productivity. Several species of marine mammals, including grey and humpback whales, and harp and hooded seals, also migrate annually to the Arctic. Currently the environment in the circumpolar North represents one of the areas of the World with the least human impact. Pressures that exist and are on the increase are climate change, infrastructure development, the development of mineral resources - such as oil and gas and increased economic activity. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/a Fri, 22 Oct 2010 18:22:17 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-biodiversity-pressures-and-impacts_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 204 The Arctic plays host to a vast array of biodiversity, including many globally significant populations. Included among these are more than half of the world´s shorebird species, 80% of the global goose populations, several million reindeer and caribou, and many unique mammals, such as the polar bear. During the short summer breeding season, 279 species of birds arrive from as far away as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and South America to take advantage of the long days and intense period of productivity. Several species of marine mammals, including grey and humpback whales, and harp and hooded seals, also migrate annually to the Arctic. Currently the environment in the circumpolar North represents one of the areas of the World with the least human impact. Pressures that exist and are on the increase are climate change, infrastructure development, the development of mineral resources - such as oil and gas and increased economic activity. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology pressures causal chain impacts climate change oil http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C1DD642A-7B25-CB5E-9C70-63C904D8F083 en-US Arctic char species complex, distribution map Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> The Arctic char species complex, sensu stricto, represent a key component of the marine and freshwater ecosystems of the north. Chars are stressed by factors such as fisheries, climate change and pollutants. We are possibly altering char biodiversity without documenting it and understanding its relevance. Concerted pan-Arctic biodiversity assessments, sustained research, and coordinated monitoring of chars are required to outline the scope of diversity present and its significance, and the mechanisms responsible for maintaining it and documenting changes. This map displays the global distribution of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) inclusive of all nominate subspecies and closely related 'species' considered to belong to this group in the narrow sense. Taxonomic forms, relationships, species diversity and ecological variation are confused and poorly known for this species complex; other char taxa overlap and extend this range (e.g., forms of Dolly Varden – S. malma). Uncertain distributional limits are indicated by dashed boundaries. Presumptive distribution boundaries of anadromous forms in marine waters are indicated in nearshore areas; anadromy is thought to be restricted to areas south of 75°N. Introduced populations in Europe are indicated in red. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Reist, J., Fisheries and Oceans Canada, pers. comm. 2009. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-char-species-complex-distribution-map_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 220 The Arctic char species complex, sensu stricto, represent a key component of the marine and freshwater ecosystems of the north. Chars are stressed by factors such as fisheries, climate change and pollutants. We are possibly altering char biodiversity without documenting it and understanding its relevance. Concerted pan-Arctic biodiversity assessments, sustained research, and coordinated monitoring of chars are required to outline the scope of diversity present and its significance, and the mechanisms responsible for maintaining it and documenting changes. This map displays the global distribution of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) inclusive of all nominate subspecies and closely related 'species' considered to belong to this group in the narrow sense. Taxonomic forms, relationships, species diversity and ecological variation are confused and poorly known for this species complex; other char taxa overlap and extend this range (e.g., forms of Dolly Varden – S. malma). Uncertain distributional limits are indicated by dashed boundaries. Presumptive distribution boundaries of anadromous forms in marine waters are indicated in nearshore areas; anadromy is thought to be restricted to areas south of 75°N. Introduced populations in Europe are indicated in red. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology char marine issues arctic char freshwater issues fisheries http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A4A690AC-EF8D-A313-62F5-E96EC4D876AE en-US Arctic conservation area (CAFF), political map Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna is a working group under the Arctic Council, for the countries of Russia, Denmark, USA, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway and Finland and indigenous peoples. Monitoring, assessment, protected areas and conservation strategies are all tasks under this working group. The area that the working group primarily addresses is presented in this map. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal CAFF Sat, 16 Sep 2006 13:32:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-conservation-area-caff-political-map_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 220 The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna is a working group under the Arctic Council, for the countries of Russia, Denmark, USA, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway and Finland and indigenous peoples. Monitoring, assessment, protected areas and conservation strategies are all tasks under this working group. The area that the working group primarily addresses is presented in this map. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity protected areas http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E781AE3A-A05A-7104-6144-FCB109700F92 en-US Arctic conservation area (CAFF), topographic map Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna is a working group under the Arctic Council, for the countries of Russia, Denmark, USA, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway and Finland and indigenous peoples. Monitoring, assessment, protected areas and conservation strategies are all tasks under this working group. The area that the working group primarily addresses is presented in this map. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal CAFF Sat, 16 Sep 2006 13:32:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-conservation-area-caff-topographic-map_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna is a working group under the Arctic Council, for the countries of Russia, Denmark, USA, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway and Finland and indigenous peoples. Monitoring, assessment, protected areas and conservation strategies are all tasks under this working group. The area that the working group primarily addresses is presented in this map. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity protected areas topography http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6CB56000-118D-9B6C-A399-FE72419CC9BA en-US Arctic conservation area (CAFF), topographic map, ABA version (2010) Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna is a working group under the Arctic Council, for the countries of Russia, Denmark, USA, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway and Finland and indigenous peoples. Monitoring, assessment, protected areas and conservation strategies are all tasks under this working group. The area that the working group primarily addresses is presented in this map. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Various Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-conservation-area-caff-topographic-map-aba-version-2010_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 220 The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna is a working group under the Arctic Council, for the countries of Russia, Denmark, USA, Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway and Finland and indigenous peoples. Monitoring, assessment, protected areas and conservation strategies are all tasks under this working group. The area that the working group primarily addresses is presented in this map. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B05FC3B8-DA6B-708B-1F70-D3ADFB3799DC en-US Arctic delta pond ecosystems, seasonal flooding and adaptation Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The physical development and ecosystem health of river deltas in cold regions are strongly controlled by ice processes and thus are highly susceptible to the effects of climate change. As an example, the photograph shows a typical lake/pond and river network in the Peace-Athabasca Delta (Canada), one of the largest freshwater deltas in the world. The water budget and sediment-nutrient supply for the multitude of lakes and ponds that dot the riparian zones of such deltas depend strongly on the supply of floodwaters produced by river-ice jams during the spring. These spring floods usually exceed those from open-water flow events, as illustrated in the top figure. Studies of future climate conditions for the Peace-Athabasca Delta indicate that a combination of thinner river ice and reduced spring runoff, due to smaller winter snowpack, will lead to decreased ice-jam flooding. This, combined with greater summer evaporation from warmer temperatures, will cause a decline in delta- pond water levels. An adaptation strategy that has been successfully used to counteract the effects of climatic drying of delta ponds involves the use of flow enhancement through water releases from reservoirs. This increases the probability of ice-jam formation and related flooding of the delta ponds (see bottom figure). Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CA UNEP/GRID-Arendal Based on Prowse, T.D., Peters, D., Beltaos, S., Pietroniro, A., Romolo, L., Töyrä, J. and Leconte, R. (2002b). Restoring ice-jam floodwater to a drying delta ecosystem. Water International, 27(1), 58-69 Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-delta-pond-ecosystems-seasonal-flooding-and-adaptation_thumbnail.jpg 220 147 The physical development and ecosystem health of river deltas in cold regions are strongly controlled by ice processes and thus are highly susceptible to the effects of climate change. As an example, the photograph shows a typical lake/pond and river network in the Peace-Athabasca Delta (Canada), one of the largest freshwater deltas in the world. The water budget and sediment-nutrient supply for the multitude of lakes and ponds that dot the riparian zones of such deltas depend strongly on the supply of floodwaters produced by river-ice jams during the spring. These spring floods usually exceed those from open-water flow events, as illustrated in the top figure. Studies of future climate conditions for the Peace-Athabasca Delta indicate that a combination of thinner river ice and reduced spring runoff, due to smaller winter snowpack, will lead to decreased ice-jam flooding. This, combined with greater summer evaporation from warmer temperatures, will cause a decline in delta- pond water levels. An adaptation strategy that has been successfully used to counteract the effects of climatic drying of delta ponds involves the use of flow enhancement through water releases from reservoirs. This increases the probability of ice-jam formation and related flooding of the delta ponds (see bottom figure). 62 -96.5 41 -141 83 -52 cryosphere ice snow adaptation climate change lakes rivers flooding freshwater http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/157810F6-13B1-13C8-8E0D-A7A98B9F4215 en-US Arctic development hotspots Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Projects in developing extraction of fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas are underway in several places in the Arctic - both on land and in the sea. The fuels are to be transported by both land and sea pipelines, as well as shipped on water. The development of these activities threaten natural habitats, in hotspots for conservation and wildlife. This map displays some of the latest hotspots with current or proposed development, together with a human impacta analysis, from the GLOBIO programme. Hotspots highlighted on this graphic are the Mackenzie Valley, Prudhoe Bay and the Kuparuk oilfeeld (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, ANWR), Northern Norway (Barents Sea) and the Pechora oilfields and the Yamal. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Modified from analysis published in GEO3 Global Environment Outlook (2002) Wed, 07 Nov 2007 11:56:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-development-hotspots_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 260 Projects in developing extraction of fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas are underway in several places in the Arctic - both on land and in the sea. The fuels are to be transported by both land and sea pipelines, as well as shipped on water. The development of these activities threaten natural habitats, in hotspots for conservation and wildlife. This map displays some of the latest hotspots with current or proposed development, together with a human impacta analysis, from the GLOBIO programme. Hotspots highlighted on this graphic are the Mackenzie Valley, Prudhoe Bay and the Kuparuk oilfeeld (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, ANWR), Northern Norway (Barents Sea) and the Pechora oilfields and the Yamal. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 oil gas natural resources development biodiversity wildlife human impact http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1234176C-C4CE-1032-8687-A71ECD1E1B27 en-US Arctic development scenarios, human impact in 2050 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Human activities influence the environment and reduce the value of forests, tundra and plains in terms of original biodiversity and habitat. Primarily larger mammals are hit by the fragmentation caused by roads and pipelines. The GLOBIO methdology has modeled the future impact of human activities in the Arctic, as seen in this map. Infrastructure and settlements are used as proxies for human activities, using the GLOBIO model from the Global Environment Outlook 3. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Modified from analysis published in GEO3 Global Environment Outlook (2002) Fri, 22 Oct 2010 18:22:33 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-development-scenarios-human-impact-in-2050_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 108 Human activities influence the environment and reduce the value of forests, tundra and plains in terms of original biodiversity and habitat. Primarily larger mammals are hit by the fragmentation caused by roads and pipelines. The GLOBIO methdology has modeled the future impact of human activities in the Arctic, as seen in this map. Infrastructure and settlements are used as proxies for human activities, using the GLOBIO model from the Global Environment Outlook 3. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 human impact wilderness globio conservation biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16D177AB-C06A-1490-F7D6-178B6CA6D008 en-US Arctic genetic trends - lemming in Arctic Russia Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> Nucleotide diversity estimates based on the complete sequences of mitochondrial genome in the collared lemming indicate how past climate has structured the genetic component of biodiversity. Lower diversity in regions (green) affected by the northward forest expansion during the Holocene warm climatic events compared to Western Beringia, where there was no forest expansion, suggests a reduction of effective size due to regional range contractions during warming events in the Holocene. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> russiaarctice UNEP/GRID-Arendal Fedorov, V.B. 1999. Contrasting mitochondrial DNA diversity estimates in two sympatric genera of Arctic lemmings (Dicrostonyx, Lemmus) indicate different responses to Quaternary environmental fluctuations. P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci.266: 621-626. Fedorov, V.B., Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, pers. comm. 2009. MacDonald, G.M., Velichko, A.V., Borisova, O.K., Goleva, A.A., Andreev, A.A., Cwynar, L.C., Riding, R.T., Forman, S.L., Edwards, T.W.D., Aravena, R., Hammarlund, D., Szeicz, J.M. & Gattaulin, V.N. 2000. Holocene treeline history and climate change across Northern Eurasia. Quaternary Res. 53:302-311. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-genetic-trends-lemming-in-arctic-russia_thumbnail.jpg 220 132 Nucleotide diversity estimates based on the complete sequences of mitochondrial genome in the collared lemming indicate how past climate has structured the genetic component of biodiversity. Lower diversity in regions (green) affected by the northward forest expansion during the Holocene warm climatic events compared to Western Beringia, where there was no forest expansion, suggests a reduction of effective size due to regional range contractions during warming events in the Holocene. 66.5 122.5 50 65 83 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology lemming genetic diversity ice age holocene biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/17CCF9E5-1616-CE22-90C7-F6BC3B854691 en-US Arctic ice cover extent Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The greatest reduction in Arctic summer sea ice extent since satellite observations began occurred in 2007, with the following two years experiencing the second and third biggest reductions. The Greenland ice sheet is currently losing more than 250 cubic km a year – faster than can be explained by natural melting. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Based on a Hugo Alhenius map;National Snow and Ice Data Center, 2008. Wed, 03 Feb 2010 11:51:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-ice-cover-extent_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 280 The greatest reduction in Arctic summer sea ice extent since satellite observations began occurred in 2007, with the following two years experiencing the second and third biggest reductions. The Greenland ice sheet is currently losing more than 250 cubic km a year – faster than can be explained by natural melting. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Many Strong Voices climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15475985-12E4-1095-91B3-15966297E426 en-US Arctic map, political Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Arctic is extremely diverse in terms of landscapes, varying from pack and drift ice to rugged shores, flat coastal plains, rolling hills and mountains surpassing 6000 metres above sea level (Denali, 6,194 m asl, in sub-arctic and boreal Alaska). The region has rivers and lakes, tundra and the largest forests in the world (the Russian Taiga). This is a simple grayscale political map. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/a Wed, 20 Sep 2006 17:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-map-political_thumbnail.jpg 220 216 The Arctic is extremely diverse in terms of landscapes, varying from pack and drift ice to rugged shores, flat coastal plains, rolling hills and mountains surpassing 6000 metres above sea level (Denali, 6,194 m asl, in sub-arctic and boreal Alaska). The region has rivers and lakes, tundra and the largest forests in the world (the Russian Taiga). This is a simple grayscale political map. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 political countries http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/121C364F-852F-B9D0-684A-900137949A7C en-US Arctic Ocean Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Left panel: Schematic of the Arctic Ocean, central basin (Canada and Eurasian basins) and arctic continental shelves (with approximate boundaries for each Arctic Ocean coastal sea), and major rivers draining into the region. Right panel: The three generic types of continental shelves (i.e., inflow, interior and outflow) are shown Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Macdonald, R.W. Anderson, L.G., Christensen, J.P., Miller, L.A., Semiletov, I.P., and Stein, R., 2009. Tue, 27 Oct 2009 19:21:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-ocean_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 170 Left panel: Schematic of the Arctic Ocean, central basin (Canada and Eurasian basins) and arctic continental shelves (with approximate boundaries for each Arctic Ocean coastal sea), and major rivers draining into the region. Right panel: The three generic types of continental shelves (i.e., inflow, interior and outflow) are shown 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1242BF48-FD4F-158F-5362-E8524B9FB2AB en-US Arctic Ocean surface Temperatures Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Consistent with the rapid retreat of sea ice, the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean have been warming in recent years, because declining sea-ice cover allows the water to absorb more heat from the sun. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal AMAP, 2009. Wed, 28 Oct 2009 12:49:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-ocean-surface-temperatures_thumbnail.jpg 220 157 Consistent with the rapid retreat of sea ice, the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean have been warming in recent years, because declining sea-ice cover allows the water to absorb more heat from the sun. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F19D1702-5CD9-56BE-54ED-E8215A4BDDAC en-US Arctic ozone depletion and stratospheric temperature Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Changes in ozone amounts closely follow temperature, with colder temperatures resulting in more polar stratospheric clouds that intensify ozone destruction. The results are compared from 1979 to 2006. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal www.theozonehole.com/climate.htm, data provided by Paul Newman, NASA GSFC. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 20:49:12 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-ozone-depletion-and-stratospheric-temperature_thumbnail.jpg 220 217 Changes in ozone amounts closely follow temperature, with colder temperatures resulting in more polar stratospheric clouds that intensify ozone destruction. The results are compared from 1979 to 2006. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone chlorofluorocarbons CFCs depletion ozone hole temerature stratosphere http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C0CF4B43-BAA3-4045-979F-B0E874704452 en-US Arctic pelagic food web UNEP/GRID-Arendal The marine animal food chain is very complex and multilayered as are most food chains. This is a quick reference to represent the complete food chain in regards to pelagic crustaceans and invertebrates. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway / SSB Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-pelagic-food-web_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 189 The marine animal food chain is very complex and multilayered as are most food chains. This is a quick reference to represent the complete food chain in regards to pelagic crustaceans and invertebrates. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 food chain ocean pelagic marine mammals fish marine birds marine issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5D771061-8D80-47EE-A62B-5DA872D22589 en-US Arctic protected areas and biomes Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Using the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) definition of the Arctic, the majority of the current protected area (pie cheart to the left) is in the Arctic desert biome (45%), followed by the tundra biomes (29%). When looking at the total area that is currently protected in each biome, this shows that almost a third of the desert biome is protected (right figure). Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal CAFF, 2001. Arctic Flora and Fauna: Status and Conservation. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic_protected_areas_and_biomes_001.jpg 200 112 Using the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) definition of the Arctic, the majority of the current protected area (pie cheart to the left) is in the Arctic desert biome (45%), followed by the tundra biomes (29%). When looking at the total area that is currently protected in each biome, this shows that almost a third of the desert biome is protected (right figure). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 biome protected areas biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14DF4AD5-959A-1599-D1F7-AC01500C2DEB en-US Arctic sea ice food web - schematic illustration Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> Sea ice represents a unique ecosystem in the Arctic, providing habitat to specialized iceassociated species that include microorganisms, fish, birds, and marine mammals. Individual species use sea ice in different ways depending on their biological needs. Ice algae form the base of the food web. Some algae stay attached to the bottom of the ice, some fall into the water column, and some fall to the bottom of the sea, and so provide food for species that feed at different depths. Protists (single-celled organisms) and zooplankton eat the algae which are then eaten by, for instance, Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida and sea birds (e.g. dovekie, Alle alle), which in turn act as the major link to other fish and birds, seals, and whales. Polar bears, Ursus maritimus, prey upon seals from the ice and walrus, Odobenus rosmarus, forage on clams from drifting pack ice. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Gradinger, R., Hopcroft, R.R. & Bluhm, B. 2004. Arctic Census of Marine Life (Arc-CoML) Program Proposal. University of Fairbanks. Fairbanks, Alaska. 35 pp. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-sea-ice-food-web-schematic-illustration_thumbnail.jpg 220 153 Sea ice represents a unique ecosystem in the Arctic, providing habitat to specialized iceassociated species that include microorganisms, fish, birds, and marine mammals. Individual species use sea ice in different ways depending on their biological needs. Ice algae form the base of the food web. Some algae stay attached to the bottom of the ice, some fall into the water column, and some fall to the bottom of the sea, and so provide food for species that feed at different depths. Protists (single-celled organisms) and zooplankton eat the algae which are then eaten by, for instance, Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida and sea birds (e.g. dovekie, Alle alle), which in turn act as the major link to other fish and birds, seals, and whales. Polar bears, Ursus maritimus, prey upon seals from the ice and walrus, Odobenus rosmarus, forage on clams from drifting pack ice. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology sea ice marine issues food web trophic issues plankton http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9B14AE63-B3C3-D27A-A2E1-53445C81086E en-US Arctic sea ice minimum extent in September 1982 and 2005 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The red line indicates the median minimum extent of the ice cover for the period 1979–2000. This figure compares the Arctic sea-ice extent in September for the years 1982 (the record maximum since 1979) and 2005 (the record minimum). The ice extent was 7.5 million km2 in 1982 and only 5.6 million km2 in 2005, a difference of 25 per cent. As has been observed in other recent years, the retreat of the ice cover was particularly pronounced along the Eurasian coast. Indeed, the retreat was so pronounced that at the end of the summer of 2005 the Northern Sea Route across the top of Eurasia was completely ice-free. Please note that this has been updated with 2007 extent: http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/arctic-sea-ice-minimum-extent-in-september-1982-2005-and-2007 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Data courtesy of National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-sea-ice-minimum-extent-in-september-1982-and-2005_thumbnail.jpg 220 99 The red line indicates the median minimum extent of the ice cover for the period 1979–2000. This figure compares the Arctic sea-ice extent in September for the years 1982 (the record maximum since 1979) and 2005 (the record minimum). The ice extent was 7.5 million km2 in 1982 and only 5.6 million km2 in 2005, a difference of 25 per cent. As has been observed in other recent years, the retreat of the ice cover was particularly pronounced along the Eurasian coast. Indeed, the retreat was so pronounced that at the end of the summer of 2005 the Northern Sea Route across the top of Eurasia was completely ice-free. Please note that this has been updated with 2007 extent: http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/arctic-sea-ice-minimum-extent-in-september-1982-2005-and-2007 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 cryosphere ice sea-ice climate change climatology http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/104E93E4-F797-6D5B-6B8F-7A464AEDA694 en-US Arctic sea ice minimum extent in September 1982 and 2008 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The red line indicates the median minimum extent of the ice cover for the period 1979–2000. This figure compares the Arctic sea ice extent in September for the years 1982 (the record maximum since 1979) and 2008. The ice extent was 7.5 million km2 in 1982 and only 5.6 million km2 in 2005 and down to 4.3 million km2 in 2007. As has been observed in other recent years, the retreat of the ice cover was particularly pronounced along the Eurasian coast. Indeed, the retreat was so pronounced that at the end of the summers of 2005 and 2007 the Northern Sea Route across the top of Eurasia was completely ice-free. Please note that this figure was not originally published in Global Outlook for Ice and Snow, but is updated from a figure in that publication. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Fetterer, F., and K. Knowles. 2002, updated 2004. Sea ice index. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02135/ (Accessed November 27 2008) Mon, 22 Oct 2007 14:47:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-sea-ice-minimum-extent-in-september-1982-and-2008_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 115 The red line indicates the median minimum extent of the ice cover for the period 1979–2000. This figure compares the Arctic sea ice extent in September for the years 1982 (the record maximum since 1979) and 2008. The ice extent was 7.5 million km2 in 1982 and only 5.6 million km2 in 2005 and down to 4.3 million km2 in 2007. As has been observed in other recent years, the retreat of the ice cover was particularly pronounced along the Eurasian coast. Indeed, the retreat was so pronounced that at the end of the summers of 2005 and 2007 the Northern Sea Route across the top of Eurasia was completely ice-free. Please note that this figure was not originally published in Global Outlook for Ice and Snow, but is updated from a figure in that publication. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 cryosphere ice snow climate change sea ice pack ice polar ice http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F951C743-FB18-12A3-0C34-DCB6809E2143 en-US Arctic sea routes - Northern sea route and Northwest passage Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sea routes along the edges of the Arctic ocean, or rather along the coasts of Northern Canada and Russia, holds potential for decreasing the number of days in shipping goods from the Pacific to Atlantic coasts in Europe and North America, and vice versa. In addition, this could provide a means to transport natural resources, such as oil and gas, extracted in the Arctic. Currently these routes have not been possible to use this, due to the ice conditions, but with decreases in ice - due to climate change - this could provide a new possibility. In addition, this would mean increased risk for the sensitive wilderness areas along these coasts, with oil spills and pollution. Please note that Northern Sea Route was previously known as Northeast passage. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/A Mon, 05 Feb 2007 11:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic_sea_routes_northern_sea_route_and_northwest_passage_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 220 Sea routes along the edges of the Arctic ocean, or rather along the coasts of Northern Canada and Russia, holds potential for decreasing the number of days in shipping goods from the Pacific to Atlantic coasts in Europe and North America, and vice versa. In addition, this could provide a means to transport natural resources, such as oil and gas, extracted in the Arctic. Currently these routes have not been possible to use this, due to the ice conditions, but with decreases in ice - due to climate change - this could provide a new possibility. In addition, this would mean increased risk for the sensitive wilderness areas along these coasts, with oil spills and pollution. Please note that Northern Sea Route was previously known as Northeast passage. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 arctic shipping marine issues climate change transport http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7D734941-DAB8-6ED5-EC4A-F3CAD4665DC4 en-US Arctic Soil Organic Carbon Content Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal A new assessment has estimated that there are 1,650 gigatonnes of carbon stored in the northern circumpolar permafrost region4, more than twice the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Tue, 27 Oct 2009 19:32:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-soil-organic-carbon-content_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 274 A new assessment has estimated that there are 1,650 gigatonnes of carbon stored in the northern circumpolar permafrost region4, more than twice the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AAAD5454-127A-EAAF-D679-9D3B320306DE en-US Arctic summer snow cover extent 1968-2008 Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> The average snow cover extent during June, July and August across the Arctic (north of the polar circle) section of Eurasia and North America has decreased by 22,000 km2/year during 1968–2008. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> nhemi UNEP/GRID-Arendal Global Snow Lab, Rutgers University, New Jersey Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-summer-snow-cover-extent-1968-2008_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 238 The average snow cover extent during June, July and August across the Arctic (north of the polar circle) section of Eurasia and North America has decreased by 22,000 km2/year during 1968–2008. 45 0 0 -180 90 180 precipitation snow cryosphere climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A44FA75C-6951-120E-023D-153C57EEEC57 en-US Arctic temperature anomaly patterns Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Natural climate variability is organized into spatial patterns of high and low pressure regions, represented by the Arctic Oscillation (also called the Northern Annular Mode) and North Pacific patterns in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Southern Annular Mode in the Southern Hemisphere. The patterns of surface temperature anomalies when the Arctic Oscillation and Northern Pacific patterns are in their positive extreme are shown in this figure - as anomalies averaged over periods with different types of dominating pattern of natural variability. When either of the patterns is in its positive extreme, the pattern contributes to an overall Arctic warm period. In recent years (2000–2005), however, the pattern of warm temperature anomalies is circumpolar in distribution and different from either of the two major 20th century climate patterns. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal J.E. Overland, data from NOAA/ESRL (2007). Climate composites. NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO. http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/Composites/ printpage.pl [Accessed 6 April 2007] Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-temperature-anomaly-patterns_thumbnail.jpg 220 99 Natural climate variability is organized into spatial patterns of high and low pressure regions, represented by the Arctic Oscillation (also called the Northern Annular Mode) and North Pacific patterns in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Southern Annular Mode in the Southern Hemisphere. The patterns of surface temperature anomalies when the Arctic Oscillation and Northern Pacific patterns are in their positive extreme are shown in this figure - as anomalies averaged over periods with different types of dominating pattern of natural variability. When either of the patterns is in its positive extreme, the pattern contributes to an overall Arctic warm period. In recent years (2000–2005), however, the pattern of warm temperature anomalies is circumpolar in distribution and different from either of the two major 20th century climate patterns. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 temperature climate climatology patterns climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7E58EBA2-E08C-CAAF-6366-F6994D7DEB78 en-US Arctic temperatures in the 20th century, modeled and observed Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Observed Arctic winter land temperatures and IPCC model recreations for the 20th century. Note that although these model runs are able to capture the range of Arctic warm and cold periods, the timing of the peaks varies, suggesting that the early 20th century warming was due to random causes, while the increases at the end of the century shown by all the models supports CO2 as an external forcing of the Arctic climate system. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Wang, M., Overland, J.E., Kattsov, V., Walsh, J.E., Zhang, X. and Pavlova, T. (2007). Intrinsic versus forced variation in coupled climate model simulations over the Arctic during the 20th century. J. Climate, 20(6), 1093-1107 Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-temperatures-in-the-20th-century-modeled-and-observed_thumbnail.jpg 220 160 Observed Arctic winter land temperatures and IPCC model recreations for the 20th century. Note that although these model runs are able to capture the range of Arctic warm and cold periods, the timing of the peaks varies, suggesting that the early 20th century warming was due to random causes, while the increases at the end of the century shown by all the models supports CO2 as an external forcing of the Arctic climate system. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 temperature ice snow climate climatology model projection http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11EDC5A7-17B6-6B9E-5F7D-1046FC337C0F en-US Arctic terrestrial species trends 1970-2005 (ASTI) Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> Dramatic changes, such as sea ice loss, are projected to occur in Arctic ecosystems over the next century. Understanding how the Arctic’s living resources, including its vertebrate species, are responding to these changes is essential in order to develop effective conservation and adaptation strategies. Arctic species that are adapted to these extreme environments are expected to be displaced, in part, by the encroachment of more southerly species and ecosystems. A total of 965 populations of 306 species (representing 35% of all known Arctic vertebrate species) were used to generate the Arctic Species Trend Index (ASTI). Presented in this figure is the terrestrial component of the ASTI. The moderate decline in the terrestrial index (–10%) is largely a reflection of declines (–28%) in terrestrial high Arctic populations (mostly herbivores, such as caribou, Rangifer tarandus, lemmings, and the High Arctic brent goose, Branta bernicla). Terrestrial low Arctic population increases (+7%) are driven, in part, by dramatically increasing goose populations, but may also reflect an ecological response to climatic changes whereby species with more southerly distributions are responding favorably to these climatic changes. This northward movement of southern species (e.g., red fox, Vulpes vulpes) coupled with increasing incidence of severe weather events in the high Arctic and changing tundra vegetation may explain, in part, the declines in terrestrial high Arctic populations and the possible negative impact on herbivorous species. This figure presents the index of terrestrial species disaggregated by Arctic boundary for the period 1970–2004 (high Arctic, n=25 species, 73 populations; low Arctic, n=66 species, 166 populations; sub-Arctic, n=102 species, 204 populations). Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal CAFF. 2010. Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-terrestrial-species-trends-1970-2005-asti_thumbnail.jpg 220 132 Dramatic changes, such as sea ice loss, are projected to occur in Arctic ecosystems over the next century. Understanding how the Arctic’s living resources, including its vertebrate species, are responding to these changes is essential in order to develop effective conservation and adaptation strategies. Arctic species that are adapted to these extreme environments are expected to be displaced, in part, by the encroachment of more southerly species and ecosystems. A total of 965 populations of 306 species (representing 35% of all known Arctic vertebrate species) were used to generate the Arctic Species Trend Index (ASTI). Presented in this figure is the terrestrial component of the ASTI. The moderate decline in the terrestrial index (–10%) is largely a reflection of declines (–28%) in terrestrial high Arctic populations (mostly herbivores, such as caribou, Rangifer tarandus, lemmings, and the High Arctic brent goose, Branta bernicla). Terrestrial low Arctic population increases (+7%) are driven, in part, by dramatically increasing goose populations, but may also reflect an ecological response to climatic changes whereby species with more southerly distributions are responding favorably to these climatic changes. This northward movement of southern species (e.g., red fox, Vulpes vulpes) coupled with increasing incidence of severe weather events in the high Arctic and changing tundra vegetation may explain, in part, the declines in terrestrial high Arctic populations and the possible negative impact on herbivorous species. This figure presents the index of terrestrial species disaggregated by Arctic boundary for the period 1970–2004 (high Arctic, n=25 species, 73 populations; low Arctic, n=66 species, 166 populations; sub-Arctic, n=102 species, 204 populations). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology index trends terrestrial species high arctic low arctic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C0EED962-141A-1319-21D2-138D566798D2 en-US Arctic transportation routes - roads, shipping and pipelines Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Land infrastructure represents a fragmentation of the natural ecosystems, splitting up expanses of tundra and taiga - and creates a disturbance in the form of traffic. In addition, it promotes development of side roads, houses and facilities. Shipping doesn't present a threat in the same way, but there are risks related to goods that could present a hazard for the environment, such as oil. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Various Wed, 15 Aug 2007 12:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-transportation-routes-roads-shipping-and-pipelines_thumbnail.jpg 220 242 Land infrastructure represents a fragmentation of the natural ecosystems, splitting up expanses of tundra and taiga - and creates a disturbance in the form of traffic. In addition, it promotes development of side roads, houses and facilities. Shipping doesn't present a threat in the same way, but there are risks related to goods that could present a hazard for the environment, such as oil. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 infrastructure development http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B1D35792-C718-4C60-9D02-7C06CB394006 en-US Arctic vegetation zones UNEP/GRID-Arendal Distribution of major vegetation zones and level of protection in the Arctic is shown based on the percentage of area covered. This is part of a report by the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Source data supplied by CAFF member countries Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_arctic_vegetation_zones.png 220 161 Distribution of major vegetation zones and level of protection in the Arctic is shown based on the percentage of area covered. This is part of a report by the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 Protected areas Forests vegetation Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CAFF Arctic biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C1D76E6A-1444-10A6-40E0-11CA0E11E871 en-US Arctic, AMAP and CAFF area Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Identifying and defining the Arctic is not necessarily obvious, as this map illustrates. The Arctic Council working groups on conservation and pollution operate with slightly different definitions due to both practical and political reasons. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal AMAP,CAFF Mon, 20 Mar 2006 11:41:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-amap-and-caff-area_thumbnail.jpg 220 217 Identifying and defining the Arctic is not necessarily obvious, as this map illustrates. The Arctic Council working groups on conservation and pollution operate with slightly different definitions due to both practical and political reasons. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 arctic arctic council amap caff definition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9BC916EA-1062-4BF1-871D-64E8E53AFD5D en-US Arctic, topography and bathymetry Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Arctic is extremely diverse in terms of landscapes, varying from pack and drift ice to rugged shores, flat coastal plains, rolling hills and mountains surpassing 6000 metres above sea level (Denali, 6,194 m asl, in sub-arctic and boreal Alaska). The region has rivers and lakes, tundra and the largest forests in the world (the Russian Taiga). Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Digital chart of the world; Institut Géographique National français (IGN). AMAP, 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-topography-and-bathymetry_thumbnail.jpg 186 200 The Arctic is extremely diverse in terms of landscapes, varying from pack and drift ice to rugged shores, flat coastal plains, rolling hills and mountains surpassing 6000 metres above sea level (Denali, 6,194 m asl, in sub-arctic and boreal Alaska). The region has rivers and lakes, tundra and the largest forests in the world (the Russian Taiga). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 topography bathymetry http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7183F12E-1266-5812-3F1F-12FCFCC1CC80 en-US Arctic, topography and bathymetry Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal (See http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/arctic-topography-and-bathymetry1 for an updated version of this map) The Arctic is extremely diverse in terms of landscapes, varying from pack and drift ice to rugged shores, flat coastal plains, rolling hills and mountains surpassing 6000 metres above sea level (Denali, 6,194 m asl, in sub-arctic and boreal Alaska). The region has rivers and lakes, tundra and the largest forests in the world (the Russian Taiga). Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ahlenius, H. 2005. Vital Arctic Graphics, figure 2: Topography and bathymetry of the Arctic. Arendal, Norway: UNEP/GRID-Arendal ESRI Inc. 1993. Digital Chart of the World. Redlands, USA: ESRI. ESRI Inc. 2000. ESRI Data & Maps. Redlands, USA: ESRI. NGA. 2000. VMAP 0, Version 5. http://geoengine.nga.mil/ geospatial/SW_TOOLS/NIMAMUSE/webinter/rast_roam.html (accessed July 14, 2006) Patterson, T. 2006. CleanTOPO2. http://www.shadedrelief.com/cleantopo2/ (accessed July 20, 2006) Mon, 18 Dec 2006 12:03:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-topography-and-bathymetry_thumbnail_002.jpg 200 199 (See http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/arctic-topography-and-bathymetry1 for an updated version of this map) The Arctic is extremely diverse in terms of landscapes, varying from pack and drift ice to rugged shores, flat coastal plains, rolling hills and mountains surpassing 6000 metres above sea level (Denali, 6,194 m asl, in sub-arctic and boreal Alaska). The region has rivers and lakes, tundra and the largest forests in the world (the Russian Taiga). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 topography bathymetry basemap topographic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D0036046-885B-FED9-727F-164AF5B3CEA0 en-US Arctic, topography and bathymetry (topographic map) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Arctic is extremely diverse in terms of landscapes, varying from pack and drift ice to rugged shores, flat coastal plains, rolling hills and mountains surpassing 6000 metres above sea level (Denali, 6,194 m asl, in sub-arctic and boreal Alaska). The region has rivers and lakes, tundra and the largest forests in the world (the Russian Taiga). Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ahlenius, H. 2005. Vital Arctic Graphics, figure 2: Topography and bathymetry of the Arctic. Arendal, Norway: UNEP/GRID-Arendal ESRI Inc. 1993. Digital Chart of the World. Redlands, USA: ESRI. ESRI Inc. 2000. ESRI Data & Maps. Redlands, USA: ESRI. NGA. 2000. VMAP 0, Version 5. http://geoengine.nga.mil/ geospatial/SW_TOOLS/NIMAMUSE/webinter/rast_roam.html (accessed July 14, 2006) Patterson, T. 2006. CleanTOPO2. http://www.shadedrelief.com/cleantopo2/ (accessed July 20, 2006) Sun, 03 Aug 2008 16:44:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-topography-and-bathymetry-topographic-map_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 220 The Arctic is extremely diverse in terms of landscapes, varying from pack and drift ice to rugged shores, flat coastal plains, rolling hills and mountains surpassing 6000 metres above sea level (Denali, 6,194 m asl, in sub-arctic and boreal Alaska). The region has rivers and lakes, tundra and the largest forests in the world (the Russian Taiga). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 ipy polar cryosphere north northern hemisphere topography bathymetry basemap topographic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9EACB4CE-1419-8EEE-8839-1297688EA990 en-US Arctic, topography and bathymetry (topographic map) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Arctic represents the northermost area of the World, the Arctic Ocean and the land areas that surrounds it. The region is characterized but cold temperatures, and ice and snow. The summers are short, but with long periods of daylight (midnight sun). The winters are long and cold and with periods with no sun (polar night). The Arctic Ocean is one basin that is mostly covered by sea ice, and is connected to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The countries in this region are Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Greenland (Denmark), Canada and Alaska (USA). Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal ESRI Inc. 1993. Digital Chart of the World. Redlands, USA: ESRI. ESRI Inc. 2000. ESRI Data & Maps. Redlands, USA: ESRI. NGA. 2000. VMAP 0, Version 5. http://geoengine.nga.mil/ geospatial/SW_TOOLS/NIMAMUSE/webinter/rast_roam.html (accessed July 14, 2006) Patterson, T. 2006. CleanTOPO2. http://www.shadedrelief.com/cleantopo2/ (accessed July 20, 2006) Fri, 22 Oct 2010 18:24:10 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/arctic-topography-and-bathymetry-topographic-map_thumbnail_006.jpg 220 220 The Arctic represents the northermost area of the World, the Arctic Ocean and the land areas that surrounds it. The region is characterized but cold temperatures, and ice and snow. The summers are short, but with long periods of daylight (midnight sun). The winters are long and cold and with periods with no sun (polar night). The Arctic Ocean is one basin that is mostly covered by sea ice, and is connected to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The countries in this region are Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Greenland (Denmark), Canada and Alaska (USA). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 arctic topography basemap topographic orientation reference bathmetry http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E681846C-792E-1273-A05C-7059445FD1E0 en-US Area of Biomes Protected Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. Rising temperatures force many living organisms to migrate to cooler areas, while new organisms arrive. Such movements involve all species, including plants. Some species will seek higher altitudes, others will move further polewards. In temperate regions, plant and tree species can migrate naturally by 25 to 40 kilometres a century. However if, for example, there was a 3°C increase in temperature over a hundred year period in a particular region, the conditions in that area would undergo dramatic change, equivalent in ecological terms to a shift of several hundred kilometres (Jouzel and Debroise 2007). Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Schmitt 2008 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 22:24:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/area-of-biomes-protected_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 107 Rising temperatures force many living organisms to migrate to cooler areas, while new organisms arrive. Such movements involve all species, including plants. Some species will seek higher altitudes, others will move further polewards. In temperate regions, plant and tree species can migrate naturally by 25 to 40 kilometres a century. However if, for example, there was a 3°C increase in temperature over a hundred year period in a particular region, the conditions in that area would undergo dramatic change, equivalent in ecological terms to a shift of several hundred kilometres (Jouzel and Debroise 2007). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5F6D90DF-1464-BB7F-9900-A45023C76593 en-US Area of outer continental shelf submitted per continent Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Schoolmester, T., Continental shelf. The last marittime zone, Grid-Arendal, 2009 Wed, 03 Feb 2010 15:25:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/area-of-outer-continental-shelf-submitted-per-continent_thumbnail.jpg 220 126 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 unep continental shelf http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7E36B743-1220-C7CC-D064-997BF4C19955 en-US Area with near-surface permafrost (North of 45°N) Laura Margueritte Simulated a) permafrost area and active layer thickness (a) 1980- 1999 and (b) 2080-2099. (c) Observational estimates of permafrost (continuous, discontinuous, sporadic, and isolated). (d) Time series of simulated global permafrost area (excluding glacial Greenland and Antarctica). Laura Margueritte global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Lawrence DM, Slater AG, Romanovsky VE, Nicolsky DJ 2008a. Wed, 28 Oct 2009 13:52:57 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/area-with-near-surface-permafrost-north-of-45-n_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 210 Simulated a) permafrost area and active layer thickness (a) 1980- 1999 and (b) 2080-2099. (c) Observational estimates of permafrost (continuous, discontinuous, sporadic, and isolated). (d) Time series of simulated global permafrost area (excluding glacial Greenland and Antarctica). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7D9B46D9-708E-7A95-9118-15563AA7F9A6 en-US Areas affected by deforestation Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Deforestation is a key global environmental indicator. Many regions of the world are affected by deforestation: namely in South America (Brazil), Central Africa (Congo), Southeast Asia (Indonesia) and Eastern Europe. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Atlas of Desertification, UNEP, International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC), 1997 Sat, 09 Feb 2008 23:42:54 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/areas-affected-by-deforestation_thumbnail.jpg 220 295 Deforestation is a key global environmental indicator. Many regions of the world are affected by deforestation: namely in South America (Brazil), Central Africa (Congo), Southeast Asia (Indonesia) and Eastern Europe. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment poverty forest forestry deforestation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1570F555-100A-D309-2B71-CE48F1AC7B04 en-US Areas of physical and economic water scarcity Unknown Under current water use practices, increases in population and changes in diet are projected to increase water consumption in food and fiber production by 70-90%. If demands for biomass energy increase, this may aggravate the problem. In addition, sectoral competition for water resources will intensify, further exacerbating the stress on developing country producers. Unknown global UNEP/GRID-Arendal IWMI, 2007 Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/areas-of-physical-and-economic-water-scarcity_thumbnail.jpg 220 217 Under current water use practices, increases in population and changes in diet are projected to increase water consumption in food and fiber production by 70-90%. If demands for biomass energy increase, this may aggravate the problem. In addition, sectoral competition for water resources will intensify, further exacerbating the stress on developing country producers. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming water water scarcity water usage http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/90EE3833-A4EC-1284-1AF1-AA7B227078CC en-US Areas that qualify for protection under Indonesian law Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Under Indonesian law, areas that qualify for protection are based on slope (>40%), sensitive soil types, elevation (above 2000m), and peat land (>3m), thereby preventing any man-made development within most of the Sumatran orangutan’s habitat. Certain sensitive soil types, including deep peat, buffer zones along river banks and around other water sources, and the upper reaches of water catchment areas. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Bathymetry from the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model downloaded from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Sumatran orangutan distribution shapefile prepared by Singleton and Wich and based on Wich et al. 2008 with unpublished data added. Slope classes and elevations above 2000m generated from SRTM 90m DEM (available from the CGIAR website: http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/); sensitive soil types on slopes of above 15% determined from 1:250,000 land unit soil map series published by the Pusat Penilitian Tanah dan Agroklimat, Bogor, 1990. Peat depth larger than 3 m adapted from Wetland International Indonesia. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/areas-that-qualify-for-protection-under-indonesian-law_thumbnail.jpg 220 251 Under Indonesian law, areas that qualify for protection are based on slope (>40%), sensitive soil types, elevation (above 2000m), and peat land (>3m), thereby preventing any man-made development within most of the Sumatran orangutan’s habitat. Certain sensitive soil types, including deep peat, buffer zones along river banks and around other water sources, and the upper reaches of water catchment areas. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A6D385AE-6796-4CB1-99F7-385287A6F5B4 en-US Aridity Zones Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Forty percent of Africa's population lives in arid, semi-arid, and dry subhumid areas. Climate change may lead to an increase in arid zones that are susceptible to drought. This graphic shows the locations of humid, moist subhumid, dry subhumid, semi-arid, arid and hyper-arid areas in Africa. Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Meteorological Organization (WMO), UNEP, Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/vitalafrica_25-aridity_tn.jpg 160 200 Forty percent of Africa's population lives in arid, semi-arid, and dry subhumid areas. Climate change may lead to an increase in arid zones that are susceptible to drought. This graphic shows the locations of humid, moist subhumid, dry subhumid, semi-arid, arid and hyper-arid areas in Africa. -0.5 14.5 -41 -33 40 62 climate change humid zone http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/63A48FB8-52C2-41F1-920B-837C47B97657 en-US Armenia, topographic map Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Armenia is located in Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey, comprising of 29,800 sq km. It has a population of 2,982,904 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AM UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Times Atlas of the World Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/armenia_topographic_map_thumbnail.jpg 220 195 Armenia is located in Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey, comprising of 29,800 sq km. It has a population of 2,982,904 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone. 39.5 44.5 38 43 41 46 armenia soviet union topography southwest asia Lake Sevan http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1781137A-9B57-C943-8764-AB973883B83C en-US Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Giulio Frigieri Carbon cycling in the world’s oceans. The flow of carbon dioxide across the air-sea interface is a function of CO2 solubility in sea water (Solubility Pump). The amount of CO2 dissolved in sea water is mainly influenced by physico-chemical conditions (sea water temperature, salinity, total alkalinity) and biological processes, e.g. primary production. The solubility pump and the biological pump enhance the uptake of CO2 by the surface ocean influencing its values for dissolved CO2 and transferring carbon to deep waters. All these mechanisms are strongly connected, subtly balanced and influential to the ocean’s capacity to sink carbon. The net effect of the biological pump in itself is to keep the atmosphere concentration of CO2 around 30% of what it would be in its absence (Siegenthaler and Sarmiento, 1993). Giulio Frigieri global UNEP/GRID-Arendal R. Chester, 2003; H. Elderfield, 2006; R.A. Houghton, 2007; T.J. Lueker et al, 2000;J.A. Raven and P.G. Falkowski, 1999. Wed, 14 Oct 2009 12:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/atmospheric-circulation-patterns_thumbnail_005.jpg 220 219 Carbon cycling in the world’s oceans. The flow of carbon dioxide across the air-sea interface is a function of CO2 solubility in sea water (Solubility Pump). The amount of CO2 dissolved in sea water is mainly influenced by physico-chemical conditions (sea water temperature, salinity, total alkalinity) and biological processes, e.g. primary production. The solubility pump and the biological pump enhance the uptake of CO2 by the surface ocean influencing its values for dissolved CO2 and transferring carbon to deep waters. All these mechanisms are strongly connected, subtly balanced and influential to the ocean’s capacity to sink carbon. The net effect of the biological pump in itself is to keep the atmosphere concentration of CO2 around 30% of what it would be in its absence (Siegenthaler and Sarmiento, 1993). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Blue Carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/165C9DA5-164A-A63B-E649-B62ED63BBC28 en-US Atmospheric concentration of CO2 Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal IMAGE modeling results Mon, 05 Oct 2009 15:42:20 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/atmospheric-concentration-of-co2_thumbnail.jpg 220 74 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/DAB4F829-1087-B370-916B-D4652C4EE146 en-US Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) - Mauna Loa or Keeling curve Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Atmospheric concentration of CO2 is steadily rising, and oceans directly assimilate CO2. As ocean concentration of CO2 increases, the oceans automatically become more acidic. This, in turn, may have severe impacts on coral reefs and other biocalcifying organisms. There is little debate on the effect as this is a straight-forward chemical process, but the implications for marine life, that may be severe due to many very pH-sensitive relationships in marine ecosystems, are still unknown. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. 2007. Monthly mean atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html (Accessed November 8, 2007) Fri, 22 Feb 2008 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/atmospheric-concentrations-of-carbon-dioxide-co2-mauna-loa-or-keeling-curve_thumbnail.jpg 220 133 Atmospheric concentration of CO2 is steadily rising, and oceans directly assimilate CO2. As ocean concentration of CO2 increases, the oceans automatically become more acidic. This, in turn, may have severe impacts on coral reefs and other biocalcifying organisms. There is little debate on the effect as this is a straight-forward chemical process, but the implications for marine life, that may be severe due to many very pH-sensitive relationships in marine ecosystems, are still unknown. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 marine issues oceans sea seas ocean world ocean climate change global warming carbon dioxide http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/58B7E491-5A02-128A-0CB3-F6458156CB81 en-US Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 over the last 10 000 years Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal IPCC 2007 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 13:19:17 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/atmospheric-concentrations-of-co2-over-the-last-10-000-years_thumbnail.jpg 220 82 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CE9B6E0C-1029-CF71-46D4-9CF1703D9840 en-US Augmentation de la production des principales cultures agricoles selon le rendement et la superficie cultivée (1965–2008) Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil L’accroissement des rendements a été dans l’ensemble supérieur à celui des superficies. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank. 2009. Global Economic Prospects 2009. http://www.worldbank.org/gep2009 (Accessed January 9, 2008) Mon, 08 Jun 2009 15:36:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/augmentation-de-la-production-des-principales-cultures-agricoles-selon-le-rendement-et-la-superficie_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 248 L’accroissement des rendements a été dans l’ensemble supérieur à celui des superficies. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6E1FA401-734B-4ECF-8F7F-05B8853D7745 en-US Australia emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) 1990 and 2010 projection Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AU UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/1998/11/Add.2, please see http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/climate5/about.htm for more information Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/australia_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_co2_ch4_n2o_1990_and_2010_projection_thumbnail.jpg 200 196 Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics -32 135 -54 112 -10 158 climate change emissions pollution co2 greenhouse gases methane http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5EEC114C-299D-4DF6-B2D5-323553800621 en-US Australia, greenhouse gas emissions (COP7) Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Australia. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AU UNEP/GRID-Arendal Actual emissions UNFCCC/SB1/2000/11 table B.1 Projected emissions UNFCCC/1998/add.2 table C.6 Sun, 12 Mar 2006 10:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cop_6_total_greenhouse_gas_emissions_australia_thumbnail.jpg 200 146 This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Australia. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. -32 135 -54 112 -10 158 cop7 Australia climate change emissions global warming annex 1 environment greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/46433B07-8153-4297-8823-1136E2B36791 en-US Austria, greenhouse gas emissions (COP7) Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This Graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Austria. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AT UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC/SB1/2000/11 table B.1 Sun, 12 Mar 2006 10:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cop6_total_greenhouse_gas_emissions_austria_thumbnail.jpg 200 146 This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This Graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Austria. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. 47.5 13 46 9 49 17 cop7 Austria climate change emissions global warming annex 1 environment greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7C179293-C773-8DB6-A84D-B7767E20C9B8 en-US Average Annual Rate of Change Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. Changes in area covered by forest, 1990-2005. Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO 2006a. Map produced by Marion Lecoquierre, University of Paris I. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 12:38:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/average-annual-rate-of-change_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 138 Changes in area covered by forest, 1990-2005. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AC29307D-6C1C-1614-0C77-13420134FA61 en-US Average Recurrence Interval for sea-level events of a given height at Sydney, Australia6c_sidney_level Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal For the second half of the 20th century (red line), the average recurrence interval for a sea-level height of a given value is less than half the value for the first half of the 20th century (blue line). Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AU UNEP/GRID-Arendal Church, J.A., Hunter, J.R., McInnes, K. and White, N.J. (2006). Sealevel rise around the Australian coastline and the changing frequency of extreme events. Australian Meteorological Magazine, 55, 253-260 Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/average-recurrence-interval-for-sea-level-events-of-a-given-height-at-sydney-australia6c_sidney_level_thumbnail.jpg 220 164 For the second half of the 20th century (red line), the average recurrence interval for a sea-level height of a given value is less than half the value for the first half of the 20th century (blue line). -32 135 -54 112 -10 158 cryosphere sea-level climate change disasters floods vulnerability extreme events http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6CA3508C-FD73-5978-2361-1243ED202F62 en-US Average sea level 1900-2009 Laura Margueritte Sea-level rise is accelerating. Laura Margueritte global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Church J.A., N.J. White, R. Coleman, K. Lambeck, and J.X. Mitrovica 2004. Jevrejeva S., Grinsted A., Moore J.C. and Holgate S. 2006. Tue, 27 Oct 2009 18:50:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/average-sea-level-1900-2009_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 88 Sea-level rise is accelerating. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/739B980E-FE38-D19E-5E28-74BAFAF25951 en-US Awareness and preparedness for emergencies at local level (APELL) sites in India Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Awareness and preparedness for emergencies at local level (APELL). APELL achieves its aims through community participation in emergency planning, via a structured dialogue between representatives of the source of the hazard (e.g. a land-owner), local authorities (the emergency services, e.g. fi re and /or police) and community leaders (who inform their constituencies). This dialogue is achieved through a ‘Co-ordinating Group’ which reviews the hazard situation and then proposes some measures to address the risks. The outcome is an emergency plan to which the community has provided substantial input and which is understood by ordinary citizens. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal IN UNEP/GRID-Arendal NationalSafety Council of India (NSCI) Mon, 06 Feb 2006 17:32:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/awareness-and-preparedness-for-emergencies-at-local-level-apell-sites-in-india_thumbnail.jpg 178 180 Awareness and preparedness for emergencies at local level (APELL). APELL achieves its aims through community participation in emergency planning, via a structured dialogue between representatives of the source of the hazard (e.g. a land-owner), local authorities (the emergency services, e.g. fi re and /or police) and community leaders (who inform their constituencies). This dialogue is achieved through a ‘Co-ordinating Group’ which reviews the hazard situation and then proposes some measures to address the risks. The outcome is an emergency plan to which the community has provided substantial input and which is understood by ordinary citizens. 20.5 82.5 6 68 35 97 India APELL Awareness and preparedness for emergencies at local level disaster emergency http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7DF34A25-D296-40C3-997F-90D96BE21057 en-US Azerbaijan, topographic map Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Azerbaijan is located in Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range, comprising of 86,600 sq km. It has a population of 7,911,974 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT as a pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AZ UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Times Atlas of the World Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/azerbaijan_topographic_map_thumbnail.jpg 200 168 Azerbaijan is located in Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range, comprising of 86,600 sq km. It has a population of 7,911,974 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT as a pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton. 39.5 47 38 44 41 50 Azerbaijan topography central asia caspian sea Caucasus http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B43F1448-E46C-4299-92F4-0C85B3045269 en-US Back to the future: The science of building scenarios UNEP/GRID-Arendal Diagram showing four scenarios for the future each with different influences between market orientation and environmental, and regional and global. Then predictive charts show the scenarios in terms of emissions, concentrations and impacts of CO2 levels. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_14_15_scenarios.jpg 220 134 Diagram showing four scenarios for the future each with different influences between market orientation and environmental, and regional and global. Then predictive charts show the scenarios in terms of emissions, concentrations and impacts of CO2 levels. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 CO2 greenhouse gases emissions market http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AF0CC19F-F2C8-13E0-C6A1-1493F02720D5 en-US Bad harvests in South Niger Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In Niger, one of the world's poorest countries, people are far more concerned about the availability of food than its quality. In some areas, particularly in August and September when one crop runs out and the next is not ready to harvest, people eat very little – some days nothing at all. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal NE UNEP/GRID-Arendal Field Survey 2000, Agrhymet, Niamey, Niger Sun, 10 Feb 2008 00:38:17 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/bad-harvests-in-south-niger_thumbnail.jpg 220 107 In Niger, one of the world's poorest countries, people are far more concerned about the availability of food than its quality. In some areas, particularly in August and September when one crop runs out and the next is not ready to harvest, people eat very little – some days nothing at all. 17 7.5 11 0 23 15 Environment poverty Niger crops drought famine climate change agriculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8F1872E6-161C-1344-D014-1223498D913E en-US Balkans: hazardous industrial sites, water pollution and mining hot spots UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Europe The environmental legacy associated with extraction industries is all too familiar. Badly operated or abandoned mining sites have already caused severe pollution, some with impacts spilling across national boundaries: heavy metal spills from Baia Borsa tailings in Romania; the cyanide spill from Baia Mare in Romania; heavy metal spills from Sasa tailings in Macedonia; and various releases at Majdanpek and Veliki Majdan in Serbia, and Mojkovac in Montenegro. UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Europe balkan UNEP/GRID-Arendal Unknown Fri, 08 Feb 2008 09:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/balkans-hazardous-industrial-sites-water-pollution-and-mining-hot-spots_thumbnail.jpg 220 235 The environmental legacy associated with extraction industries is all too familiar. Badly operated or abandoned mining sites have already caused severe pollution, some with impacts spilling across national boundaries: heavy metal spills from Baia Borsa tailings in Romania; the cyanide spill from Baia Mare in Romania; heavy metal spills from Sasa tailings in Macedonia; and various releases at Majdanpek and Veliki Majdan in Serbia, and Mojkovac in Montenegro. 41 19.5 35 13 47 26 water nuclear mining pollution freshwater http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/50D0437D-9988-4A0A-A7A0-3EBFB2CEA6D7 en-US Balkans: topographic and political map Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Balkans includes Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro (ex-Yugoslavia). The area is recovering from a long conflict and instability as a result of the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal balkan UNEP/GRID-Arendal Atlas de Poche, Philippe Rekacewicz, Le Livre de Poche, Paris, August 1996. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/balkans_topographic_and_political_map_thumbnail.jpg 200 194 The Balkans includes Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro (ex-Yugoslavia). The area is recovering from a long conflict and instability as a result of the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia. 41 19.5 35 13 47 26 balkans topography albania bosnia-herzegovina croatia serbia yugoslavia macedonia http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BC736A36-F4F3-B887-C360-63184CFB2D7C en-US Baltic Sea drainage basin Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This 'basemap' displays the extent of the drainage basin (the boundary for the water that ends up in the Baltic Sea), and the countries in the region. The drainage basin represents all water that drains into the sea, through rivers and ground water. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal balticregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Baltic Sea Region GIS, Maps and Statistical Database (UNEP/GRID-Arendal) Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/baltic_sea_drainage_basin_thumbnail.jpg 151 200 This 'basemap' displays the extent of the drainage basin (the boundary for the water that ends up in the Baltic Sea), and the countries in the region. The drainage basin represents all water that drains into the sea, through rivers and ground water. 60 20 50 4 70 36 water drainage marine issues drainage basins http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/3C92284F-4ACE-4ADE-A57F-50E56AFAE27B en-US Barents Region and the surrounding seas Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Barent's Euro-Arctic Council was established in 1993 to promote inter-governmental cooperation in the northenmost parts of Sweden, Norway, Finland and north-west Russia. The cooperating region includes, in the Scandinavian countries, the counties of Nordland, Troms and Finnmark in Norway, Norrbotten and Västerbotten in Sweden, and Lapland and the province of Oulu in Finland. In Russia, it includes the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts, the Republic of Karelia, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and the Republic of Komi. Historically in the Soviet era, contacts between the Western European and Russian parts of the region were restricted. Cooperation since the beginning of the 1990's has increased rapidly. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentsregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal DCW 1992, Statens kartverk (Norway) and various sources compiled by the author. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/barents_region_and_the_surrounding_seas_thumbnail.jpg 178 200 The Barent's Euro-Arctic Council was established in 1993 to promote inter-governmental cooperation in the northenmost parts of Sweden, Norway, Finland and north-west Russia. The cooperating region includes, in the Scandinavian countries, the counties of Nordland, Troms and Finnmark in Norway, Norrbotten and Västerbotten in Sweden, and Lapland and the province of Oulu in Finland. In Russia, it includes the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts, the Republic of Karelia, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and the Republic of Komi. Historically in the Soviet era, contacts between the Western European and Russian parts of the region were restricted. Cooperation since the beginning of the 1990's has increased rapidly. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) 72.5 39 60 5 85 73 Arctic Barents Geopolitic International organizations EEA EU CIS Administration http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1C491AAA-C227-4BFF-BB55-E76A4DC19003 en-US Barents Region, topography and bathmetry Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. The Barents Sea has an average depth 230 m, bordered by the shelf edge towards the Norwegian Sea in the west, the island of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya (Russia) in the northeast and east. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentsregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal MNOAA, 1988. Data Announcement 88-MGG-02, Digital relief of the surface of the Earth. NOAA, National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/barents_region_topography_and_bathmetry_thumbnail.jpg 200 198 The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. The Barents Sea has an average depth 230 m, bordered by the shelf edge towards the Norwegian Sea in the west, the island of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya (Russia) in the northeast and east. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) 72.5 39 60 5 85 73 Arctic Barents Topography Bathymetry Geography http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/146BBFD9-BEE5-B455-4BC4-6C5930E37916 en-US Barents Region, topography and bathymetry Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Barents Region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. The Barents Sea has anaverage depth 230 m, bordered by the shelf edge towards the Norwegian Sea in the west, the island of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya (Russia) in the northeast and east. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentsregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ahlenius, H. 2005. Vital Arctic Graphics, figure 2: Topography and bathymetry of the Arctic. Arendal, Norway: UNEP/GRID-Arendal ESRI Inc. 1993. Digital Chart of the World. Redlands, USA: ESRI. ESRI Inc. 2000. ESRI Data & Maps. Redlands, USA: ESRI. NGA. 2000. VMAP 0, Version 5. http://geoengine.nga.mil/ geospatial/SW_TOOLS/NIMAMUSE/webinter/rast_roam.html (accessed July 14, 2006) Patterson, T. 2006. CleanTOPO2. http://www.shadedrelief.com/cleantopo2/ (accessed July 20, 2006) World Data Center for Marine Geology & Geophysics. 2001. 2-Minute Gridded Global Relief Data (ETOPO2). http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/ 01mgg04.html (accessed July 18, 2006 Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:07:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/barents_region_topography_and_bathymetry_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 220 The Barents Region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. The Barents Sea has anaverage depth 230 m, bordered by the shelf edge towards the Norwegian Sea in the west, the island of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya (Russia) in the northeast and east. 72.5 39 60 5 85 73 topography bathymetry base map http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F319FC9F-923D-A38C-B021-5DC97F5671E6 en-US Barents Sea - Oil free zones Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Proposal from the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) for permanent petroleum-free zones in the Barents Sea. Areas covered with ice for parts of the year are also included in the proposed zones. The map has been drawn up by WWF Norway and is based on vulnerability analyses from Det Norske Veritas (April 2005) and mapping of fish resources from the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (March 2005). Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentssea UNEP/GRID-Arendal WWF. 2005. Petroleum-free zones in the Barents Sea. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwfpetroleumfreezonesbarents2005.pdf [Accessed July 1, 2006] Thu, 20 Sep 2007 12:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/barents_sea_oil_free_zones_thumbnail.jpg 220 236 Proposal from the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) for permanent petroleum-free zones in the Barents Sea. Areas covered with ice for parts of the year are also included in the proposed zones. The map has been drawn up by WWF Norway and is based on vulnerability analyses from Det Norske Veritas (April 2005) and mapping of fish resources from the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (March 2005). 75.5 39.5 66 9 85 70 oil conservation natural resources marine issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13C77B02-6D38-11D2-D5C7-12DE2DAE58CC en-US Barents Sea ecoregion conservation priority areas and oil and gas infrastructure Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Barents Sea ecoregion - the part of the World Ocean north of the Nordic countries and Northwest Russia, has a unique environment with major sea bird colonies, rich benthic and plankton fauna and many major sea mammal species. To identify priority areas for conservation, thirty experts delineated sea areas based on ecological criteria in a WWF study. One of the main threats to the region is the development associated with the expansion of fossil fuel extraction activities. Russia and Norway are expanding new fields, and traffic is expected to increase. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentssea UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Wildlife Fund. 'Barents Sea Ecoregion: A biodiversity assessment'. 2004. http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/europe/what_we_do/arctic/what_we_do/marine/barents/publications/index.cfm?uNewsID=12202 Thu, 09 Aug 2007 12:25:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/barents-sea-ecoregion-conservation-priority-areas-and-oil-and-gas-infrastructure_thumbnail.jpg 220 183 The Barents Sea ecoregion - the part of the World Ocean north of the Nordic countries and Northwest Russia, has a unique environment with major sea bird colonies, rich benthic and plankton fauna and many major sea mammal species. To identify priority areas for conservation, thirty experts delineated sea areas based on ecological criteria in a WWF study. One of the main threats to the region is the development associated with the expansion of fossil fuel extraction activities. Russia and Norway are expanding new fields, and traffic is expected to increase. 75.5 39.5 66 9 85 70 conservation biodiversity natural resources oil gas pipelines http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/132948CB-88E3-155F-9390-15CCF680FBAB en-US Barents Sea vulnerability index Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Areas that are vulnerable to pollution from oil and chemical spills where identified using a multiple index in a geographical analysis. Factors, including shoreline sensitivity, corals, benthic conditions, sea birds, marine mammals, fish and fisheries and other sea resources where taken into account and weighed for their importance. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentssea UNEP/GRID-Arendal DNV. 2005. Sårbare områder i barentshavet. http://assets.wwf.no/downloads/dnv_2005_saarbarhet_barents.pdf [accessed July 1, 2006] Mon, 17 Sep 2007 11:54:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/barents_sea_vulnerability_index_thumbnail.jpg 220 273 Areas that are vulnerable to pollution from oil and chemical spills where identified using a multiple index in a geographical analysis. Factors, including shoreline sensitivity, corals, benthic conditions, sea birds, marine mammals, fish and fisheries and other sea resources where taken into account and weighed for their importance. 75.5 39.5 66 9 85 70 marine issues oil resources shipping oil gas natural resources extraction http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E3DD862E-D50F-9389-4416-F51FF49268B6 en-US Barren Lands Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Deforestation is well known for aggravating erosion. Bare soil has no protection against heavy rain, washing away immediately. On hillsides, it readily turns into mudslides leaving people very little time to seek refuge and cutting deep ravines into the earth. And where deforested land was turned into cultivated fields, the soil is likely to be overused and exploited through intensive use of fertiliser. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Tropical Ecosystem Enviroment observations by Satellite (TREES) Joint Research Center (JRC), 2000; USDA, 2001, Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2000, FAO Mon, 06 Feb 2006 17:51:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/barren_lands_thumbnail.jpg 220 108 Deforestation is well known for aggravating erosion. Bare soil has no protection against heavy rain, washing away immediately. On hillsides, it readily turns into mudslides leaving people very little time to seek refuge and cutting deep ravines into the earth. And where deforested land was turned into cultivated fields, the soil is likely to be overused and exploited through intensive use of fertiliser. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 deforestation forest barrens soil erosion chemical pollution http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/896835F2-9CE1-96E7-6FB0-95970D82E1CC en-US BedZED (Beddington Zero energy development), location Cécile Marin At Beddington, south of London, a housing development known as BedZED (Beddington Zero energy development) was designed from the start to produce little waste of any sort. It was built on a depolluted plot of land, previously used by industry, and recycled materials were used in its construction. Cécile Marin GB UNEP/GRID-Arendal NA Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/bedzed_beddington_zero_energy_development_location_thumbnail.jpg 220 187 At Beddington, south of London, a housing development known as BedZED (Beddington Zero energy development) was designed from the start to produce little waste of any sort. It was built on a depolluted plot of land, previously used by industry, and recycled materials were used in its construction. 54.5 -3 49 -8 60 2 BedZED Beddington energy recycling reuse green housing development http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15AEBA5C-69B8-12D7-CA73-13C0F12D5049 en-US Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine: forest cover Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal There is not a lot of forest coverage in the area. Most of the region consists of plain and lowland, wooded as in Belarus and northern Ukraine, or open steppe as elsewhere. Forests are concentrated in the relatively small mountain regions on the edges of Eastern Europe: in the Carpathians and Crimea. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Forest cover digital data (www.unep-wcmc.org/forest/). Data processing by UNEP / DEWA / GRID-Europe. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 17:20:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/belarus-moldova-and-ukraine-forest-cover_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 260 There is not a lot of forest coverage in the area. Most of the region consists of plain and lowland, wooded as in Belarus and northern Ukraine, or open steppe as elsewhere. Forests are concentrated in the relatively small mountain regions on the edges of Eastern Europe: in the Carpathians and Crimea. 59.5 28.5 38 22 81 35 forests conservation land use http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14C1F6E3-5B2B-1413-1D8C-10CF12F84304 en-US Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine: topography Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Eastern Europe extends from the northern shore of the Black Sea in Ukraine up to the Baltic Sea basin in Belarus. It covers 845,000 square kilometers and is home to almost 60 million people. These nations share common borders, watersheds, and infrastructure and have many similarities in their geography, history, culture and economy. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. World Data Center for Marine Geology & Geophysics. Gridded global relief data (ETOPO2); ESRI Inc. Global elevation digital data. Redlands, California. Data processing by UNEP / DEWA / GRID-Europe. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 17:11:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/belarus-moldova-and-ukraine-topography_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 286 Eastern Europe extends from the northern shore of the Black Sea in Ukraine up to the Baltic Sea basin in Belarus. It covers 845,000 square kilometers and is home to almost 60 million people. These nations share common borders, watersheds, and infrastructure and have many similarities in their geography, history, culture and economy. 59.5 28.5 38 22 81 35 topography base map http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/08E82230-F43F-4DDC-8DD7-7C74E9714217 en-US Belarus, topographic map Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Belarus is located in Eastern Europe, east of Poland, comprising of 207,600 sq km. It has a population of 10,300,483 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl in northern Ukraine. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal BY UNEP/GRID-Arendal Unknown Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/belarus_topographic_map_thumbnail.jpg 200 167 Belarus is located in Eastern Europe, east of Poland, comprising of 207,600 sq km. It has a population of 10,300,483 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl in northern Ukraine. 53.5 27.5 51 23 56 32 Belarus Eastern Europe soviet union topography http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/3CD70924-D72A-47B7-97ED-AF008E3D4D69 en-US Belgium emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) 1990 and 2010 projections Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal BE UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/1998/11/Add.2, please see http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/climate5/about.htm for more information Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/belgium_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_co2_ch4_n2o_1990_and_2010_projections_thumbnail.jpg 200 196 Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics 50 4 49 2 51 6 climate change emissions pollution co2 greenhouse gases methane http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/3F0F9FEA-71FD-433E-BC02-FA87282DE516 en-US Belgium, greenhouse gas emissions (COP7) Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Belgium. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal BE UNEP/GRID-Arendal Actual emissions UNFCCC/SB1/2000/11 Table B.1 Projected emissions UNFCCC/1998/Add.2 table C.6 Sun, 12 Mar 2006 10:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cop6_total_greenhouse_gas_emissions_belgium_thumbnail.jpg 200 146 This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Belgium. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. 50 4 49 2 51 6 cop7 Belgium climate change emissions global warming annex 1 environment greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E78E4BFA-128B-18D0-5755-82436D36DB2E en-US Below-ground carbon stocks Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The three coastal peat swamps of Tripa, Kluet and Singkil together represent the most important habitat for Sumatran oran-gutan populations in terms of density (van Schaik et al. 1995). When considering that the depth of the peat exceeds more than five metres in many parts of Aceh’s peatlands, these coastal peat swamp forests represent by far the largest carbon stocks per unit area for the areas where Sumatran orangutans occur (Wahyunto et al. 2003; Agus and Wahdini 2008). Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Hillshade generated from SRTM 90m DEM available from the CGIAR website (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/). Bathymetry from the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model downloaded from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Sumatran orangutan distribution shapefile prepared by Singleton and Wich and based on Wich et al. 2008 with unpublished data added. Geological and Mining Area Environment. Data provided by the World Agroforestry Centre Agus, F. and Wahdini, W. 2008. Assessment of Carbon Stock of Peat-land at Tripa, Nagan Raya District, Nanggroe, Aceh Darussalam. Province of Indonesia. Indonesia Centre for Agriculture Land Resources Research and Development. van Schaik C.P., Azwar and Priatna D. 1995. Population estimates and habitat preferences of orangutans based on line transects of nests. In: Nadler, R.D., Galdikas, B.F.M., Sheeran, L.K. and Rosen, N. (eds).The neglected ape. Plenum Press, New York. Pp. 109-116. Wahyunto, R.S. and Subagjo, H. 2003. Map of peatland distribution area and carbon content in Sumatra. Wetlands International Indonesia Program and Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC). Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/below-ground-carbon-stocks_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 251 The three coastal peat swamps of Tripa, Kluet and Singkil together represent the most important habitat for Sumatran oran-gutan populations in terms of density (van Schaik et al. 1995). When considering that the depth of the peat exceeds more than five metres in many parts of Aceh’s peatlands, these coastal peat swamp forests represent by far the largest carbon stocks per unit area for the areas where Sumatran orangutans occur (Wahyunto et al. 2003; Agus and Wahdini 2008). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F0FDECF9-9533-14F9-7D56-140A39EFBE6D en-US Benefits from marine and coastal ecosystems and activities Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Besides the well-known economic value of fisheries, there are several other activities generating significant revenues in coastal and marine areas. This graphic discusses the economic benefits of coastal tourism, trade and shipping, offshore oil and gas, and fisheries. It also illustrates the estimated mean value of marine biomes such as estuaries and coastal reefs. Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Anne Platt McGinn, The Health of Oceans, Worldwatch paper 145, Worldwatch Institute 1991, Washington DC (www.worldwatch.org). Costanza, R., et al, The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital, Ecological Economics, 1998. Tue, 10 Jul 2007 08:51:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/benefits-from-marine-and-coastal-ecosystems-and-activities_thumbnail.jpg 220 212 Besides the well-known economic value of fisheries, there are several other activities generating significant revenues in coastal and marine areas. This graphic discusses the economic benefits of coastal tourism, trade and shipping, offshore oil and gas, and fisheries. It also illustrates the estimated mean value of marine biomes such as estuaries and coastal reefs. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 marine coastal water offshore natural resources ecosystems ecosystem services fisheries tourism http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CC9A7592-170E-EFE3-812C-5D77E9E32000 en-US Benefits of marine and coastal ecosystems to human wellbeing Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 Besides the well-known economic value of fisheries, there are several other activities generating significant revenues in coastal and marine areas. Tourism has become one of the world’s fastest growing industries, providing a significant proportion of the GDPs of many developing countries. Small island states are particularly reliant on coastal and marine tourism. In the Caribbean, for example, the industry accounts for a quarter of the total economy, and a fifth of all jobs. However, the very areas that attract tourists are also coming under increasing pressure from the damage and pollution caused by tourist facilities and the supporting infrastructure (GESAMP, 2001a). The world’s oceans also provide for a global shipping industry, which has recorded significant growth in recent years. By 2020, the volume of international trade is expected to have tripled from pre-1995 levels, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with up to 90% of it travelling by sea (McGinn, 1999). Mining for sand, gravel, coral and minerals has been taking place in shallow waters and continental shelves for decades. Offshore drilling now supplies a substantial proportion of the world’s oil and natural gas, and the offshore industry is expected to grow significantly in the coming years (Stark & Chew, 2001). - Although marine products such as seafood, sand and oil have been valued for decades, it is only recently that we have begun to appreciate the oceans’ vital services in maintaining ecological diversity and regulating climate. - A recent calculation, based on more than 100 studies over the past two decades, suggests that ocean services are worth US$23 trillion a year - only slightly less than the world’s total GNP. - It is estimated that the seas and oceans supply two-thirds of the value of all the natural services provided by our natural environment (GESAMP, 2001a). - Damage caused by the introduction of non-indigenous organisms to coastal and marine environments totals hundreds of millions of US dollars (GESAMP, 2001b). Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Anne Platt McGinn, The Health of Oceans, World Watch paper 145, Worldwatch Institute, 1999, Washington DC (www.worldwatch.org); Costanza, R. et al, the Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital, Ecological Economics, 1998; World Tourism Organization; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/benefits-of-marine-and-coastal-ecosystems-to-human-wellbeing_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 204 Besides the well-known economic value of fisheries, there are several other activities generating significant revenues in coastal and marine areas. Tourism has become one of the world’s fastest growing industries, providing a significant proportion of the GDPs of many developing countries. Small island states are particularly reliant on coastal and marine tourism. In the Caribbean, for example, the industry accounts for a quarter of the total economy, and a fifth of all jobs. However, the very areas that attract tourists are also coming under increasing pressure from the damage and pollution caused by tourist facilities and the supporting infrastructure (GESAMP, 2001a). The world’s oceans also provide for a global shipping industry, which has recorded significant growth in recent years. By 2020, the volume of international trade is expected to have tripled from pre-1995 levels, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with up to 90% of it travelling by sea (McGinn, 1999). Mining for sand, gravel, coral and minerals has been taking place in shallow waters and continental shelves for decades. Offshore drilling now supplies a substantial proportion of the world’s oil and natural gas, and the offshore industry is expected to grow significantly in the coming years (Stark & Chew, 2001). - Although marine products such as seafood, sand and oil have been valued for decades, it is only recently that we have begun to appreciate the oceans’ vital services in maintaining ecological diversity and regulating climate. - A recent calculation, based on more than 100 studies over the past two decades, suggests that ocean services are worth US$23 trillion a year - only slightly less than the world’s total GNP. - It is estimated that the seas and oceans supply two-thirds of the value of all the natural services provided by our natural environment (GESAMP, 2001a). - Damage caused by the introduction of non-indigenous organisms to coastal and marine environments totals hundreds of millions of US dollars (GESAMP, 2001b). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 marine coastal ecosystems human well-being fisheries marine industries proportion http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16E63CD7-F8E1-B291-88E8-799728F37997 en-US Besoin de ressources en eau pour la production alimentaire Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Variations historiques et projetées de la consommation d’eau pour la production alimentaire, 1960-2050 Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Stockholm Environment Institute. 2005. Sustainable Pathways to Attain the Millennium Development Goals - Assessing the Key Role of Water, Energy and Sanitation. http://www.sei.se/SustMDG31Auglowres.pdf (accessed October 3, 2006) Mon, 08 Jun 2009 17:53:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/besoin-de-ressources-en-eau-pour-la-production-alimentaire_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 176 Variations historiques et projetées de la consommation d’eau pour la production alimentaire, 1960-2050 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B04AE652-FC37-14A9-00EA-1040CE0B0990 en-US Biodiveristy in Central Asia I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Caspian and Balkhash endemic species are under threat of extinction. It is estimated that ten percent of total area needs to be protected in order to sustain development and the countries of the region are seriously behind that benchmark. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Environmental profiles for Afghanistan and other Central Asian countries, World Resources Institute; Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 19:45:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_biodiveristy_in_central_asia_001.jpg 220 308 Caspian and Balkhash endemic species are under threat of extinction. It is estimated that ten percent of total area needs to be protected in order to sustain development and the countries of the region are seriously behind that benchmark. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar biodiversity extinction http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EBBC79D2-1017-9FC8-01C4-131705F1E369 en-US Biodiveristy in Central Asia [Russian] I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Caspian and Balkhash endemic species are under threat of extinction. It is estimated that ten percent of total area needs to be protected in order to sustain development and the countries of the region are seriously behind that benchmark. In Russian. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Environmental profiles for Afghanistan and other Central Asian countries, World Resources Institute; Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 19:54:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_biodiveristy_in_central_asia_russian_001.jpg 220 308 Caspian and Balkhash endemic species are under threat of extinction. It is estimated that ten percent of total area needs to be protected in order to sustain development and the countries of the region are seriously behind that benchmark. In Russian. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar biodiversity extinction http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13875D5B-1112-93C1-6B0D-136D964F3528 en-US Biodiversité, par rapport à l’abondance des espèces avant les impacts anthropiques Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Déperdition de la biodiversité du fait de l’expansion agricole continue, de la pollution, du changement climatique et du développement des infrastructures. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GLOBIO Alkemade et coll., 2009 Mon, 08 Jun 2009 18:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biodiversit-par-rapport-l-abondance-des-esp-ces-avant-les-impacts-anthropiques_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 237 Déperdition de la biodiversité du fait de l’expansion agricole continue, de la pollution, du changement climatique et du développement des infrastructures. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E0A11AF5-1E05-418A-B2C8-BE7D8509987D en-US Biodiversity and protected areas in Macedonia Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal A map of Macedonia showing all the protected areas, national parks natural reserves. The industry sector is the main polluter in Macedonia. The primary reasons for industrial pollution are the old, inefficient technologies, inadequate control of waste, and insufficient equipment for environment protection. The most serious problems in the country are the quality of air in Veles, Bitola, and Skopje; the pollution of surface waters (as a result of discharging untreated waste waters), and the inadequate treatment of the solid and hazardous waste. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal MK UNEP/GRID-Arendal National Environmental Action Plan, Synthesis Report, FYR of Macedonia, 1997; Department of Public Information of the United Nations (UNDPI), Cartographic Section, New York. Tue, 25 Apr 2006 08:58:59 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/batch1tn_macebiod.jpg 200 193 A map of Macedonia showing all the protected areas, national parks natural reserves. The industry sector is the main polluter in Macedonia. The primary reasons for industrial pollution are the old, inefficient technologies, inadequate control of waste, and insufficient equipment for environment protection. The most serious problems in the country are the quality of air in Veles, Bitola, and Skopje; the pollution of surface waters (as a result of discharging untreated waste waters), and the inadequate treatment of the solid and hazardous waste. 41 21.5 40 20 42 23 Balkans Macedonia environment pollution biodiversity deforestation sustainable development http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1268B519-169A-AE98-A354-934129D8B7F3 en-US Biodiversity in the Caspian Sea (Approximate numbers) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The region presents a wealth of opportunities in other areas, including bioresources, transport corridors, and not least ecotourism. These new ventures may bring increased prosperity, but they also put pressure on traditional rural communities and the environment. This graphic presents the number of species in the groups: phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos, fishes, marine and land mammals and birds. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspiansea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Caspian Sea, The Caspian Environment Programme, 2002 Fri, 14 Mar 2008 09:53:56 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biodiversity-in-the-caspian-sea-approximate-numbers_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 190 The region presents a wealth of opportunities in other areas, including bioresources, transport corridors, and not least ecotourism. These new ventures may bring increased prosperity, but they also put pressure on traditional rural communities and the environment. This graphic presents the number of species in the groups: phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos, fishes, marine and land mammals and birds. 41.5 51 36 47 47 55 biodiversity environment species ecosystems http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5B4C0655-7545-1072-C25B-71E1497EEA63 en-US Biodiversity loss: state and scenarios 2006 and 2050 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal These projections of biodiversity loss from 2000 to 2050 were produced by the GLOBIO consortium for UNEP's Global Environment Outlook 4. Across the GEO scenarios and regions, global biodiversity continues to be threatened, with strong implications for ecosystem services and human well-being. All regions continue to experience declines in terrestrial biodiversity in each of the scenarios. The greatest losses are seen in Markets First, followed by Security First, Policy First and Sustainability First for most regions. Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean experience the greatest losses of terrestrial biodiversity by 2050 in all four scenarios, followed by Asia and the Pacific. The differences among the regions are largely a result of broad-scale land-use changes, especially increases in pastureland and areas dedicated to biofuel production. The overall changes in terrestrial biodiversity though, are influenced by a number of other factors, including infrastructure development, pollution and climate change, as well as public policy and conflict. For the full report, please see http://www.unep.org/geo/geo4 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GLOBIO 3 analysis, by MNP, UNEP-WCMC and UNEP/GRID-Arendal, published in: UNEP. 2007. Global Environment Outlook 4 - Environment For Development. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. Thu, 25 Oct 2007 16:31:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biodiversity-loss-state-and-scenarios-2006-and-2050.gif 210 209 These projections of biodiversity loss from 2000 to 2050 were produced by the GLOBIO consortium for UNEP's Global Environment Outlook 4. Across the GEO scenarios and regions, global biodiversity continues to be threatened, with strong implications for ecosystem services and human well-being. All regions continue to experience declines in terrestrial biodiversity in each of the scenarios. The greatest losses are seen in Markets First, followed by Security First, Policy First and Sustainability First for most regions. Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean experience the greatest losses of terrestrial biodiversity by 2050 in all four scenarios, followed by Asia and the Pacific. The differences among the regions are largely a result of broad-scale land-use changes, especially increases in pastureland and areas dedicated to biofuel production. The overall changes in terrestrial biodiversity though, are influenced by a number of other factors, including infrastructure development, pollution and climate change, as well as public policy and conflict. For the full report, please see http://www.unep.org/geo/geo4 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 biodiversity scenarios wildlife conservation natural capital nature agriculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EFF48E2E-1305-17E0-E924-EF786FE23A93 en-US Biodiversity threats Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal South Africa is recognised as the third most megadiverse country in the world. The abundance of biodiversity found within its borders covers an estimated ten per cent of the world’s plant species, seven per cent of all bird, six per cent of all mammal, and five per cent of all reptile species found on the planet. Due to various causes ranging from unsustainable land use and farming practices, to invasion by alien species and climate change, South Africa’s ecosystems are under considerable pressure, much of which is directly or indirectly linked to poverty. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal DEAT-SOE database, accessed in December 2010. Wed, 22 Jun 2011 08:55:39 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biodiversity-threats_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 172 South Africa is recognised as the third most megadiverse country in the world. The abundance of biodiversity found within its borders covers an estimated ten per cent of the world’s plant species, seven per cent of all bird, six per cent of all mammal, and five per cent of all reptile species found on the planet. Due to various causes ranging from unsustainable land use and farming practices, to invasion by alien species and climate change, South Africa’s ecosystems are under considerable pressure, much of which is directly or indirectly linked to poverty. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B1D1239B-CB54-FA38-56E4-C06A4BA6F269 en-US Biofuel production UNEP/GRID-Arendal Thousand million litres per year UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biofuel-production_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 192 Thousand million litres per year 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11E3C16D-16BF-162F-9334-E57E3C9D677B en-US Biofuel production Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal With a further surge in demand ahead of us it is worth looking at ways to ensure a sustainable production of energy corps. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal EarthTrends Environmental Information Portal, World Resources Institute, 2007 (using Worldwatch 2006; US Department of Energy, 2006); REN21, Renewables 2006 globl status report, Worldwatch Institute; F.O. Licht world ethanol & biofuels report 2005. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biofuel-production_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 159 With a further surge in demand ahead of us it is worth looking at ways to ensure a sustainable production of energy corps. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/681EF2D8-1265-FC4E-7C90-13B00878B60A en-US Biofuel Production Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The plants grown for biofuel production absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and combustion of the biofuel releases only the CO2 previously absorbed by the plant. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biofuel-production_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 187 The plants grown for biofuel production absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and combustion of the biofuel releases only the CO2 previously absorbed by the plant. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D1A9CB6A-1459-815E-4CC6-14DB0686D90D en-US Biofuel production Map UNEP/GRID-Arendal Global map about Biofuel production UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal EarthTrends Environmental Information Portal, World Resources Institute, 2007 (using Worldwatch 2006; US Department of Energy, 2006); REN21, Renewables 2006 global status report, Worldwatch Institute; F. O. Licht world ethanol & biofuels report 2005. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biofuel-production-map_thumbnail.jpg 220 170 Global map about Biofuel production 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E9859B49-E0E0-7523-B766-B668A7BF80D3 en-US Biofuel versus fossil fuel UNEP/GRID-Arendal About Biofuel versus fossil fuel UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emmanuelle Bournay, Atlas Environnement du Monde Diplomatique 2007. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biofuel-versus-fossil-fuel_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 186 About Biofuel versus fossil fuel 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1559169B-CE24-6F57-B08E-CB0A0F6B5712 en-US Biofuel versus fossil fuel Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In green: virtuous initial equation in favour of biofuels, In red: main concerns related to biofuels, In blue: main concerns related to fossil fuels. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emmanuelle Bournay, Atlas Environnement du monde Diplopmatique 2007. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biofuel-versus-fossil-fuel_thumbnail.jpg 220 186 In green: virtuous initial equation in favour of biofuels, In red: main concerns related to biofuels, In blue: main concerns related to fossil fuels. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F58BF695-104B-115C-B048-8D4D72C86A25 en-US Biofuels production 1975-2005 (ethanol and biodiesel) Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Biofuels have grown quickly in demand and production (Figure 14), fuelled by high oil prices and the initial perception of their role in reducing CO2 emissions (FAO, 2008). Biofuels, including biodiesel from palm oil and ethanol from sugarcane, corn and soybean, accounted for about 1% of the total road transport in 2005, and may reach 25% by 2050, with the EU having set targets as high as 10% by 2020 (World Bank, 2007; FAO, 2008). For many countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, biofuels are also seen as an opportunity to improve rural livelihoods and boost the economy through exports (Fitzherbert et al., 2008; UNEP, 2008). The US is the largest producer and consumer of bioethanol, followed by Brazil (Figure 15) (World Bank, 2007; FAO, 2008). Brazil has now used 2.7 million has of land area for this production (4.5% of the cropland area),mainly sugar cane. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Earth Policy Institute. 2006. Data files for Supermarkets and Service Stations Now Competing for Grain. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update55_data.htm (Accessed November 17, 2008) Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biofuels-production-1975-2005-ethanol-and-biodiesel_thumbnail.jpg 220 242 Biofuels have grown quickly in demand and production (Figure 14), fuelled by high oil prices and the initial perception of their role in reducing CO2 emissions (FAO, 2008). Biofuels, including biodiesel from palm oil and ethanol from sugarcane, corn and soybean, accounted for about 1% of the total road transport in 2005, and may reach 25% by 2050, with the EU having set targets as high as 10% by 2020 (World Bank, 2007; FAO, 2008). For many countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, biofuels are also seen as an opportunity to improve rural livelihoods and boost the economy through exports (Fitzherbert et al., 2008; UNEP, 2008). The US is the largest producer and consumer of bioethanol, followed by Brazil (Figure 15) (World Bank, 2007; FAO, 2008). Brazil has now used 2.7 million has of land area for this production (4.5% of the cropland area),mainly sugar cane. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13532893-1270-C18D-1B3B-10C273CCA3EE en-US Biofuels production 2005, by country (ethanol and biodiesel) Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Production of crops for biofuels also competes with food production (Banse et al., 2008). Indeed, the corn equivalent of the energy used on a few minutes drive could feed a person for a day, while a full tank of ethanol in a large 4-wheel drive suburban utility vehicle could almost feed one person for a year. A recent OECD-FAO (2007) report expected food prices to rise by between 20% and 50% by 2016 partly as a result of biofuels. Already, drastically raised food prices have resulted in violent demonstrations and protests around the world in early 2008. Current OECD scenarios by the IMAGE model project a mean increase in the proportion of land allocated to crops for biofuel production equivalent to 0.5% of the cropland area in 2008, 2% by 2030 (range 1–3%) and 5% by 2050 (range 2–8%). Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Earth Policy Institute. 2006. Data files for Supermarkets and Service Stations Now Competing for Grain. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update55_data.htm (Accessed November 17, 2008) Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biofuels-production-2005-by-country-ethanol-and-biodiesel_thumbnail.jpg 220 221 Production of crops for biofuels also competes with food production (Banse et al., 2008). Indeed, the corn equivalent of the energy used on a few minutes drive could feed a person for a day, while a full tank of ethanol in a large 4-wheel drive suburban utility vehicle could almost feed one person for a year. A recent OECD-FAO (2007) report expected food prices to rise by between 20% and 50% by 2016 partly as a result of biofuels. Already, drastically raised food prices have resulted in violent demonstrations and protests around the world in early 2008. Current OECD scenarios by the IMAGE model project a mean increase in the proportion of land allocated to crops for biofuel production equivalent to 0.5% of the cropland area in 2008, 2% by 2030 (range 1–3%) and 5% by 2050 (range 2–8%). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1008F2D0-14BD-7B7A-76A5-136B548282ED en-US Biological oxygen demand - BOD: 1976-2008 Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 The availability of oxygen is one of the most important indicators of the condition of a water body, because dissolved oxygen, or DO, (the amount of oxygen dissolved in water) is necessary for most aquatic organisms, including fish and invertebrates. Some species have very defined lower limits of DO that they can tolerate. Increases in DO can indicate improvements in water quality, such as has occurred in many parts of the world in the last 30 years. Over the two decades, rivers in Europe and Australasia have shown a significant statistical reduction in biological oxygen demand concentrations, (an indicator of the organic pollution of freshwater), suggesting positive trends. There was no change in the assessed results for North America, although there was a tighter data distribution, indicating the data available for 1991-2000 is less variable than for previous periods. Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS), Freshwater Quality Programme, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2001. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biological-oxygen-demand-bod-1976-2008_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 116 The availability of oxygen is one of the most important indicators of the condition of a water body, because dissolved oxygen, or DO, (the amount of oxygen dissolved in water) is necessary for most aquatic organisms, including fish and invertebrates. Some species have very defined lower limits of DO that they can tolerate. Increases in DO can indicate improvements in water quality, such as has occurred in many parts of the world in the last 30 years. Over the two decades, rivers in Europe and Australasia have shown a significant statistical reduction in biological oxygen demand concentrations, (an indicator of the organic pollution of freshwater), suggesting positive trends. There was no change in the assessed results for North America, although there was a tighter data distribution, indicating the data available for 1991-2000 is less variable than for previous periods. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 oxygen condition aquatic organizms fish invertebrates species biological energy demand http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B9D85E99-D4C3-124C-D41C-CD13A3D47164 en-US Biotechnology and modern biotechnology defined IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Modern biotechnology is a term adopted by international convention to refer to biotechnological techniques for the manipulation of genetic material and the fusion of cells beyond normal breeding barriers. The most obvious example is genetic engineering to create genetically modified/engineered organisms (GMOs/GEOs) through “transgenic technology” involving the insertion or deletion of genes. IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Unknown Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/biotechnology-and-modern-biotechnology-defined_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 150 Modern biotechnology is a term adopted by international convention to refer to biotechnological techniques for the manipulation of genetic material and the fusion of cells beyond normal breeding barriers. The most obvious example is genetic engineering to create genetically modified/engineered organisms (GMOs/GEOs) through “transgenic technology” involving the insertion or deletion of genes. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming biotechnology cultivation genetically modified organism GMO http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C6DE091E-6648-EE61-7A95-E5A45CF239FC en-US Black Carbon Emissions Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Combustion sources of black carbon. Black carbon is thought to be the second largest contributor to global warming, next to brown carbon (the gases). Thus, reducing black carbon emission represents one of the most efficient ways for mitigating global warming that we know today. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Bond et al., 2000. Dennis Clare, State of the World 2009, www.worldwatch.org Wed, 14 Oct 2009 12:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/black-carbon-emissions_thumbnail_003.jpg 170 300 Combustion sources of black carbon. Black carbon is thought to be the second largest contributor to global warming, next to brown carbon (the gases). Thus, reducing black carbon emission represents one of the most efficient ways for mitigating global warming that we know today. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Blue Carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/90F6AAFB-BF2D-4486-AE16-05390FCB1E78 en-US Black Sea pipelines Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal blacksea UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:16:20 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/black_sea_pipelines_giwa_thumbnail.jpg 200 109 Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. 43.5 34 37 22 50 46 black sea water giwa Global International Water Assessment pipelines http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E7E06725-47F0-4645-9872-02966E2E748F en-US Black Sea water indicators Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal blacksea UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Resources Institute (WRI) Washington DC. Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:16:22 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/black_sea_water_indicators_giwa_thumbnail.jpg 200 296 Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. 43.5 34 37 22 50 46 black sea water giwa Global International Water Assessment water indicators water resources pollution organic pollutants http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1140C170-11C5-B334-13CF-11BE21910B53 en-US Blue Carbon Sink Burial Rates a) Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The capacity of ocean's blue carbon sinks (tons of carbon per hectare per year). Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Cebrian and Duarte, 1996; Duarte et al., 2005. Wed, 14 Oct 2009 12:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/blue-carbon-sink-burial-rates-a_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 134 The capacity of ocean's blue carbon sinks (tons of carbon per hectare per year). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Blue Carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/94567956-13AA-154F-FD76-EC7494E88C7E en-US Blue Carbon Sink Burial Rates b) Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The capacity of ocean's blue carbon sinks (total annual blue carbon sink burial rates). Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Cebrian and Duarte, 1996; Duarte et al., 2005. Wed, 14 Oct 2009 12:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/blue-carbon-sink-burial-rates-b_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 167 The capacity of ocean's blue carbon sinks (total annual blue carbon sink burial rates). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Blue Carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/10AA27B2-1131-8418-2836-C41223E29282 en-US Blue Carbon Sinks Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The carbon captured by living organisms in oceans is stored in the form of sediments from mangroves, salt marshes and seagrasses. Benefiting from the excellent conditions available to support plant growth, vegetated coastal habitats rank amongst the most productive habitats in the world, comparable in production to the most productive agricultural crops. Blue carbon sinks are strongly autotrophic, which means that these ecosystems fix CO2 as organic matter photosyntheticaly in excess of the CO2 respired back by biota, thus removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Some of this excess carbon is exported and subsidises adjacent ecosystems, including open ocean and beach ecosystems. The remaining excess production of mangrove forests, salt-marshes and seagrass meadows is buried in the sediments, where it can remain stored over millenary time scales, thereby representing a strong natural carbon sink. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Cebrián and Duarte, 1996; Duarte et al., 2005a; and Bouillon et al., 2008. Wed, 14 Oct 2009 12:04:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/blue-carbon-sinks_thumbnail.jpg 148 300 The carbon captured by living organisms in oceans is stored in the form of sediments from mangroves, salt marshes and seagrasses. Benefiting from the excellent conditions available to support plant growth, vegetated coastal habitats rank amongst the most productive habitats in the world, comparable in production to the most productive agricultural crops. Blue carbon sinks are strongly autotrophic, which means that these ecosystems fix CO2 as organic matter photosyntheticaly in excess of the CO2 respired back by biota, thus removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Some of this excess carbon is exported and subsidises adjacent ecosystems, including open ocean and beach ecosystems. The remaining excess production of mangrove forests, salt-marshes and seagrass meadows is buried in the sediments, where it can remain stored over millenary time scales, thereby representing a strong natural carbon sink. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/DA42E15E-079C-4D4F-81D7-D3C433072BA9 en-US Bor river/Timok river Watershed Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows the watershed area of the Bor and Timok rivers, and the areas potentially affected by pollution.The southeast Serbian municipality of Bor is paying a high price for the century-old industrial exploitation of its copper resources. The citizens and the municipality of Bor have recently embarked on a participatory process in order to identify and tackle their most threatening environmental problems. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CS UNEP/GRID-Arendal unkown Sat, 11 Feb 2006 10:13:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/bor-river-timok-river-watershed_thumbnail.jpg 220 204 The graphic shows the watershed area of the Bor and Timok rivers, and the areas potentially affected by pollution.The southeast Serbian municipality of Bor is paying a high price for the century-old industrial exploitation of its copper resources. The citizens and the municipality of Bor have recently embarked on a participatory process in order to identify and tackle their most threatening environmental problems. 43.5 20.5 41 18 46 23 Bor Timok watershed pollution environment copper mining http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/76FD94FD-9D42-D935-7F6F-C821F7ADD231 en-US Boreal forest Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The boreal forest biome holds the second largest stock of carbon; most of this is stored in the soil and litter. The draining of boreal forest peatlands, inappropriate forestry practices and poor fire management may all cause significant losses of the carbon stored in this ecosystem. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adapted from Olson et al., 2001. Fri, 05 Jun 2009 00:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/boreal-forest_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 112 The boreal forest biome holds the second largest stock of carbon; most of this is stored in the soil and litter. The draining of boreal forest peatlands, inappropriate forestry practices and poor fire management may all cause significant losses of the carbon stored in this ecosystem. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 emissions greenhouse gases global climate change ecosystems carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F7EA8882-7448-11AC-1355-17BAE3F64C7C en-US Boreal Forest Extent Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Thu, 08 Oct 2009 21:41:15 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/boreal-forest-extent_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/108CA60B-EE79-14F6-A322-F37A2AB7F310 en-US Botswana Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Tue, 06 Oct 2009 09:55:08 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/botswana-ecological-footprint-and-biocapacity_thumbnail.jpg 220 136 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment Poverty Times Green Economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7B660F2E-1704-7B9C-DF04-17916ED0FD83 en-US Bovanenkovo gas field and impacts on reindeer herding (Yamal, Russia) Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> A false color Quickbird-2 satellite image of a portion of the Bovanenkovo Gas Field on the Yamal Peninsula in West Siberia. Image acquired 4 July 2004. The construction phase began in the late 1980s. From that period onward there remain visible signs of extensive off-road vehicle traffic across the terrain. Many of those tracks have naturally revegetated and now appear as bright red, indicating dense grass- and sedge-dominated vegetation. The road network was built in the mid-1990s, which has reduced off-road traffic significantly. However, infrastructure blocks segments of migration routes for Nenets and their reindeer herds, and pasture quality can be negatively affected by road dust, petrochemicals, trash left on the tundra, and even feral dogs abandoned by workers. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> russiaarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Forbes, B.C., Arctic Centre, University of Lapland. pers. comm. 2009. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/bovanenkovo-gas-field-and-impacts-on-reindeer-herding-yamal-russia_thumbnail.jpg 220 88 A false color Quickbird-2 satellite image of a portion of the Bovanenkovo Gas Field on the Yamal Peninsula in West Siberia. Image acquired 4 July 2004. The construction phase began in the late 1980s. From that period onward there remain visible signs of extensive off-road vehicle traffic across the terrain. Many of those tracks have naturally revegetated and now appear as bright red, indicating dense grass- and sedge-dominated vegetation. The road network was built in the mid-1990s, which has reduced off-road traffic significantly. However, infrastructure blocks segments of migration routes for Nenets and their reindeer herds, and pasture quality can be negatively affected by road dust, petrochemicals, trash left on the tundra, and even feral dogs abandoned by workers. 66.5 103.5 50 27 83 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology reindeer herding vegetation oil gas hydrocarbons http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/DC359352-FF9A-432F-ADA2-D362D778F113 en-US Brazilian alcohol transport fleet and regional climate benefits UNEP/GRID-Arendal In Brazil there are noticeable benefits for using alcohol as a fuel over traditional gasoline. This graphic illustrates the reduction in use of fossil fuels (gasoline) in favor of ethanol/alcohol. This has lead to a reduction in emissions of CO2 emissions, as illustrated by the bottom chart. UNEP/GRID-Arendal BR UNEP/GRID-Arendal Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_14.jpg 104 180 In Brazil there are noticeable benefits for using alcohol as a fuel over traditional gasoline. This graphic illustrates the reduction in use of fossil fuels (gasoline) in favor of ethanol/alcohol. This has lead to a reduction in emissions of CO2 emissions, as illustrated by the bottom chart. -14 -54 -33 -74 5 -34 fuel alcohol gas CO2 Brazil transportation ethanol biofuels http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B677BE39-E142-9D35-AE64-5A6BF751E3F8 en-US Breakdown of Carbon Storage by Region Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. Forests absorb carbon through photosynthesis and sequester it as biomass, thus creating a natural storage of carbon. Carbon stocks in forest areas comprise carbon in living and dead organic matter both above and below ground including trees, the understorey, dead wood, litter and soil. Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO 2006a Thu, 08 Oct 2009 16:31:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/breakdown-of-carbon-storage-by-region_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 58 Forests absorb carbon through photosynthesis and sequester it as biomass, thus creating a natural storage of carbon. Carbon stocks in forest areas comprise carbon in living and dead organic matter both above and below ground including trees, the understorey, dead wood, litter and soil. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/294F59DF-7D9F-4F02-89B4-A11FC50D6A7D en-US Bulgaria emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) 1990 and 2010 projections Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal BG UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/1998/11/Add.2, please see http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/climate5/about.htm for more information Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/bulgaria_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_co2_ch4_n2o_1990_and_2010_projections_thumbnail.jpg 200 196 Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics 42.5 25 41 22 44 28 climate change emissions pollution co2 greenhouse gases methane http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/415C684E-D8F6-4B3F-8327-41D394BC69F4 en-US Bulgaria, greenhouse gas emissions (COP7) Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Bulgaria. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal BG UNEP/GRID-Arendal Actual emissions UNFCCC/SB1/2000/11 table B.1 Projected emissions UNFCCC/1998/Add.2 table C.6 Sun, 12 Mar 2006 10:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cop6_total_greenhouse_gas_emissions_bulgaria_thumbnail.jpg 200 146 This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Bulgaria. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. 42.5 25 41 22 44 28 cop7 Bulgaria climate change emissions global warming annex 1 environment greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/919EBEBE-13B8-FEE2-CCF8-A6971A11D72A en-US Bulgaria, topographic map Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Bulgaria, a country in Eastern Europe, is inhabited by 7.5 million people. The capital is Sofia. Current environmental issues are, according to the CIA factbook: air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal BG UNEP/GRID-Arendal Unknown Tue, 21 Mar 2006 08:15:34 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/bulgaria_topographic_map_thumbnail.jpg 220 164 Bulgaria, a country in Eastern Europe, is inhabited by 7.5 million people. The capital is Sofia. Current environmental issues are, according to the CIA factbook: air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes. 42.733885 25.48521 41.24305 22.36528 44.22472 28.60514 bulgaria topography http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/169D72AC-CD0A-DE1D-B673-17F53D885069 en-US Bushmeat trade in Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Region UNEP/GRID-Arendal Hunting inside protected areas to supply bush- meat is extensive in many regions, and much is transported by bicycle to i.e. larger towns like Kindu. The great apes, sometimes smoked, constitute up to several percent of the total bushmeat, but with devastating impacts on the great ape populations with their slow reproductive rates and complex social structure. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Terese Hart, The Bushmeat Crisis in Maniema Province , www.bonoboincongo.org, 2009; UCL Geomatics, 2006. Wed, 17 Mar 2010 18:10:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/bushmeat-trade-in-tshuapa-lomami-lualaba-region_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 220 Hunting inside protected areas to supply bush- meat is extensive in many regions, and much is transported by bicycle to i.e. larger towns like Kindu. The great apes, sometimes smoked, constitute up to several percent of the total bushmeat, but with devastating impacts on the great ape populations with their slow reproductive rates and complex social structure. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/94F326F4-E6E9-46F1-BAEC-6FE12803D4C1 en-US Calcium levels in major rivers Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This graphic shows the average calcium levels, in milligrams per litre, at major river mouths for the time periods 1976 to 1990 and 1991 to 2000. The graphic also shows the changes in average calcium levels between these two time periods. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP- Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) Water Programme, 2001; National Water Research Institute Environment Canada, Ontario, 2001. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/calcium_levels_in_major_rivers_thumbnail.jpg 84 180 This graphic shows the average calcium levels, in milligrams per litre, at major river mouths for the time periods 1976 to 1990 and 1991 to 2000. The graphic also shows the changes in average calcium levels between these two time periods. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 calcium rivers basins freshwater http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C10236CD-A17A-41A4-9E9C-FBB8B648665D en-US Calorie consumption in selected regions of the world (1975-1995) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Most of the world has increased in daily calorie intake expcet for Europe and Central Asia. This graph is comparing per-capita calorie consumption in North America, Europe and Central Asia, Africa, and the world average from 1975-1995. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); World Resources Institute (WRI); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 1998; FAOSTAT 1997 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/calorie-consumption-in-selected-regions-of-the-world-1975-1995_thumbnail.jpg 200 153 Most of the world has increased in daily calorie intake expcet for Europe and Central Asia. This graph is comparing per-capita calorie consumption in North America, Europe and Central Asia, Africa, and the world average from 1975-1995. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 poverty nutrition Developing countries Food production Agriculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A2B8B919-1124-9451-A020-F09D1817FBA0 en-US Can the Aral Sea produce enough food? I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Aral Sea is facing a challenge in producing enough food for the surrounding area. In all predictive models of climate change rate the region will be in for hard times when it comes to producing food by the year 2020. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal aralsea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sorokin D., Sorokin A., Report on the work conducted for the application of the hydrological model towards the assessment of scenarios of the Aral Sea basin development; Ruzlev A., Prikhod’ko V., Application of the Aral Sea Basin Management Model towards specific plans of the Aral Sea basin development, UNDP and SIC ICWC, Tashkent, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 17:34:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_can_the_aral_sea_produce_enough_food_001.jpg 220 307 The Aral Sea is facing a challenge in producing enough food for the surrounding area. In all predictive models of climate change rate the region will be in for hard times when it comes to producing food by the year 2020. 45 66.5 36 53 54 80 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar agriculture food economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E51E51B7-B9D7-8E27-9C8D-13635846958F en-US Can the Aral Sea produce enough food? [Russian] I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Aral Sea is facing a challenge in producing enough food for the surrounding area. In all predictive models of climate change rate the region will be in for hard times when it comes to producing food by the year 2020. In Russian. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal aralsea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sorokin D., Sorokin A., Report on the work conducted for the application of the hydrological model towards the assessment of scenarios of the Aral Sea basin development; Ruzlev A., Prikhod’ko V., Application of the Aral Sea Basin Management Model towards specific plans of the Aral Sea basin development, UNDP and SIC ICWC, Tashkent, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 19:57:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_can_the_aral_sea_produce_enough_food_russian_001.jpg 220 307 The Aral Sea is facing a challenge in producing enough food for the surrounding area. In all predictive models of climate change rate the region will be in for hard times when it comes to producing food by the year 2020. In Russian. 45 66.5 36 53 54 80 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar agriculture food economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/978B8D1F-2B30-4517-B48A-671828A9BB26 en-US Canada emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) 1990 and 2010 projections Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CA UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/1998/11/Add.2, please see http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/climate5/about.htm for more information Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/canada_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_co2_ch4_n2o_1990_and_2010_projections_thumbnail.jpg 200 196 Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics 62 -96.5 41 -141 83 -52 climate change emissions pollution co2 greenhouse gases methane http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/555167A8-1064-CCDD-506E-7C804E6ED388 en-US Canada, Arctic indigenous population Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Depending on the definition of the boundaries of the region, the Arctic is home to some 4 million inhabitants. Roughly one-third of this total population is indigenous peoples, spread over numerous communities around the Arctic. The indigenous proportion of each polar region varies significantly- from 88% of the regional population in Nunavut Territory in Canada (the Inuit), to 2.5% in the North of Scandanavia and the Kola Peninsulathat (the Saami). Despite tremendous social and political upheaval, increasing pressure from industrial development, climate change impacts and pollution, many of these communities still maintain vibrant traditional - and sustainable- lifestyles closely linked to the natural environment. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CA UNEP/GRID-Arendal AMAP, 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report. Arctic monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway. xii+188 pp. Tue, 21 Mar 2006 09:07:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/canada_arctic_indigenous_population_thumbnail.jpg 220 123 Depending on the definition of the boundaries of the region, the Arctic is home to some 4 million inhabitants. Roughly one-third of this total population is indigenous peoples, spread over numerous communities around the Arctic. The indigenous proportion of each polar region varies significantly- from 88% of the regional population in Nunavut Territory in Canada (the Inuit), to 2.5% in the North of Scandanavia and the Kola Peninsulathat (the Saami). Despite tremendous social and political upheaval, increasing pressure from industrial development, climate change impacts and pollution, many of these communities still maintain vibrant traditional - and sustainable- lifestyles closely linked to the natural environment. 62 -96.5 41 -141 83 -52 demography population indigenous peoples http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D10DE580-B08E-4CD3-BBD8-43E2C8C3444E en-US Canada, greenhouse gas emissions (COP7) Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Canada. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CA UNEP/GRID-Arendal Actual emissions UNFCCC/SB1/2000/11 table B.1 Projected emissions UNFCCC/1998/Add.2 table C.6 Sun, 12 Mar 2006 10:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cop6_total_greenhouse_gas_emissions_canada_thumbnail.jpg 200 146 This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Canada. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. 62 -96.5 41 -141 83 -52 cop7 Canada climate change emissions global warming annex 1 environment greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D7DA0875-883B-1714-73C3-164A19CFCEA2 en-US Carbon cycle Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Living systems play a vital role in the carbon cycle. Photosynthesising organisms – mostly plants on land and various kinds of algae and bacteria in the sea – use either atmospheric carbon dioxide or that dissolved in sea water as the basis for the complex organic carbon compounds that are essential for life. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Source: IPCC, 2001. Fri, 05 Jun 2009 00:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-cycle_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 132 Living systems play a vital role in the carbon cycle. Photosynthesising organisms – mostly plants on land and various kinds of algae and bacteria in the sea – use either atmospheric carbon dioxide or that dissolved in sea water as the basis for the complex organic carbon compounds that are essential for life. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 emissions greenhouse gases global climate change ecosystems carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9D44D0EF-5FF8-4F61-8FAE-62E24808F2E2 en-US Carbon cycle UNEP/GRID-Arendal Carbon is the basis of all organic substances, from fossil fuels to human cells. On Earth, carbon is continually on the move – cycling through living things, the land, ocean, atmosphere. What happens when humans start driving the carbon cycle? We have seen that we can make a serious impact – rapidly raising the level of carbon in the atmosphere. But we really have no idea what we are doing. At the moment we don’t even know what happens to all the carbon we release from burning fossil fuel. Obviously a lot of it goes into the atmosphere, but every year we loose track of between 15 and 30% (NASA). Scientists speculate that it is taken up by land vegetation, but no one really knows. This sort of uncertainty makes it doubly difficult to predict the outcome of tampering with something as complex as the carbon cycle. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Center for climatic research, Institute for environmental studies, univeristy of Wisconsin at Madison; Okanagan university college in Canada, Department of geopgraphy; World Watch, November-December 1998; Nature. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon_cycle_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 154 Carbon is the basis of all organic substances, from fossil fuels to human cells. On Earth, carbon is continually on the move – cycling through living things, the land, ocean, atmosphere. What happens when humans start driving the carbon cycle? We have seen that we can make a serious impact – rapidly raising the level of carbon in the atmosphere. But we really have no idea what we are doing. At the moment we don’t even know what happens to all the carbon we release from burning fossil fuel. Obviously a lot of it goes into the atmosphere, but every year we loose track of between 15 and 30% (NASA). Scientists speculate that it is taken up by land vegetation, but no one really knows. This sort of uncertainty makes it doubly difficult to predict the outcome of tampering with something as complex as the carbon cycle. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 carbon carbon cycle co2 carbon dioxide climate change emissions greenhouse gases global warming http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E3792000-7232-1798-3672-861922858175 en-US Carbon Cycle Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Blue and green carbon process.Oceans are crucial in the global carbon cycle. It was here where life first evolved; they are the source of our wealth and development. The living oceans capture over half of all the Green carbon – the carbon bound by living organisms through photosynthesis. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Duarte, C Wed, 14 Oct 2009 12:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-cycle_thumbnail_006.jpg 220 132 Blue and green carbon process.Oceans are crucial in the global carbon cycle. It was here where life first evolved; they are the source of our wealth and development. The living oceans capture over half of all the Green carbon – the carbon bound by living organisms through photosynthesis. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Blue Carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/573E9D5A-CA27-4490-BDE0-86955813BEC1 en-US Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions for selected African countries in 1997 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Africa is very vulnerable to climate change given its low capacity to respond and adapt, but Africa emits relatively low amounts of greenhouse gases in comparison to other regions. This graphic shows the amount of carbon dioxide emissions per capita, in metric tonnes, in 1997 for OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, for the world, for sub-Saharan Africa and for selected individual countries. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Human Development Report 2001, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon_dioxide_co2_emissions_for_selected_african_countries_in_1997_thumbnail.jpg 162 200 Africa is very vulnerable to climate change given its low capacity to respond and adapt, but Africa emits relatively low amounts of greenhouse gases in comparison to other regions. This graphic shows the amount of carbon dioxide emissions per capita, in metric tonnes, in 1997 for OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, for the world, for sub-Saharan Africa and for selected individual countries. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 carbon dioxide emission climate change greenhouse gas emission GHG emission CO2 emission http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/74258FA9-CD8F-4EAA-B71A-9A81E917FEC5 en-US Carbon dioxide emissions globally and from annex 1 countries (COP7) Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2000 Sun, 12 Mar 2006 10:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon_dioxide_emissions_globally_and_from_annex_1_countries_cop7_thumbnail.jpg 200 195 This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 cop7 climate change emissions global warming annex 1 environment carbon dioxide CO2 greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/92B20688-C905-1068-23BA-138F1D881FC9 en-US Carbon intensity of economy: Percentage growth from 1980 Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The ratio of emissions to GDP in Latin America and the Caribbean remained constant between 1980 and 2005. This is very much in contrast to the world as a whole, the OECD countries and in particular when compared to China. These figures clearly show the need to intensify efforts within the region to transition to less carbon-intensive economies. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) elaboration of World Resource Institute-CAIT database. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-intensity-of-economy-percentage-growth-from-1980_thumbnail_007.jpg 220 267 The ratio of emissions to GDP in Latin America and the Caribbean remained constant between 1980 and 2005. This is very much in contrast to the world as a whole, the OECD countries and in particular when compared to China. These figures clearly show the need to intensify efforts within the region to transition to less carbon-intensive economies. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FCFBE216-16CE-E833-47A5-10CA37A2B026 en-US Carbon intensity of energy use: Percentage growth from 1980 Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal By comparing the emissions:energy ratio (carbon intensity) between regions, one finds different patterns over time. Thus, between 1980 and 1995, decarbonization in Latin America and the Caribbean was in line with the world average; in the first half of the 1980s, the region progressed even faster than the OECD countries. Later, between 1995 and 2003, the emissions-to-energy consumption ratio increased. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). 2009. Climate change and development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Overview 2009. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-intensity-of-energy-use-percentage-growth-from-1980_thumbnail_007.jpg 220 254 By comparing the emissions:energy ratio (carbon intensity) between regions, one finds different patterns over time. Thus, between 1980 and 1995, decarbonization in Latin America and the Caribbean was in line with the world average; in the first half of the 1980s, the region progressed even faster than the OECD countries. Later, between 1995 and 2003, the emissions-to-energy consumption ratio increased. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F9E733B9-C7AC-6C99-1E41-1147AFDDBFDA en-US Carbon inventory Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Carbon stored by forests, Distribution of carbon inventory and Carbon inventory up to 2100. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-inventory_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 152 Carbon stored by forests, Distribution of carbon inventory and Carbon inventory up to 2100. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/80BF231B-7B13-65AF-2ABD-16B40726003B en-US Carbon inventory UNEP/GRID-Arendal Carbon stored by forests graphic, Distribution of carbon inventory graphic and Carbon inventory up to 2100. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sources: Atlas Environnement du Monde Diplomatique, 2007; Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); Hadley climate research unit, 2007; World Resources Institute (WRI), EarthTrends Environmental Information Portal, 2008; World Resources Institute, Climate Analysis Indicators Tool, 2008. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-inventory_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 137 Carbon stored by forests graphic, Distribution of carbon inventory graphic and Carbon inventory up to 2100. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/17BA4AFA-17EC-118C-4326-1500101B9AA5 en-US Carbon stock for different type of land uses, on mineral and peat soil Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal For a range of land uses that occur in Tripa (forests on peatland) and Batang Toru (forest on non-peatland) the profitability and carbon stocks were determined. Undisturbed forest clearly has the highest carbon stock while rice fields have the lowest. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Tata, H.L. and van Noordwijk, M. 2010. Human livelihoods, ecosystem services and the habitat of the Sumatran orangutan: Rapid assessment in Batang Toru and Tripa. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Office, Bogor, Indonesia. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-stock-for-different-type-of-land-uses-on-mineral-and-peat-soil_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 105 For a range of land uses that occur in Tripa (forests on peatland) and Batang Toru (forest on non-peatland) the profitability and carbon stocks were determined. Undisturbed forest clearly has the highest carbon stock while rice fields have the lowest. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5A8DA052-A46E-1441-1514-7049DD235E81 en-US Carbon Stocks Trends and Projections Compared to 1860 Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. Carbon stocks in forest areas comprise carbon in living and dead organic matter both above and below ground including trees, the understorey, dead wood, litter and soil. According to the latest projections, changes in climate will mean that by 2050 the world’s ecosystems, including all its important forests, will be releasing more carbon than they are capable of absorbing. Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Based on information provided by the Hadley Research Centre. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 16:24:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-stocks-trends-and-projections-compared-to-1860_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 311 Carbon stocks in forest areas comprise carbon in living and dead organic matter both above and below ground including trees, the understorey, dead wood, litter and soil. According to the latest projections, changes in climate will mean that by 2050 the world’s ecosystems, including all its important forests, will be releasing more carbon than they are capable of absorbing. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/107AC09F-FC26-EC7B-0AD9-8B174BA2509F en-US Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Terrestrial ecosystems store about 2100 Gt C in living organisms, litter and soil organic matter, which is almost three times that currently present in the atmosphere. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ruesch and Gibbs, 2008; IGBP-DIS, 2000. Fri, 05 Jun 2009 00:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-storage-in-terrestrial-ecosystems_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 114 Terrestrial ecosystems store about 2100 Gt C in living organisms, litter and soil organic matter, which is almost three times that currently present in the atmosphere. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 emissions greenhouse gases global climate change ecosystems carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B75A6570-15ED-114C-97A9-13DB45EA2C3B en-US Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems vs. great ape distribution Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal All great ape species predominantly live in tropical rainforests, which are among the most carbon-rich areas in the world. This overlap between the areas where great apes occur and carbon indicates that more potential synergies between great apes and carbon conservation exist. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Caldecott, J. and Miles, L. 2009. Atlas mondial des grandes signes et de leur conservation. UNESCO, Paris. Ruesch, A.S. and Gibbs, H. 2008. New global biomass carbon map for the year 2000 based on IPCC Tier-1 methodology. Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center: Oak Ridge, USA. Available online from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, URL: http://cdiac.ornl.gov. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-storage-in-terrestrial-ecosystems-vs-great-ape-distribution_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 129 All great ape species predominantly live in tropical rainforests, which are among the most carbon-rich areas in the world. This overlap between the areas where great apes occur and carbon indicates that more potential synergies between great apes and carbon conservation exist. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/90821699-12A3-1733-8234-129F17E6AA56 en-US Carbon stored by biome Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Dividing the world into seven biomes, we estimate that tropical and subtropical forests store the largest amount of carbon, almost 550 Gt. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adapted from Olson et al., 2001. Fri, 05 Jun 2009 00:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carbon-stored-by-biome_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 101 Dividing the world into seven biomes, we estimate that tropical and subtropical forests store the largest amount of carbon, almost 550 Gt. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 emissions greenhouse gases global climate change ecosystems carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C270A157-AB5B-1489-1719-EB0B3536A9CB en-US Caribbean casualties due to hurricanes Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal From Trinidad to Tallahassee, Florida, tropical storms have ravaged the Caribbean basin, exacting a multibillion-dollar toll on housing, schools, hospitals, roads and sewage systems. Most of the casualties were in Haiti. But almost no community escaped unscathed. In Grenada, half of the population is now homeless, the famed nutmeg groves flattened, the power plants wrecked. The tourism industry that was the island’s lifeblood could take years to recover. Many other islands – including Tobago, Jamaica and Grand Cayman – also suffered. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocarib UNEP/GRID-Arendal Preview UNEP/GRID-Europe, 2002; CRED 2004; FAO 2000; UNDP 2001 Mon, 06 Feb 2006 17:57:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/caribbean_casualties_due_to_hurricanes_005.jpg 200 153 From Trinidad to Tallahassee, Florida, tropical storms have ravaged the Caribbean basin, exacting a multibillion-dollar toll on housing, schools, hospitals, roads and sewage systems. Most of the casualties were in Haiti. But almost no community escaped unscathed. In Grenada, half of the population is now homeless, the famed nutmeg groves flattened, the power plants wrecked. The tourism industry that was the island’s lifeblood could take years to recover. Many other islands – including Tobago, Jamaica and Grand Cayman – also suffered. 22 -70.5 9 -85 35 -56 disaster hurricane global warming emergency relief http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/175C0CE7-5947-124E-A79C-AD44974FB544 en-US Carte des couleurs de peau (peuples indigènes) UNEP/GRID-Arendal Décliné à partir de facteurs environnementaux multiples UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Chaplin G.©, Geographic Distribution of Environmental Factors Influencing Human Skin Coloration, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 125:292–302, 2004; carte mise à jour en 2007 Wed, 26 May 2010 19:50:41 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/carte-des-couleurs-de-peau-peuples-indig-nes_thumbnail.jpg 220 135 Décliné à partir de facteurs environnementaux multiples 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone resource kit journalist http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/829B2075-FBDB-FC13-C6EC-81BF29E5C4F9 en-US Caspian Sea - salinity Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Caspian Sea has internal drainage, which means that it does not have an outlet to the World Ocean. All water entering the sea accumulates or evaporates. The sea surface salinity in the sea exhibits a gradient, with the semi-encludes bay of Kara-Bogaz-Gol having the most saline water. This bay was closed between 1980 and 1992. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspianregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Caspian Environment Programme, 2002 Thu, 06 Mar 2008 17:38:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/caspian-sea-salinity_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 165 The Caspian Sea has internal drainage, which means that it does not have an outlet to the World Ocean. All water entering the sea accumulates or evaporates. The sea surface salinity in the sea exhibits a gradient, with the semi-encludes bay of Kara-Bogaz-Gol having the most saline water. This bay was closed between 1980 and 1992. 42.5 55 30 40 55 70 salt salinity drought desertification evaporation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D13504CD-156B-1092-722E-15A62A0062F4 en-US Caspian Sea and the world: the stage and the actors Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Caspian Sea region presents a wealth of opportunities in various aspect, including bioresources, transport corridors, and not ecotourism. These new ventures may bring increased prosperity, but they also put pressure on traditional rural communities and the environment. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspianregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/a Mon, 25 Feb 2008 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/caspian-sea-and-the-world-the-stage-and-the-actors_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 205 The Caspian Sea region presents a wealth of opportunities in various aspect, including bioresources, transport corridors, and not ecotourism. These new ventures may bring increased prosperity, but they also put pressure on traditional rural communities and the environment. 42.5 55 30 40 55 70 caspian sea trade economy trade routes history http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/151FDD41-6519-1178-65E7-B08E2259C2A8 en-US Caspian sea climate, mean annual temperature and precipitation Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal With the Caspian Sea's north-south alignment, stretching over a distance of approximately 10 degrees, the water body crosses several different climatic regions. The northernmost regions, with Russia and Kazakhstan are characterised by dry and cold temperate continental cliamte. The south part of the sea, with Iran, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan is mountaineous and much warmer. The most precipitation is in the eastern parts, primarily in the southeast. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspiansea UNEP/GRID-Arendal DEWA UNEP/GRID-Europe, Geneva, 2005. Sat, 01 Mar 2008 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/caspian-sea-climate-mean-annual-temperature-and-precipitation_thumbnail.jpg 220 200 With the Caspian Sea's north-south alignment, stretching over a distance of approximately 10 degrees, the water body crosses several different climatic regions. The northernmost regions, with Russia and Kazakhstan are characterised by dry and cold temperate continental cliamte. The south part of the sea, with Iran, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan is mountaineous and much warmer. The most precipitation is in the eastern parts, primarily in the southeast. 41.5 51 36 47 47 55 precipitation drought temperature climate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13C6B086-6AB2-1304-B9F3-7719B6956F12 en-US Catches in the Mauritania Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 1950-2002 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Marine fisheries represent a significant, but finite, natural resource for coastal countries. The majority of the catches in some of the areas of the coast are not primarily by the coastal countries, but rather as in this example, where countries from Europe and Asia (Japan and South Korea are in the ‘others’ group) represent the majority. According to this estimation Mauritania only landed about 10% of the total catch in 2002, with Netherlands as the nation with the largest catch (23%) in this zone. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal MR UNEP/GRID-Arendal Seas Around Us Project Wed, 24 Sep 2008 15:01:13 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/catches-in-the-mauritania-exclusive-economic-zone-eez-1950-2002_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 138 Marine fisheries represent a significant, but finite, natural resource for coastal countries. The majority of the catches in some of the areas of the coast are not primarily by the coastal countries, but rather as in this example, where countries from Europe and Asia (Japan and South Korea are in the ‘others’ group) represent the majority. According to this estimation Mauritania only landed about 10% of the total catch in 2002, with Netherlands as the nation with the largest catch (23%) in this zone. 20.5 -10.5 14 -17 27 -4 fisheries development atlantic tropical marine issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11BACE76-587E-E3C8-010B-D387A2CBD303 en-US Catches in the Mauritania Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 1950-2002 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Marine fisheries represent a significant, but finite, natural resource for coastal countries. For some countries like Mauritania, the majority of the catches belong to international fleets. This represents a significant income for the country in question, but at the same time oppurtunities for value-added services and domestic employment are lost. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal MR UNEP/GRID-Arendal University of British Columbia. 2006. Seas Around Us Project. http://www.seaaroundus.org/TrophicLevel/EEZTaxon.aspx?eez=478&fao=34&country=Mauritania&Hasnote=1&typeOut=4&Tx=1 (Accessed January 10, 2006) Tue, 14 Nov 2006 10:08:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/catches-in-the-mauritania-exclusive-economic-zone-eez-1950-2002_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 138 Marine fisheries represent a significant, but finite, natural resource for coastal countries. For some countries like Mauritania, the majority of the catches belong to international fleets. This represents a significant income for the country in question, but at the same time oppurtunities for value-added services and domestic employment are lost. 20.5 -10.5 14 -17 27 -4 marine fisheries eez http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D78A3764-FCC1-9242-8B7F-ACCF5D4303CD en-US Cattle in the Caucasus ecoregion Manana Kurtubadze Over the recent number of years, as the economy came to a standstill, individual farms have replaced collective farming and subsistence agriculture and livestock breeding (cattle, sheep and goat) have became common. Along with the increase in farming, more and more land has been used as pasture land. Despite their low productivity, high Mountain areas are increasingly used as pasture grounds for sheep - leading to soil erosion and evoking avalanches and mud-slides. The mountainous shrublands of the Araks basin are extensively irrigated and contribute to soil degradation and the loss of biodiversity. This map presents the distribution and density of cattle farming in the region. Manana Kurtubadze caucaususecoregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Caucasus Atlas project, 2007 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 13:15:15 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cattle-in-the-caucasus-ecoregion_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 188 Over the recent number of years, as the economy came to a standstill, individual farms have replaced collective farming and subsistence agriculture and livestock breeding (cattle, sheep and goat) have became common. Along with the increase in farming, more and more land has been used as pasture land. Despite their low productivity, high Mountain areas are increasingly used as pasture grounds for sheep - leading to soil erosion and evoking avalanches and mud-slides. The mountainous shrublands of the Araks basin are extensively irrigated and contribute to soil degradation and the loss of biodiversity. This map presents the distribution and density of cattle farming in the region. 36.5 44.5 28 38 45 51 cattle livestock pasture agriculture grazing http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/154D0099-568E-CFEE-85DF-10ED1F8508DA en-US Caucasus ice-rock avalanche in Russian Republic of North Ossetia Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal An ice-rock avalanche in the Kazbek region sheared off almost the entire Kolka Glacier and devastated the Genaldon valley. The satellite images show the region before (July 22, 2001) and after (October 6, 2002) the ice-rock avalanche of September 20, 2002. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal RU UNEP/GRID-Arendal The ASTER scenes were provided within the framework of the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space project (GLIMS) through the EROS data center, and are courtesy of NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS and the US/Japan ASTER science team. Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/caucasus-ice-rock-avalanche-in-russian-republic-of-north-ossetia_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 108 An ice-rock avalanche in the Kazbek region sheared off almost the entire Kolka Glacier and devastated the Genaldon valley. The satellite images show the region before (July 22, 2001) and after (October 6, 2002) the ice-rock avalanche of September 20, 2002. 61 102.5 41 25 81 180 cryosphere ice glaciers hazards avalanches http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D0CFB73E-CA5F-4003-A523-19D02FEC9395 en-US Causes of sea level rise from climate change Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal A significant sea level rise is one of the major anticipated consequences of climate change. This graphic explains the causes of sea level change according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It explains the IPCC's A1 scenario family, which consists of three scenarios on future use of fossil energy sources, including scenario A1F1, which involves the use of fossil-intensive energy sources. This resource also includes the graphic 'Components of Mean Sea Level Rise for the Scenario A1F1' which shows the projected sea level rise in metres by 2050 and by 2100 for Greenland, glaciers, expansion, the Antarctic, and the total sea level rise. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal David Griggs, in Climate Change 2001, Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Third Assessment Report (TAR) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, 2001. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/causes-of-sea-level-rise-from-climate-change_thumbnail.jpg 220 207 A significant sea level rise is one of the major anticipated consequences of climate change. This graphic explains the causes of sea level change according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It explains the IPCC's A1 scenario family, which consists of three scenarios on future use of fossil energy sources, including scenario A1F1, which involves the use of fossil-intensive energy sources. This resource also includes the graphic 'Components of Mean Sea Level Rise for the Scenario A1F1' which shows the projected sea level rise in metres by 2050 and by 2100 for Greenland, glaciers, expansion, the Antarctic, and the total sea level rise. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 climate change scenario A1 scenario family sea level change IPCC greenhouse effect sea level climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C6C249A1-622B-1562-6618-7943058476D8 en-US Causual pathway of conflict over resources Luigi de Martino and Viktor Novikov For violence to occur there should be someone able to extract economic profit from the situation. Access to specific natural resources is a factor that can motivate actors to use violence as means of control (diamonds, oil, timber wars) When looking at the process behind violence it is essential to identify players with an incentive for violence. They need to access resources that facilitate mobilization and expansion of violence. However, society is not powerless when confronted with conflict. Institutions, particularly political institutions and civil society can work to defuse situations, or they can fuel discontent through poor governance, corruption and inefficiency. Luigi de Martino and Viktor Novikov ferghana UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Thu, 16 Mar 2006 18:47:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/causual_pathway_of_conflict_over_resources_thumbnail.jpg 220 182 For violence to occur there should be someone able to extract economic profit from the situation. Access to specific natural resources is a factor that can motivate actors to use violence as means of control (diamonds, oil, timber wars) When looking at the process behind violence it is essential to identify players with an incentive for violence. They need to access resources that facilitate mobilization and expansion of violence. However, society is not powerless when confronted with conflict. Institutions, particularly political institutions and civil society can work to defuse situations, or they can fuel discontent through poor governance, corruption and inefficiency. 40.5 70 39 67 42 73 Security ferghana Central asia politics ecomomy conflict http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/96BC6FA4-10AE-AF95-2096-DCA06B8053AB en-US Caviar imports to Japan, European Union and United States Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Caspian area is the world’s main producer of wild caviar (83% in 2003) and supplies the three largest markets, the European Union, Japan and the USA. The construction of several hydroelectric power plants and dams along the Volga river significantly altered the flow of water into the delta and destroyed about 90% of the sturgeon’s spawning grounds, which can be as far as several hundreds of kilometres upstream. This graphic displays the reported figures for these three markets. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal TRAFFIC, Europe, 5th International Symposium on Sturgeon Thu, 13 Mar 2008 10:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/caviar-imports-to-japan-european-union-and-united-states_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 285 The Caspian area is the world’s main producer of wild caviar (83% in 2003) and supplies the three largest markets, the European Union, Japan and the USA. The construction of several hydroelectric power plants and dams along the Volga river significantly altered the flow of water into the delta and destroyed about 90% of the sturgeon’s spawning grounds, which can be as far as several hundreds of kilometres upstream. This graphic displays the reported figures for these three markets. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 caspian sea caviar trade sturgeon fish industry fishery http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/10577DB6-5D85-73BD-9090-7A1A2FC9772F en-US Cell phone composition Cécile Marin It is impossible to detail all the types of waste directly or indirectly involved in manufacturing mobile phones. In developed countries production processes manage to keep sensitive materials in a closed circuit, without any waste escaping to the outside world. Production – “Made in Elsewhere” – does not usually take place where the phones are most widespread. Degrees of efficiency in health and environmental protection vary. In some assembly facilities, workers can be exposed to a mixture of toxic chemicals, with waste finding its way into the atmosphere, ground and water supply, posing a serious risk to their health and that of the people living in the neighborhood. Cécile Marin global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Basel Convention, 2006; Lindholm (Nokia report), 2003 Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cell_phone_composition_thumbnail.jpg 220 512 It is impossible to detail all the types of waste directly or indirectly involved in manufacturing mobile phones. In developed countries production processes manage to keep sensitive materials in a closed circuit, without any waste escaping to the outside world. Production – “Made in Elsewhere” – does not usually take place where the phones are most widespread. Degrees of efficiency in health and environmental protection vary. In some assembly facilities, workers can be exposed to a mixture of toxic chemicals, with waste finding its way into the atmosphere, ground and water supply, posing a serious risk to their health and that of the people living in the neighborhood. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 cell phone manufacturing waste toxic chemicals industry http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/73712BA4-A47F-89F2-F7C5-A90422E2C94B en-US Central Asia in peril Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Communities face appalling health problems. In Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, drinking water is saline and polluted, with a high content of metals that causes a range of diseases. Over the past 15 years there has been a thirty-fold increase in chronic bronchitis and in kidney and liver diseases, especially cancer and arthritic diseases have increased sixty-fold. The infant mortality rate is one of the world's highest. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ruben Mnatsakanian, L’Héritage écologique du communisme dans les républiques de l’ex-URSS, Frison-Roche, Paris, 1994 ; Atlas of the USSR (in Russian), Moscow,1985. Sun, 10 Feb 2008 00:00:30 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/central-asia-in-peril_thumbnail.jpg 220 137 Communities face appalling health problems. In Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, drinking water is saline and polluted, with a high content of metals that causes a range of diseases. Over the past 15 years there has been a thirty-fold increase in chronic bronchitis and in kidney and liver diseases, especially cancer and arthritic diseases have increased sixty-fold. The infant mortality rate is one of the world's highest. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Environment poverty Aral Sea climate changes pollution http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5DC56870-120B-59D3-A548-90581147B6B4 en-US Central Asia: political transition and environmental risks Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Environment and Security consultations in Ashgabat in 2003 pinpointed the Ferghana valley as an area of significant concern in Central Asia (UNEP, UNDP, OSCE 2003) The graphic shows the priority geographic areas and thematic issues for possible ENVSEC action in this area Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Thu, 16 Mar 2006 15:33:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/central-asia-political-transition-and-environmental-risks_thumbnail.jpg 220 265 The Environment and Security consultations in Ashgabat in 2003 pinpointed the Ferghana valley as an area of significant concern in Central Asia (UNEP, UNDP, OSCE 2003) The graphic shows the priority geographic areas and thematic issues for possible ENVSEC action in this area 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Security politics economy political trasitions environmental risks http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/10561D41-6558-B161-54CB-8462430EB388 en-US Centralized or decentralized? - Uganda. A study case UNEP/GRID-Arendal Looking at the costs and benefits, centralized systems may not be the answer in terms of best result for the investment. The chart on the left shows that the financial NPV does not change with increasing population size for centralized sewage and wastewater connection, however the economic NPV (which includes benefits to health and the environment) shows a positive trend with increas- ing populations. Centralized systems therefore generate a greater benefit as population increases, but show a significant loss with small community size. The chart on the right shows the situation where decentralized latrines have been installed, and where the excreta is reused for food production, and hence the overall benefits returned will depend on the current market price for food. With a good market, the reuse benefits of low-cost latrines can be realized by the households into a positive NPV, however those requiring greater investment, do not offer a return on the investment (WSP, 2006). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal WSP, Study for Financial and Economic Analysis of Ecological Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2006. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/centralized-or-decentralized-uganda-a-study-case_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 114 Looking at the costs and benefits, centralized systems may not be the answer in terms of best result for the investment. The chart on the left shows that the financial NPV does not change with increasing population size for centralized sewage and wastewater connection, however the economic NPV (which includes benefits to health and the environment) shows a positive trend with increas- ing populations. Centralized systems therefore generate a greater benefit as population increases, but show a significant loss with small community size. The chart on the right shows the situation where decentralized latrines have been installed, and where the excreta is reused for food production, and hence the overall benefits returned will depend on the current market price for food. With a good market, the reuse benefits of low-cost latrines can be realized by the households into a positive NPV, however those requiring greater investment, do not offer a return on the investment (WSP, 2006). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 sick water wastewater sustainable development global threat http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/587C85B7-126D-7C85-D75B-F17C7E442947 en-US Cereal productivity in sub-Saharan Africa under a projected Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario Philippe Rekacewicz A majority of the population in sub-Saharan African lives in rural areas, where income and employment depend almost entirely on rain-fed agriculture. This population is today at high risk. Sub-Saharan Africa already has a highly variable and unpredictable climate and is acutely vulnerable to floods and droughts. A third of the people in the region live in drought-prone areas, and floods are a recurrent threat in several countries. With climate change, large parts of the region will become drier, increasing the number of people at risk of hunger and poverty by tens of millions. Climate change is already affecting the region. Reduced rainfall across the Sahel, an increase in the incidence of drought and greater volatility are among the current symptoms. But the future points to far more extreme changes: warming between 0.2°C and 0.5°C per decade, with 10% less rainfall in interior regions under intermediate global warming scenarios, and water losses increased by rising temperatures. The warming will be greatest over the semi-arid margins of the Sahara, along the Sahel and interior areas of southern Africa. Climate-induced changes to crop yields and ecosystem boundaries will dramatically affect some of the poorest people in sub-Saharan Africa partly because many of them live in areas most prone to extreme climate events and partly because they have little capacity to adapt by turning to irrigated agriculture, improved seeds or alternative livelihoods. Recent modeling has provided important insights that should serve as an early warning system. One illustration, shown on the map, is based on evidence of the relationship between water availability and productivity in the cereals sector. It highlights areas of acute threat, including a wide band across the Sahel region, stretching from Mauritania across Niger, Burkina Faso, Chad and Sudan. Large swathes of southern Africa face the prospect of steep declines in yields, along with chronically food-insecure countries such as Ethiopia and Somalia. (UNDP Human Development Report, 2006) Philippe Rekacewicz global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Fischer (sous la dir. De), 2005, dans PNUD, Rapport sure le development humain 2006. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cereal-productivity-in-sub-saharan-africa-under-a-projected-intergovernamental-panel-on-climate-chan_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 247 A majority of the population in sub-Saharan African lives in rural areas, where income and employment depend almost entirely on rain-fed agriculture. This population is today at high risk. Sub-Saharan Africa already has a highly variable and unpredictable climate and is acutely vulnerable to floods and droughts. A third of the people in the region live in drought-prone areas, and floods are a recurrent threat in several countries. With climate change, large parts of the region will become drier, increasing the number of people at risk of hunger and poverty by tens of millions. Climate change is already affecting the region. Reduced rainfall across the Sahel, an increase in the incidence of drought and greater volatility are among the current symptoms. But the future points to far more extreme changes: warming between 0.2°C and 0.5°C per decade, with 10% less rainfall in interior regions under intermediate global warming scenarios, and water losses increased by rising temperatures. The warming will be greatest over the semi-arid margins of the Sahara, along the Sahel and interior areas of southern Africa. Climate-induced changes to crop yields and ecosystem boundaries will dramatically affect some of the poorest people in sub-Saharan Africa partly because many of them live in areas most prone to extreme climate events and partly because they have little capacity to adapt by turning to irrigated agriculture, improved seeds or alternative livelihoods. Recent modeling has provided important insights that should serve as an early warning system. One illustration, shown on the map, is based on evidence of the relationship between water availability and productivity in the cereals sector. It highlights areas of acute threat, including a wide band across the Sahel region, stretching from Mauritania across Niger, Burkina Faso, Chad and Sudan. Large swathes of southern Africa face the prospect of steep declines in yields, along with chronically food-insecure countries such as Ethiopia and Somalia. (UNDP Human Development Report, 2006) 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 water graphics conflicts cereal productivity sub-subharan africa project http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B3F240F6-14D7-11C8-5471-7F1B420AE954 en-US Certification Regional Breakdown Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Cashore et al. 2006 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 22:04:43 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/certification-regional-breakdown_thumbnail.jpg 220 129 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D8A28765-7DA9-10E0-471E-BA8E583D1CC2 en-US Certified Emission Reductions UNEP/GRID-Arendal One certified emission reduction unit is equivalent to a one-tonne reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO2 equivalent). Circles have only been drawn for countries that have issued more than 50,000 CERs. Certified Emission Reduction units issued by host parties UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, April 2008. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/certified-emission-reductions_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 155 One certified emission reduction unit is equivalent to a one-tonne reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO2 equivalent). Circles have only been drawn for countries that have issued more than 50,000 CERs. Certified Emission Reduction units issued by host parties 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15D4317C-164A-F340-1B02-C1A739EFA666 en-US Certified Emission Reductions Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal One certified emission reduction unit is equivalent to a one-tonne reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO2 equivalent). Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, April 2008. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/certified-emission-reductions_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 154 One certified emission reduction unit is equivalent to a one-tonne reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C4FF0AD5-6578-14DF-8CE6-123A313F6409 en-US Cesium 137 from nuclear weapon testing fallout (1995 figures) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nuclear explosions - especially the atmospheric tests in the Arctic and from US, UK and Chinese tests at other sites in the world - are the primary source of radioactive contamination in the Arctic. With the times needed for decomposition of nuclear fallout, these higher radiation levels subsists for longer times. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal AMAP, 1998. AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, xii+859pp. Wed, 22 Mar 2006 09:56:05 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cesium_137_from_nuclear_weapon_testing_fallout_1995_figures_thumbnail.jpg 220 227 Nuclear explosions - especially the atmospheric tests in the Arctic and from US, UK and Chinese tests at other sites in the world - are the primary source of radioactive contamination in the Arctic. With the times needed for decomposition of nuclear fallout, these higher radiation levels subsists for longer times. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13FFF1D7-104C-C099-1710-96953E1CB49F en-US CFC end uses in the us in 1987 Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ozone depleting solvents were used in dry cleaning, and to clean metal parts in almost all electronic devices, refrigerating equipment and cars. They also played a part in tasks such as laminating wood for desks, bookshelves and cupboards. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal US Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 (cited by WRI 1996). Sat, 12 Jan 2008 20:42:14 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cfc-end-uses-in-the-us-in-1987_thumbnail.jpg 220 994 Ozone depleting solvents were used in dry cleaning, and to clean metal parts in almost all electronic devices, refrigerating equipment and cars. They also played a part in tasks such as laminating wood for desks, bookshelves and cupboards. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone chlorofluorocarbons CFCs depletion ozone hole ozone depleting substances ODS http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/868DA40B-7657-B469-2671-88664FE2888D en-US CFC production and consumption in 2005 Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal It was once quoted in the US as being second in value only to cocaine. A 2006 estimate indicated that CFCs alone accounted for 7,000 to 14,000 tonnes of this trade, valued at US$ 25 to US$ 60 million. The disparity in production and consumption has created problems around the world. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat, 2007. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 22:12:33 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cfc-production-and-consumption-in-2005_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 It was once quoted in the US as being second in value only to cocaine. A 2006 estimate indicated that CFCs alone accounted for 7,000 to 14,000 tonnes of this trade, valued at US$ 25 to US$ 60 million. The disparity in production and consumption has created problems around the world. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone chlorofluorocarbons CFCs depletion ozone hole ozone depleting substances ODS economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/08AD1C6B-504C-474F-9A7A-6B9AAB77AB3F en-US CH4 emissions in 2000; Latin America and selected countries UNEP/GRID-Arendal Since pre-industrial times, the atmospheric concentration of methane (CH4) has increased by 150%. Methane is a greenhouse gas that has a global warming potential that is 23 times stronger than CO2. (IPCC 2001) In 2000 the total world CH4 emissions was estimated at 6,000 million tonnes of CO2equivalents. In South America the emissions of CH4 per capita is almost twice the world average, while the per capita emissions in Central America and Caribbean is similar to the world average. CH4 comes from burning fossil fuels, rice paddies, waste dumps and livestock. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Resources Institute Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ch4_emissions_in_2000_latin_america_and_selected_countries_thumbnail.jpg 157 180 Since pre-industrial times, the atmospheric concentration of methane (CH4) has increased by 150%. Methane is a greenhouse gas that has a global warming potential that is 23 times stronger than CO2. (IPCC 2001) In 2000 the total world CH4 emissions was estimated at 6,000 million tonnes of CO2equivalents. In South America the emissions of CH4 per capita is almost twice the world average, while the per capita emissions in Central America and Caribbean is similar to the world average. CH4 comes from burning fossil fuels, rice paddies, waste dumps and livestock. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 emissions greenhouse gases CH4 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/128FFEFD-67A5-EF1C-147B-157D33A18D33 en-US Chacaltaya glacier Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal The retreat of glaciers is a clear indication of climate change in Latin America. Since the mid-1990s, the Chacaltaya glacier in the Plurinational State of Bolivia has lost half of its surface area and two thirds of its volume, endangering the long-term sustainability of the glacier (Francou et. al. 2003). Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal CAN, UNEP and Spanish Agency for International Cooperation. 2007. ¿El fin de las cumbres nevadas? Glaciares y Cambio Climático en la Comunidad Andina. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/chacaltaya-glacier_thumbnail_007.jpg 220 323 The retreat of glaciers is a clear indication of climate change in Latin America. Since the mid-1990s, the Chacaltaya glacier in the Plurinational State of Bolivia has lost half of its surface area and two thirds of its volume, endangering the long-term sustainability of the glacier (Francou et. al. 2003). -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 yes http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11DB8837-107B-FAC0-FDFE-9371369D45DB en-US Change Forest Cover Costa Rica Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. Decreases and increases in forest area, 1940-2005. Costa rica has recently recorded a change from having a net loss of forests to having a net gain in forest area. Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal EOSL/CCT/FONAFIFO 2002; FONAFIFO 2007 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 12:43:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/change-forest-cover-costa-rica_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 241 Decreases and increases in forest area, 1940-2005. Costa rica has recently recorded a change from having a net loss of forests to having a net gain in forest area. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/184DABC2-1159-B632-1478-134317B9C208 en-US Change in forest cover, 1985-2007 Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Between 1985 and 2007, 49.3% of all forests on the island were lost. In the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra the figures were 22.7% and 43.4%, respectively. Most forest loss has occurred in the lowlands, the very areas where orangutan density is highest. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Hillshade generated from SRTM 90m DEM available from the CGIAR website (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/). Bathymetry from the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model downloaded from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Sumatran orangutan distribution shapefile prepared by Singleton and Wich and based on Wich et al. 2008 with unpublished data added. Forest layer interpreted by PanEco/ YEL, 2010 from Landsat 5 TM, 2009 and Landsat ETM 7 filled, 2010. Laumonier, Y., Uryu, Y., Stüwe, M., Budiman, A., Setiabudi, B. and Hadian, O. 2010. Eco-floristic sectors and deforestation threats in Sumatra: Identifying new conservation area network priorities for ecosystem-based land use planning. Biodiv Cons 19: 1153-1174. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/change-in-forest-cover-1985-2007_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 251 Between 1985 and 2007, 49.3% of all forests on the island were lost. In the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra the figures were 22.7% and 43.4%, respectively. Most forest loss has occurred in the lowlands, the very areas where orangutan density is highest. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9A6C2280-4CF9-4E27-A3DF-9C3493BD055A en-US Change in permafrost temperature in Fairbanks (Alaska) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal With a doubling of atmospheric CO2, it is likely that there will be increases in the thickness of the active layer permafrost and the disappearance of most of the ice-rich discontinous permafrost over a century-long time span. This figure provides a good example of changes already observed in Alaska. Widespread loss of discontinous permafrost will trigger erosion or subsidence of ice-rich landscapes, change hydrologic processes, and release CO2 and methane to the atmosphere. Changes in the cryosphere will reduce slope stability and increase incidence of natural hazards for people, structures and communication links. Buildings, roads, pipelines and communication links will be threatened. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal arcticwest UNEP/GRID-Arendal Romanovsky, in Impacts of global climate change in the Arctic regions, IASC, Tromsø, April 1999 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/change-in-permafrost-temperature-in-fairbanks-alaska_thumbnail.jpg 145 200 With a doubling of atmospheric CO2, it is likely that there will be increases in the thickness of the active layer permafrost and the disappearance of most of the ice-rich discontinous permafrost over a century-long time span. This figure provides a good example of changes already observed in Alaska. Widespread loss of discontinous permafrost will trigger erosion or subsidence of ice-rich landscapes, change hydrologic processes, and release CO2 and methane to the atmosphere. Changes in the cryosphere will reduce slope stability and increase incidence of natural hazards for people, structures and communication links. Buildings, roads, pipelines and communication links will be threatened. 72.5 -90 55 -180 90 0 Arctic Climate change permafrost temperature http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F8019433-BD28-4463-9AA7-AC58535C16DE en-US Change in precipitation for scenarios A2 and B2; Tropical America UNEP/GRID-Arendal When global surface temperatures increase, changes in precipitation and atmospheric moisture are very likely to increase: the hydrological cycle will be more active, and the atmosphere will increase its water holding capacity. Atmospheric water vapour is a climatically critical greenhouse gas, and more of it leads to a stronger greenhouse effect through natural feedback systems. As a rule of thumb, precipitation will increase in areas that already have much precipitation, while it might decrease in already dry areas. 'Precipitation during the 20th century has on average increased over continents outside the tropics but decreased in the desert regions of Africa and South America”. Scenarios: The IPCC scenarios projects the impacts of various projected concentrations of CO2 in the year 2100, fluctuating between 540 and 970 ppm, compared to about 280 ppm in the pre-industrial era, and 375 in the year 2003. The A2 scenario implies focus on economic growth and increasing population, while the B2 scenario focuses on environmental sustainability. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal Intergovernmental Panel an Climate Change (IPCC) 2001 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/change_in_precipitation_for_scenarios_a2_and_b2_tropical_america_thumbnail.jpg 108 180 When global surface temperatures increase, changes in precipitation and atmospheric moisture are very likely to increase: the hydrological cycle will be more active, and the atmosphere will increase its water holding capacity. Atmospheric water vapour is a climatically critical greenhouse gas, and more of it leads to a stronger greenhouse effect through natural feedback systems. As a rule of thumb, precipitation will increase in areas that already have much precipitation, while it might decrease in already dry areas. 'Precipitation during the 20th century has on average increased over continents outside the tropics but decreased in the desert regions of Africa and South America”. Scenarios: The IPCC scenarios projects the impacts of various projected concentrations of CO2 in the year 2100, fluctuating between 540 and 970 ppm, compared to about 280 ppm in the pre-industrial era, and 375 in the year 2003. The A2 scenario implies focus on economic growth and increasing population, while the B2 scenario focuses on environmental sustainability. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 precipitation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1477470C-1807-7C37-44BB-175E002CC87F en-US Change in sea level as a result of changes in ocean density and circulation Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal Changes in sea levels resulting exclusively from changes in ocean density and circulation patterns, results of atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCM) for climate change scenario A1B (this scenario assumes future rapid demographic and economic growth, introduction of new and more efficient technologies, accompanied by a balanced use of all types of energy sources) show that there will be significant spatial variability, i.e., changes in sea levels will not be uniform. Thus, it is expected that by the end of the century (2090-2099) there will be major rises in sea levels in the Caribbean and the Atlantic compared to 1980-1999 levels – attributable to the change in density and ocean circulation patterns – which, with the exception of the southeastern coast of Argentina and the eastern coast of Brazil, are expected to be as much as 5 cm greater than the projected world average of between 0.21 meters and 0.48 meters. These same models predict that increases in Pacific sea levels will be less than the world average of 5 cm. Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal Meehl, G.A., T.F. Stocker, W.D. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A.T. Gaye, J.M. Gregory, A. Kitoh, R. Knutti, J.M. Murphy, A. Noda, S.C.B. Raper, I.G. Watterson, A.J. Weaver and Z.-C. Zhao. 2007. Global Climate Projections. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/change-in-sea-level-as-a-result-of-changes-in-ocean-density-and-circulation_thumbnail_007.jpg 220 309 Changes in sea levels resulting exclusively from changes in ocean density and circulation patterns, results of atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCM) for climate change scenario A1B (this scenario assumes future rapid demographic and economic growth, introduction of new and more efficient technologies, accompanied by a balanced use of all types of energy sources) show that there will be significant spatial variability, i.e., changes in sea levels will not be uniform. Thus, it is expected that by the end of the century (2090-2099) there will be major rises in sea levels in the Caribbean and the Atlantic compared to 1980-1999 levels – attributable to the change in density and ocean circulation patterns – which, with the exception of the southeastern coast of Argentina and the eastern coast of Brazil, are expected to be as much as 5 cm greater than the projected world average of between 0.21 meters and 0.48 meters. These same models predict that increases in Pacific sea levels will be less than the world average of 5 cm. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 yes http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8527D414-C509-E422-F661-14215D4BCE28 en-US Change in the age of ice on the Arctic Ocean, comparing September ice ages in 1988, 1990, 2001 and 2005 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The age of sea ice in the Arctic is changing, and not only the extent and concentrations. Studies show that in recent years there is a higher proportion of younger ice to older ice than was observed in the late 1980s. This analysis is based on results from a simulation using drifting buoy data and satellite-derived ice-concentration data. The darker the colour, the older the ice. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Proshutinsky, A., Romanovsky, V., Bengtsson, L., Brigham., L., Dyrgerov, M., Gascard, J.C., Gerland, S., Graversen, R., Haas, C., Karcher, M., Kuhry, P., Maslanik, J., Melling, H., Maslowsky, W., Morison, J., Perovich, D., Przybylak, R., Rachold, V., Rigor, I., Shiklomanov, A., Stroeve, J., Walker, D. and Walsh, J. (2006). State of the Arctic Report. NOAA OAR Special Report. NOAA/ OAR/PMEL, Seattle, Washington Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/change-in-the-age-of-ice-on-the-arctic-ocean-comparing-september-ice-ages-in-1988-1990-2001-and-2005_thumbnail.jpg 220 446 The age of sea ice in the Arctic is changing, and not only the extent and concentrations. Studies show that in recent years there is a higher proportion of younger ice to older ice than was observed in the late 1980s. This analysis is based on results from a simulation using drifting buoy data and satellite-derived ice-concentration data. The darker the colour, the older the ice. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 cryosphere ice climate climate change climatology sea-ice http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D7F7C108-6536-F083-3241-881AFA956992 en-US Changes in agricultural land (pasture and cropland) Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal For all developing countries over the period 1961–99, expansion of harvested land contributed only 29% to growth in crop production versus the contribution of increases in yields, which amounted to 71%; in sub-Saharan Africa, however, yield increases accounted for only 34% of growth in production. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 03 Feb 2008 19:56:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/changes-in-agricultural-land-pasture-and-cropland_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 356 For all developing countries over the period 1961–99, expansion of harvested land contributed only 29% to growth in crop production versus the contribution of increases in yields, which amounted to 71%; in sub-Saharan Africa, however, yield increases accounted for only 34% of growth in production. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture crop pasture land food production economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BDAF2602-E2C7-1119-027C-D8EE4FAF5504 en-US Changes in Area of Productive Forest Plantations Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO 2006a. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 15:30:37 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/changes-in-area-of-productive-forest-plantations_thumbnail.jpg 220 150 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13866311-CC2A-99C4-357A-BD42608C50D9 en-US Changes in available water in Africa: end of 20th and 21st centuries IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Salinization affects about 10% of the world’s irrigated land, while the loss of biodiversity and its associated agroecological functions (estimated to provide economic benefits of US$ 1,542 billion per year) adversely affect productivity especially in environmentally sensitive lands in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maarten de Wit and Jacek Stankiewicz, Science 31 March 2006 Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/changes-in-available-water-in-africa-end-of-20th-and-21st-centuries_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 126 Salinization affects about 10% of the world’s irrigated land, while the loss of biodiversity and its associated agroecological functions (estimated to provide economic benefits of US$ 1,542 billion per year) adversely affect productivity especially in environmentally sensitive lands in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming water depletion desertification http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C909E3C0-7B8E-DB9D-B2E9-B6A1610CFB76 en-US Changes in biodiversity and ecosystems based on human impact 1990-2050 Even Husby, Julien Rouaud, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Modelling, using the GLOBIO1 model, over the Arctic, assessing the impacts on the environment based on infrastructure development between 1990 and 2050 in three different scenarios. The development of roads, pipelines and powerlines fragments the natural habitats and reduces the wilderness qualities. Even Husby, Julien Rouaud, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Digital Chart of the World (DCW) Wed, 15 Feb 2006 08:10:04 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/changes_in_biodiversity_and_ecosystems_based_on_human_impact_1990_2050_thumbnail.jpg 220 256 Modelling, using the GLOBIO1 model, over the Arctic, assessing the impacts on the environment based on infrastructure development between 1990 and 2050 in three different scenarios. The development of roads, pipelines and powerlines fragments the natural habitats and reduces the wilderness qualities. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 human impact development infrastructure arctic wilderness globio http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E95A3142-EC2C-14E3-95C5-F8686546D5DE en-US Changes in economic structure for selected countries Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal While traditional natural resource sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries are still important in industrial-country economies, the relative economic and political significance of other sectors has grown as a result of the ongoing transition from agricultural to industrial and service economies. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sun, 03 Feb 2008 19:04:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/changes-in-economic-structure-for-selected-countries_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 140 While traditional natural resource sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and fisheries are still important in industrial-country economies, the relative economic and political significance of other sectors has grown as a result of the ongoing transition from agricultural to industrial and service economies. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 economy trade gross national income GNI service argriculture mining industry http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FEE1122B-E32A-134B-28B7-116F176C0A57 en-US Changes in forest area Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Timber is harvested from forests and plantations and used for a variety of building, manufacturing, fuel, and other needs. Forests (providing fuelwood and charcoal), agricultural crops, and manure all serve as sources of biomass energy. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 03 Feb 2008 20:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/changes-in-forest-area_thumbnail.jpg 220 357 Timber is harvested from forests and plantations and used for a variety of building, manufacturing, fuel, and other needs. Forests (providing fuelwood and charcoal), agricultural crops, and manure all serve as sources of biomass energy. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest economy lumber industry agriculture poverty http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11407C52-178C-1020-2983-D6AAE52C1787 en-US Changes in global water use by sector Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP/GRID-Arendal 2002, based on Shiklomanov and UNESCO 1999 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 13:49:44 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/changes-in-global-water-use-by-sector_thumbnail.jpg 113 300 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/89043D91-EEF0-4353-8330-E14A148C78CC en-US Changes in the spawning grounds of anchovy Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal blacksea UNEP/GRID-Arendal see bottom of graphic file Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:16:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_changes_in_the_spawning_grounds_of_anchovy.jpg 220 94 Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. 43.5 34 37 22 50 46 black sea water giwa Global International Water Assessment biodiversity anchovy fisheries fish food http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FB874CDD-377B-44AE-9642-1C3C193F6E3E en-US Changes to Coconut Beach (Dominica) after the 1995 hurricane season Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal During a period between May 1994 to September 1995 the profile of the beach dramatically changed. A rising sea level combined with more storms, washed away vulnerable beaches. With the sand gone, the coast is more vulnerable to waves going further inland, threatening fresh water wells with salinisation, leading to land erosion, and making the areas less attractive for tourism. When a beach starts to deteriorate, the process can be amazingly quick. It is very likely that the 20th century warming has contributed significantly to the observed rise in global average sea level and the increase in ocean heat content. Warming drives sea level rise through thermal expansion of seawater and widespread loss of land ice. Based on tide gauge records, after correcting for land movements, the average annual rise was between 1 and 2 mm during the 20th century. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal DM UNEP/GRID-Arendal Dominica National Communication to the UNFCCC 2001 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_changes-to-coconut-beach-dominica-after-the-1995-hurricane-season.jpg 220 127 During a period between May 1994 to September 1995 the profile of the beach dramatically changed. A rising sea level combined with more storms, washed away vulnerable beaches. With the sand gone, the coast is more vulnerable to waves going further inland, threatening fresh water wells with salinisation, leading to land erosion, and making the areas less attractive for tourism. When a beach starts to deteriorate, the process can be amazingly quick. It is very likely that the 20th century warming has contributed significantly to the observed rise in global average sea level and the increase in ocean heat content. Warming drives sea level rise through thermal expansion of seawater and widespread loss of land ice. Based on tide gauge records, after correcting for land movements, the average annual rise was between 1 and 2 mm during the 20th century. 15 -61 15 -61 15 -61 Coconut Beach beach sea-level natural disasters hurricane disasters hazard http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F49BB79C-1DF9-4285-A707-3A48BF769EFC en-US Changing Biomes in South Africa Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Predictions of the effects of climate change on natural ecosystems in South Africa, over the medium to long term, have included reduced spatial extent of the Grassland biome (Ellery et al. 1991) and an increase in the extent of the Desert biome (Macdonald & Midgley 1996). This graphic shows how the Grassland Biome is expected to shrink as surrounding biomes expand their ranges. It also shows how increasingly arid conditions in the Northern Cape region may change the geographic distribution of the Nama Karoo and Succulent Karoo biomes. Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal ZA UNEP/GRID-Arendal State of the Environment South Africa: Terrestrial Ecosystems: Impact Part 2, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism of South Africa, www.environment.gov.za, 1999. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_changing_biomes_in_south_africa.jpg 220 327 Predictions of the effects of climate change on natural ecosystems in South Africa, over the medium to long term, have included reduced spatial extent of the Grassland biome (Ellery et al. 1991) and an increase in the extent of the Desert biome (Macdonald & Midgley 1996). This graphic shows how the Grassland Biome is expected to shrink as surrounding biomes expand their ranges. It also shows how increasingly arid conditions in the Northern Cape region may change the geographic distribution of the Nama Karoo and Succulent Karoo biomes. -34 25.5 -46 14 -22 37 biome biotic community savanna climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B11066CB-D39E-145B-6CDD-AC1F278DC8E3 en-US Changing Global Forest Cover Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. Forests can undergo changes in various ways. Forest areas can be reduced either by deforestation or by natural disasters, which can result in the forest being unable to naturally regenerate. Conversely, forest areas can be increased – through afforestation or by the natural expansion of forests. Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal MA 2005 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 12:24:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/changing-global-forest-cover_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 123 Forests can undergo changes in various ways. Forest areas can be reduced either by deforestation or by natural disasters, which can result in the forest being unable to naturally regenerate. Conversely, forest areas can be increased – through afforestation or by the natural expansion of forests. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C7FFA073-5403-1564-ABC5-8A186422741E en-US Changing percentages of selected municipal wastes Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Municipal waste is everything collected and treated by municipalities. Only part of it is comes from households, the rest is generated by small businesses, commercial and other municipal activities. A typical trend: as countries get richer, the organic share decreases whereas the paper and plastic ones increase. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal OECD, 2002 Thu, 09 Feb 2006 19:38:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/changing_percentages_of_selected_municipal_wastes_thumbnail.jpg 97 180 Municipal waste is everything collected and treated by municipalities. Only part of it is comes from households, the rest is generated by small businesses, commercial and other municipal activities. A typical trend: as countries get richer, the organic share decreases whereas the paper and plastic ones increase. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption paper plastic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14C8DC2D-D361-14AA-49F9-F503F23C13CA en-US Characteristic time and space scales related to ecosystems and their services Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The time scale of change refers to the time required for the effects of a perturbation of a process to be expressed. Inertia refers to the delay or slowness in the response of a system to factors altering their rate of change, including continuation of change in the system after the cause of that change has been removed. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal IPCC, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 03 Feb 2008 19:43:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/characteristic-time-and-space-scales-related-to-ecosystems-and-their-services_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 161 The time scale of change refers to the time required for the effects of a perturbation of a process to be expressed. Inertia refers to the delay or slowness in the response of a system to factors altering their rate of change, including continuation of change in the system after the cause of that change has been removed. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ecosystem atmosphere climate change greenhouse gas ghg carbon dioxide co2 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13A771C1-14BE-16AD-D45F-5F10E7895E5E en-US Charcoal business in Virunga area Riccardo Pravettoni Charcoal business in the Virunga area. Riccardo Pravettoni global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNSC, S/2008/773. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/charcoal-business-in-virunga-area_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 266 Charcoal business in the Virunga area. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 gorilla congo threat crime conflict http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15DBC8A0-1405-EC00-568C-61095E7CB5B0 en-US Charcoal illegal trade Riccaro Pravettoni As valuable timber becomes rare outside of parks, militias enter parks and illegally cut and produce charcoal inside parks – even the best protected park of the Virungas housing large shares of the Worlds remaining mountain gorilla popula- tion. Rangers here destroyed over a thousand kilns for charcoal inside the park in 2009. Riccaro Pravettoni global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNSC, S/2008/773; Central African Regional Program for the Environment, 2007; ICCN. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/charcoal-illegal-trade_thumbnail_005.jpg 146 300 As valuable timber becomes rare outside of parks, militias enter parks and illegally cut and produce charcoal inside parks – even the best protected park of the Virungas housing large shares of the Worlds remaining mountain gorilla popula- tion. Rangers here destroyed over a thousand kilns for charcoal inside the park in 2009. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 gorilla congo threat crime conflict http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1808A975-E9EC-8F79-4204-10AB0C459D06 en-US Cheetah and Wildebeest in East Africa Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Protecting the Cheetah’s range also benefits other migratory wildlife, including those not currently protected by international agreements such as Appendix I of the CMS. The Serengeti- Mara-Tsavo landscape, for example, is home not only to a globally important population of Cheetahs, but also to vast numbers of migratory Wildebeest, Zebra, Eland and Thomson’s Gazelle. In 2011, the Tanzanian government ensured that the proposed commercial road network would not bisect the Serengeti and all roads inside the park remain under the park management. This will help to maintain the integrity of the ecosystem and safeguard all of these populations. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal National Geographic Magazine, online edition; Frankfurt Zoological Society, Connecting Northern Tanzania, 2011 Conservation Planning for Cheetah and African Wild Dog, 2011 Mon, 21 Nov 2011 09:54:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cheetah-and-wildebeest-in-east-africa_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 220 Protecting the Cheetah’s range also benefits other migratory wildlife, including those not currently protected by international agreements such as Appendix I of the CMS. The Serengeti- Mara-Tsavo landscape, for example, is home not only to a globally important population of Cheetahs, but also to vast numbers of migratory Wildebeest, Zebra, Eland and Thomson’s Gazelle. In 2011, the Tanzanian government ensured that the proposed commercial road network would not bisect the Serengeti and all roads inside the park remain under the park management. This will help to maintain the integrity of the ecosystem and safeguard all of these populations. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 cheetah range southern africa wildebeest migratory wildlife http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7CE7ADC3-4B33-40F6-8209-A2A03E6B08FB en-US Child Mortality and Accessibility Index (Burkina Faso and Mali) Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Burkina Faso and Mali have among the highest rates of child mortality in West Africa and the world. This map shows the decrease in child mortality when the levels of access to markets and infrastructure based on road quality and town size increase. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal BF UNEP/GRID-Arendal Digital data source: Demographic Health Survey Points: West Africa Spatial Analysis Prototype (WASAP) dataset, 1995. Accessibility: Road Network digitized from IGN maps, surfaces produced by Uwe Deichmann, 1997. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/child_mortality_and_accessibility_index_burkina_faso_and_mali__thumbnail_001.jpg 200 137 Burkina Faso and Mali have among the highest rates of child mortality in West Africa and the world. This map shows the decrease in child mortality when the levels of access to markets and infrastructure based on road quality and town size increase. 12 -1.5 9 -5 15 2 west africa mali burkina faso infant mortality poverty infrastructure health transportation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A260AF6D-D830-4606-A1AE-3FC2FBEDFB68 en-US Child Mortality and Agroclimatic Zones Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This map shows the correlation between the types of agricultural zones levels of child mortality. In West Africa there are a lower levels of child mortality in the humid zones along coastal areas than the arid zones of the interior. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal westafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Digital data source: Demographic Health Survey Points: West Africa Spatial Analysis Prototype (WASAP) dataset, 1995. Agroclimatic zones: Data Exploration Tool CD-Rom, Corbett, 1996. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/child_mortality_and_agroclimatic_zones_thumbnail.jpg 200 132 This map shows the correlation between the types of agricultural zones levels of child mortality. In West Africa there are a lower levels of child mortality in the humid zones along coastal areas than the arid zones of the interior. 10.5 -2 0 -19 21 15 child mortality poverty west africa health agroclimate climate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FD7EEB6E-1441-13FF-FC82-82CCCD8A27B1 en-US Child Mortality and Land Degradation Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This map shows the correlation between the types of level of land degredation and child mortality. In West Africa there are a higher percentage of child mortality around areas that have higher levels of land degradation. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal westafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Digital data source: Demographic Health Survey Points: West Africa Spatial Analysis Prototype (WASAP) dataset, 1995. Land degradation: Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOW), Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/child_mortality_and_land_degradation_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 137 This map shows the correlation between the types of level of land degredation and child mortality. In West Africa there are a higher percentage of child mortality around areas that have higher levels of land degradation. 10.5 -2 0 -19 21 15 chlid mortality poverty west africa land degradation soil erosion http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9EF342BA-FBAC-BABD-1904-134310178D1B en-US Child mortality rates UNEP/GRID-Arendal Child mortality rates by cause and region, 2004. Source: WHO, 2008. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal WHO, 2008. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/child-mortality-rates_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 273 Child mortality rates by cause and region, 2004. Source: WHO, 2008. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 sick water wastewater sustainable development global threat http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/98C21EAE-A1DE-45CB-A005-BD5CDF695449 en-US Children Stunted and Accessibility Index (Burkina Faso and Mali) Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Burkina Faso and Mali have among the highest rates of malnutrition in West Africa and the world. This map shows the levels of stunted growth in children in comparison to the levels of access to markets and infrastructure based on road quality and town size. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal BF UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway / SSB Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/children_stunted_and_accessibility_index_burkina_faso_and_mali__thumbnail_001.jpg 200 137 Burkina Faso and Mali have among the highest rates of malnutrition in West Africa and the world. This map shows the levels of stunted growth in children in comparison to the levels of access to markets and infrastructure based on road quality and town size. 12 -1.5 9 -5 15 2 stunted growth poverty west africa mali burkina faso malnutrition health accessibilty http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FECE469A-7E65-43A2-BC3E-36C60D8D0A12 en-US Children Stunted and Agroclimatic Zones Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Malnutrition in West Africa is a major concern. This map shows the levels of stunted growth in children in comparison to the type of agroclimate. The more arid the zone the higher the growth in children is stunted. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal westafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Digital data source: Demographic Health Survey Points: West Africa Spatial Analysis Prototype (WASAP) dataset, 1995. Agroclimatic zones: Data Exploration Tool CD-Rom, Corbett, 1996. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/children_stunted_and_agroclimatic_zones_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 134 Malnutrition in West Africa is a major concern. This map shows the levels of stunted growth in children in comparison to the type of agroclimate. The more arid the zone the higher the growth in children is stunted. 10.5 -2 0 -19 21 15 stunted growth poverty west africa health malnutrition agroclimate climate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/2112EE1A-E9D1-482A-8876-2F55C9C7F0BC en-US Children Stunted and Land Degradation Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Malnutrition in West Africa is a major concern as is environmental damage. This map shows the levels of stunted growth in children of West Africa in comparison to the level of land degradation. There does not seem to be a high correlation between the two. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal westafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Low Digital data source: Demographic Health Survey Points: West Africa Spatial Analysis Prototype (WASAP) dataset, 1995. Land degradation: Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOW), Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/children_stunted_and_land_degradation_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 137 Malnutrition in West Africa is a major concern as is environmental damage. This map shows the levels of stunted growth in children of West Africa in comparison to the level of land degradation. There does not seem to be a high correlation between the two. 10.5 -2 0 -19 21 15 poverty malnutrition health west africa stunted growth land degradation soil ersion http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B4F017C4-1640-15A5-D10D-170FC47A7CB9 en-US Clearing invasive alien plant species Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Despite the widespread distribution and extent of alien invasive species in South Africa, actions to control such plants have had some good results. In the fight against invasive alien plant species, the Working for Water programme has used various methods including mechanical methods, chemical methods, biological control, and integrated control. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Working for Water Programme Wed, 22 Jun 2011 08:55:39 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/clearing-invasive-alien-plant-species_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 177 Despite the widespread distribution and extent of alien invasive species in South Africa, actions to control such plants have had some good results. In the fight against invasive alien plant species, the Working for Water programme has used various methods including mechanical methods, chemical methods, biological control, and integrated control. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15979E52-1649-16DC-7BC9-14FD5C7A8082 en-US Climate change - ice and snow and the albedo effect Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Changes in the polar regions can cause more warming in the entire planet earth system through feedback effects. One such effect is the reduction of ice and snow due to warmer temperatures. When the white and gray snow and ice disappears, less sun rays are reflected out and instead the heat is absorbed by land and sea - which causes further increase in the warming. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/a Thu, 07 Aug 2008 20:20:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-ice-and-snow-and-the-albedo-effect_thumbnail.jpg 220 196 Changes in the polar regions can cause more warming in the entire planet earth system through feedback effects. One such effect is the reduction of ice and snow due to warmer temperatures. When the white and gray snow and ice disappears, less sun rays are reflected out and instead the heat is absorbed by land and sea - which causes further increase in the warming. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ipy climate change greenhouse effect albedo climate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BFFE205D-B692-B1C5-AA3B-58C98E510EE9 en-US Climate change and malaria, scenario for 2050 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal With climate conditions changing in the future, due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, conditions for pests also change. The primary Malaria agent, the falciparum malaria parasite, will be able to spread into new areas, as displayed in this map, by 2050 using the Hadley CM2 high scenario. Other areas, not displayed in the map, will be uninhabitable by the parasite, and thus free of the pest. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Rogers & Randolph. The Global Spread of Malaria in a Future, Warmer World. Science (2000:1763-1766). Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-and-malaria-scenario-for-2050_thumbnail_006.jpg 220 128 With climate conditions changing in the future, due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, conditions for pests also change. The primary Malaria agent, the falciparum malaria parasite, will be able to spread into new areas, as displayed in this map, by 2050 using the Hadley CM2 high scenario. Other areas, not displayed in the map, will be uninhabitable by the parasite, and thus free of the pest. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 malaria climate change infectious diseases health http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/151032B1-10C1-EF9D-E833-F62950C14C33 en-US Climate change and natural disaster impacts in the Ferghana Valley Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Central Asia is a disaster-prone area, exposed to various natural hazards such as floods, droughts, avalanches, rockslide and earthquakes. It is also vulnerable to man-made disasters related to industrial activity and the radioactive and chemical dumps inherited from the Soviet period. Several factors - population density in disaster-prone areas, high overall population growth, poverty, land and water use, failure to comply with building codes and global climate change – make the region particularly vulnerable to natural as well as man made disasters. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal ferghana UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Thu, 16 Mar 2006 20:49:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate_change_and_natural_disaster_impacts_in_the_ferghana_valley_thumbnail.jpg 220 261 Central Asia is a disaster-prone area, exposed to various natural hazards such as floods, droughts, avalanches, rockslide and earthquakes. It is also vulnerable to man-made disasters related to industrial activity and the radioactive and chemical dumps inherited from the Soviet period. Several factors - population density in disaster-prone areas, high overall population growth, poverty, land and water use, failure to comply with building codes and global climate change – make the region particularly vulnerable to natural as well as man made disasters. 40.5 70 39 67 42 73 Security ferghana Central asia politics ecomomy natural disasters climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/56093397-8772-63B0-E989-102AFA5079A0 en-US Climate change and tropical coral reefs, scenarios for bleaching events Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Projected areas of above normal sea temperature where coral bleaching is likely to occur for the SRES A2 scenario (continuing current trends) by two different models, the PCM (1.7°C increase in 100 years) and the HadCM3 (3°C increase in 100 years) by approximately 2035 (left) and by 2055 (right). Both models project severe annual bleaching in more than 80% of the Worlds coral reefs by 2080. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal tropical UNEP/GRID-Arendal Donner, S.D., Skirving, W.J., Little, C.M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Oppenheimer, M. 2005. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Global Change Biology vol, 11, 2251-2265. Fri, 22 Feb 2008 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-and-tropical-coral-reefs-scenarios-for-bleaching-events_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 138 Projected areas of above normal sea temperature where coral bleaching is likely to occur for the SRES A2 scenario (continuing current trends) by two different models, the PCM (1.7°C increase in 100 years) and the HadCM3 (3°C increase in 100 years) by approximately 2035 (left) and by 2055 (right). Both models project severe annual bleaching in more than 80% of the Worlds coral reefs by 2080. 0 0 -30 -180 30 180 marine issues oceans sea seas ocean world ocean climate change coral reefs scenarios http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/043F0704-62B3-4A95-8C2F-EB73D6816218 en-US Climate change and vector-borne diseases Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate change and altered weather patters would affect the range (both altitude and latitude), intensity, and seasonality of many major tropical vector-borne and other infectious diseases - such as malaria and dengue fever. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate change 1995, Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific-technical analyses, contribution of working group 2 to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, UNEP and WMO, Cambridge press univeristy, 1996 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-and-vector-borne-diseases_thumbnail.jpg 220 159 Climate change and altered weather patters would affect the range (both altitude and latitude), intensity, and seasonality of many major tropical vector-borne and other infectious diseases - such as malaria and dengue fever. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate change health malaria dengue fever http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9CC588F0-1207-EAD6-5EF1-172EC0BFD9EF en-US Climate change global processes and effects UNEP/GRID-Arendal Greenhouse gases emissions, HUMAN ACTIVITIES, CLIMATE CHANGE PROCESSES, MAIN CLIMATE FEATURES, MAJOR THREATS. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-global-processes-and-effects_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 136 Greenhouse gases emissions, HUMAN ACTIVITIES, CLIMATE CHANGE PROCESSES, MAIN CLIMATE FEATURES, MAJOR THREATS. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B419CFA2-7B39-7CCB-280C-888B2F5F6AD5 en-US Climate change global processes and effects Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate change global processes and effects involving human activities, main climate features and major threats. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-global-processes-and-effects_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 137 Climate change global processes and effects involving human activities, main climate features and major threats. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7B731AA2-2D12-46E3-B4E0-EE1EF3B0617A en-US Climate change impact on mountain vegetation zones Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The figure shows a comparison of current vegetation zones at a hypothetical dry temperate mountain site with simulated vegetation zones under a climate-warming scenario. Mountains cover about 20% of the Earth's continents and serve as an important water source for most major rivers. Paleologic records indicate that climate warming in the past has caused vegetation zones to shift to higher elevations, resulting in the loss of some species and ecosystems. Simulated scenarios for temperate-climate mountain sites suggest that continued warming could have similar consequences. Species and ecosystems with limited climatic ranges could disappear and, in most mountain regions, the extent and volume of glaciers and the extent of permafrost and seasonal snow cover will be reduced. Along with possible changes in precipitation this would affect soil stability and socio-economic activities such as agriculture, tourism, hydropower and logging. Resources for indigenous populations and recreational activities would also be disrupted. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Martin Benitson, Mountain environments in changing climates, Routledge, London, 1994; Climate change 1995, Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific-technical analyses, contribution of working group 2 to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, UNEP and WMO, Cambridge press univeristy, 1996 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-impact-on-mountain-vegetation-zones_thumbnail.jpg 220 104 The figure shows a comparison of current vegetation zones at a hypothetical dry temperate mountain site with simulated vegetation zones under a climate-warming scenario. Mountains cover about 20% of the Earth's continents and serve as an important water source for most major rivers. Paleologic records indicate that climate warming in the past has caused vegetation zones to shift to higher elevations, resulting in the loss of some species and ecosystems. Simulated scenarios for temperate-climate mountain sites suggest that continued warming could have similar consequences. Species and ecosystems with limited climatic ranges could disappear and, in most mountain regions, the extent and volume of glaciers and the extent of permafrost and seasonal snow cover will be reduced. Along with possible changes in precipitation this would affect soil stability and socio-economic activities such as agriculture, tourism, hydropower and logging. Resources for indigenous populations and recreational activities would also be disrupted. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate change mountains vegetation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/129FCE71-13B0-12E6-95E3-8ED8C8C6B1B5 en-US Climate change impacts that could affect attainment of the Millennium Development Goals Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sustainability in the Latin American and Caribbean countries may be affected by climate change impacts. Costs associated with climate change can intensify budget constraints as countries attempt to reduce poverty and work towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals. Food security will be affected because of a decline in the productivity of staple grains, natural disasters and drought may reduce the time available for children’s education. It is also expected that climate change will exacerbate current gender inequities, reduce the quantity and quality of drinking water and the number of diseases and mortality related to rising temperatures. Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). 2009. Climate change and development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-impacts-that-could-affect-attainment-of-the-millennium-development-goals_thumbnail_010.jpg 220 328 Sustainability in the Latin American and Caribbean countries may be affected by climate change impacts. Costs associated with climate change can intensify budget constraints as countries attempt to reduce poverty and work towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals. Food security will be affected because of a decline in the productivity of staple grains, natural disasters and drought may reduce the time available for children’s education. It is also expected that climate change will exacerbate current gender inequities, reduce the quantity and quality of drinking water and the number of diseases and mortality related to rising temperatures. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/85E58DA2-597B-4598-8776-7889EC1CEA6B en-US Climate change in Zimbabwe: trends in temperature and rainfall Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Zimbabwe is experiencing more hot days and fewer cold days, and the amount of precipitation it receives is deviating from the mean more frequently. This resource includes two graphics. The first shows the number of days with a minimum temperature of 12 degrees Celsius and the number of days with a minimum temperature of 30 degrees Celsius from 1950 to 1990. The second graphic shows the amount of precipitation in millimetres that was a departure from the long-term mean amount for the time period 1910 to 2000. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal ZW UNEP/GRID-Arendal Zimbabwe Department of Meteorological Service at http://weather.utande.co.zw/climate/climatechange.htm. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate_change_in_zimbabwe_trends_in_temperature_and_rainfall_thumbnail.jpg 147 200 Zimbabwe is experiencing more hot days and fewer cold days, and the amount of precipitation it receives is deviating from the mean more frequently. This resource includes two graphics. The first shows the number of days with a minimum temperature of 12 degrees Celsius and the number of days with a minimum temperature of 30 degrees Celsius from 1950 to 1990. The second graphic shows the amount of precipitation in millimetres that was a departure from the long-term mean amount for the time period 1910 to 2000. -18.5 29 -22 25 -15 33 climate change global change precipitation trends weather trends diurnal temperature http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11F56416-13AE-1380-E1CE-13C1B5B4A878 en-US Climate Change Performance Index 2008 Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Developed by Germanwatch and using three weighted indexes: Emission trends, emission level and climate policy. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Germanwatch, The Climate Change Performance Index, A Comparison of Emissions Trends and Climate Protection Policies of the Top 56 CO2 Emitting Nations, December 2007. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-performance-index-2008_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 137 Developed by Germanwatch and using three weighted indexes: Emission trends, emission level and climate policy. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9E04ADA8-BF8D-9583-C9DB-E2DA3EBE5BE4 en-US Climate Change Performance Index 2008 UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Climate Change Performance Index developed by Germanwatch is calculated using three weighted indexes: *Emissions trends for energy, transport, industry and residential account for 50 % of total rating; *A country’s current emissions level (CO2 emitted per primary energy unit, primary energy unit per GDP, primary energy unit per capita) is given a 30 % weight in the overall evaluation; *Climate policy (national and international) weighs 20 %. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Germanwatch, The Climate Change Performance Index, A Comparison of Emissions Trends and Climate Protection Policies of the Top 56 CO2 Emitting Nations, December 2007. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-performance-index-2008_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 137 The Climate Change Performance Index developed by Germanwatch is calculated using three weighted indexes: *Emissions trends for energy, transport, industry and residential account for 50 % of total rating; *A country’s current emissions level (CO2 emitted per primary energy unit, primary energy unit per GDP, primary energy unit per capita) is given a 30 % weight in the overall evaluation; *Climate policy (national and international) weighs 20 %. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12504B52-938A-F00C-0C46-D3A039657303 en-US Climate change scenarios for desert areas Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal SRES scenarios show the period 2071 to 2100 relative to the period 1961 to 1990, and were performed by AOGCMs. Scenarios A2 and B2 are shown as no AOGCM runs were available for the other SRES scenarios. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal desert UNEP/GRID-Arendal IPCC TAR synthesis report, Climate Change 2001, based on figure 3-2 and 3-3, for question 3 Mon, 05 Jun 2006 10:29:10 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_climate_change_scenarios_for_desert_areas_001.jpg 220 178 SRES scenarios show the period 2071 to 2100 relative to the period 1961 to 1990, and were performed by AOGCMs. Scenarios A2 and B2 are shown as no AOGCM runs were available for the other SRES scenarios. 2 12.5 -47 -121 51 146 climate change temperature change greenhouse effect ipcc sres a2 temperature climate precipitation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7C99FEEE-6D1F-116C-3942-115B847FA962 en-US Climate change vulnerability Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Vulnerability of human populations to extreme climate related events and changes in major climate parameters over the next 30 years. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal asia UNEP/GRID-Arendal based on map from Maplecroft, 2011 Tue, 06 Dec 2011 11:45:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-change-vulnerability_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 219 Vulnerability of human populations to extreme climate related events and changes in major climate parameters over the next 30 years. 39.5 102.5 -10 26 89 179 women climate change gender risks adaptation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/72399759-4441-4349-93C6-7420ABB77610 en-US Climate change vulnerability in Africa Delphine Digout, Revised by Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Multiple stresses make most of Africa highly vulnerable to environmental changes, and climate change is likely to increase this vulnerability. This graphic shows which of the regions of Africa (North Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands) are most vulnerable to specific impacts of climate change. These impacts include desertification, sea level rise, reduced freshwater availability, cyclones, coastal erosion, deforestation, loss of forest quality, woodland degradation, coral bleaching, the spread of malaria and impacts on food security. Delphine Digout, Revised by Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Anna Ballance, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 2002. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate_change_vulnerability_in_africa_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 165 Multiple stresses make most of Africa highly vulnerable to environmental changes, and climate change is likely to increase this vulnerability. This graphic shows which of the regions of Africa (North Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands) are most vulnerable to specific impacts of climate change. These impacts include desertification, sea level rise, reduced freshwater availability, cyclones, coastal erosion, deforestation, loss of forest quality, woodland degradation, coral bleaching, the spread of malaria and impacts on food security. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 climate change vulnerability impact of climate change regional impact http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13876621-D7C5-80A6-E2E5-157FFE189D93 en-US Climate change vulnerability in Africa Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Multiple stresses make most of Africa highly vulnerable to environmental changes, and climate change is likely to increase this vulnerability. This graphic shows which of the regions of Africa (North Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands) are most vulnerable to specific impacts of climate change. These impacts include desertification, sea level rise, reduced freshwater availability, cyclones, coastal erosion, deforestation, loss of forest quality, woodland degradation, coral bleaching, the spread of malaria and impacts on food security. Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Anna Ballance, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 2002. Mon, 23 Jan 2006 20:39:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate_change_vulnerability_in_africa_thumbnail_002.jpg 123 180 Multiple stresses make most of Africa highly vulnerable to environmental changes, and climate change is likely to increase this vulnerability. This graphic shows which of the regions of Africa (North Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands) are most vulnerable to specific impacts of climate change. These impacts include desertification, sea level rise, reduced freshwater availability, cyclones, coastal erosion, deforestation, loss of forest quality, woodland degradation, coral bleaching, the spread of malaria and impacts on food security. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 climate change vulnerability impact of climate change regional impactY:\work\africa-vulnerability.jpg http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15A8D7A3-D97A-F824-131D-7C3B39E66562 en-US Climate change: processes, characteristics and threats Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Most people have heard about climate change, they might even express a real concern about it, but how many would actually consider it a threat? Because the changes can be slow and sometimes difficult to identify within the normal variation of climatic conditions, many of us think they will not affect our lives. However, some parts of the world are already being severely affected by climatic change – both the people and the environment. And unfortunately, it appears that many developing countries bear the brunt of global warming, when the problem is mostly due to the actions of developed countries. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/a Mon, 04 Sep 2006 09:55:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate_change_processes_characteristics_and_threats_thumbnail.jpg 220 188 Most people have heard about climate change, they might even express a real concern about it, but how many would actually consider it a threat? Because the changes can be slow and sometimes difficult to identify within the normal variation of climatic conditions, many of us think they will not affect our lives. However, some parts of the world are already being severely affected by climatic change – both the people and the environment. And unfortunately, it appears that many developing countries bear the brunt of global warming, when the problem is mostly due to the actions of developed countries. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 climate change greenhouse effects http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5EB0C04A-1168-130D-72F5-8234102AE665 en-US Climate feedbacks - the connectivity of the positive ice/snow albedo feedback, terrestrial snow and vegetation feedbacks and the negative cloud/radiation feedback Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Feedback refers to the modification of a process by changes resulting from the process itself. Positive feedbacks accelerate the process, while negative feedbacks slow it down. Part of the uncertainty around future climates relates to important feedbacks between different parts of the climate system: air temperatures, ice and snow albedo (reflection of the sun’s rays), and clouds. An important positive feedback is the ice and snow albedo feedback. Sea ice and snow have high albedo. This means that they reflect most of the solar radiation. With warmer polar temperatures, the area of sea ice and snow cover decreases, exposing new expanses of ocean and land surfaces that absorb an increased amount of solar radiation. This increase of total absorbed solar radiation contributes to continued and accelerated warming. Many IPCC climate models suggest a major loss in sea ice cover by the mid 21st century caused by albedo feedback from shrinking snow cover and increased open water areas in summer. A second feedback is negative: the cloud-radiative feedback. Its future impact is important but uncertain. Increased cloud cover, an expected result of global warming, increases the reflection of solar radiation away from the Earth’s surface, but it also increases the net long-wave radiation emitted downward from the same clouds back to the surface. The net effect of increased cloudiness is expected to be a small decrease in radiation received by the Earth’s surface. One of the great challenges of climate change science is to understand the net effect of these rather complex interactions. This is not just a question of understanding the physics of climate systems – many of these interactions and feedbacks also involve the living world. For example, the increase in shrub growth in tundra regions due to high-latitude warming leads to a decrease in albedo in summer, but an increase in snow retention in winter over large areas of land. Another feedback comes from melting permafrost that releases methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, which then amplifies the greenhouse effect. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Chapin III, F.S., Sturm, M., Serreze, M.C., McFadden, J.P., Key, J.R., Lloyd, A.H., McGuire, A.D., Rupp, T.S., Lynch, A.H., Schimel, J.P., Beringer, J., Chapman, W.L., Epstein, H.E., Euskirchen, E.S., Hinzman, L.D., Jia, G., Ping, C.L., Tape, K.D., Thompson, C.D.C., Walker, D.A. and Welker, J.M. (2005). Role of land surface changes in Arctic summer warming. Science, 310, 657-660 Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-feedbacks-the-connectivity-of-the-positive-ice-snow-albedo-feedback-terrestrial-snow-and-vegetation-feedbacks-and-the-negative-cloud-radiation-feedback_thumbnail.jpg 220 202 Feedback refers to the modification of a process by changes resulting from the process itself. Positive feedbacks accelerate the process, while negative feedbacks slow it down. Part of the uncertainty around future climates relates to important feedbacks between different parts of the climate system: air temperatures, ice and snow albedo (reflection of the sun’s rays), and clouds. An important positive feedback is the ice and snow albedo feedback. Sea ice and snow have high albedo. This means that they reflect most of the solar radiation. With warmer polar temperatures, the area of sea ice and snow cover decreases, exposing new expanses of ocean and land surfaces that absorb an increased amount of solar radiation. This increase of total absorbed solar radiation contributes to continued and accelerated warming. Many IPCC climate models suggest a major loss in sea ice cover by the mid 21st century caused by albedo feedback from shrinking snow cover and increased open water areas in summer. A second feedback is negative: the cloud-radiative feedback. Its future impact is important but uncertain. Increased cloud cover, an expected result of global warming, increases the reflection of solar radiation away from the Earth’s surface, but it also increases the net long-wave radiation emitted downward from the same clouds back to the surface. The net effect of increased cloudiness is expected to be a small decrease in radiation received by the Earth’s surface. One of the great challenges of climate change science is to understand the net effect of these rather complex interactions. This is not just a question of understanding the physics of climate systems – many of these interactions and feedbacks also involve the living world. For example, the increase in shrub growth in tundra regions due to high-latitude warming leads to a decrease in albedo in summer, but an increase in snow retention in winter over large areas of land. Another feedback comes from melting permafrost that releases methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, which then amplifies the greenhouse effect. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 climate climatology albedo feedback climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E08BB758-CEB2-4E53-8F4D-0F08C52D0E14 en-US Climate impacts and tropical diseases in Colombia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Shows comparative trend between air temperature in Colombia and levels of malaria and dengue fever. When temperatures increase, especially in combination with more precipitation, vector borne diseases like malaria and dengue fever increase in frequency and distribution. In particular, areas where the minimum night temperatures increase provide the best conditions for the growth and spread of Anopheline spp. and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. (McCarthy et al 2001) Extreme weather variability may also lead to heat stress among vulnerable populations, especially in poor areas. Prolonged heat can also enhance production of smog and dispersal of allergens. UNEP/GRID-Arendal CO UNEP/GRID-Arendal Colombia National Communication to the UNFCCC 2001 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate_impacts_and_tropical_diseases_in_colombia_thumbnail.jpg 220 206 Shows comparative trend between air temperature in Colombia and levels of malaria and dengue fever. When temperatures increase, especially in combination with more precipitation, vector borne diseases like malaria and dengue fever increase in frequency and distribution. In particular, areas where the minimum night temperatures increase provide the best conditions for the growth and spread of Anopheline spp. and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. (McCarthy et al 2001) Extreme weather variability may also lead to heat stress among vulnerable populations, especially in poor areas. Prolonged heat can also enhance production of smog and dispersal of allergens. 4 -73.5 -4 -81 12 -66 climate change air temperature disease epidemiology http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/921CFE41-D7E3-4B0B-9CB2-ED4DAE1F16F4 en-US Climate impacts of El Niño Phenomenon in Latin America and the Caribbean UNEP/GRID-Arendal El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural phenomenon that has occurred for centuries. Ocean and atmospheric conditions in the Pacific tend to fluctuate between El Niño (warming) and a drop in temperature in the tropical Pacific known as La Niña. The fluctuations are rather irregular, but tend to appear every three to six years. A more intensive phase of each event may last for about a year. A warming climate may contribute to an increase in frequency and intensity of the El Niño phenomenon. The impacts may be significant at regional levels. In Central America, El Niño leads to excessive rainfall along the Caribbean coasts, while the Pacific coasts will remain dry. Rainfall increases on the coasts of Ecuador, the northern part of Peru, and southern zones of Chile. In Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia there will be drought in the mountainous and Andean zones, implying retreat of glaciers with subsequent changes in the availability of water and in local biodiversity. In Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana precipitation will tend to be reduced, leading to drought in the Brazilian northeast. In Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay rainfall will increase and there will be a rise in temperatures in the southern part of Brazil. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal IPCC 2001, FAO 2002, UNEP 2003 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate_impacts_of_el_ni_o_phenomenon_in_latin_america_and_the_caribbean_thumbnail.jpg 145 180 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural phenomenon that has occurred for centuries. Ocean and atmospheric conditions in the Pacific tend to fluctuate between El Niño (warming) and a drop in temperature in the tropical Pacific known as La Niña. The fluctuations are rather irregular, but tend to appear every three to six years. A more intensive phase of each event may last for about a year. A warming climate may contribute to an increase in frequency and intensity of the El Niño phenomenon. The impacts may be significant at regional levels. In Central America, El Niño leads to excessive rainfall along the Caribbean coasts, while the Pacific coasts will remain dry. Rainfall increases on the coasts of Ecuador, the northern part of Peru, and southern zones of Chile. In Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia there will be drought in the mountainous and Andean zones, implying retreat of glaciers with subsequent changes in the availability of water and in local biodiversity. In Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana precipitation will tend to be reduced, leading to drought in the Brazilian northeast. In Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay rainfall will increase and there will be a rise in temperatures in the southern part of Brazil. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 El Niño climate change enso southern oscillation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FE0FDA5E-76D3-444D-9F8E-557D838F5514 en-US Climate scenarios for cereal production Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The figure shows change in cereals production under three different GCM equilibrium scenarios (percent from base estimated in 2060). While there are still uncertainties about whether climate change will cause global agricultural production to increase or decrease, changes in the aggregate level of production are expected to be small or moderate. The result of the studies that have been conducted so far vary depending on such variables as the trade models and market assumptions that are used.For example, the difference between agricultural impacts in developed and developing countries can be reinforced by markets and depending on the trade model used, agricultural exporters may gain even though their supplies fall as a result of higher world prices. The figure also illustrates how trade and adaptation capability can interact. Developing country production levels fell more as compared with those of developed countries under adaptation level 1 because their estimated capability to adapt was less than in developed countries. The situation reverses under adaptation level 2. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate change 1995, Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific-technical analyses, contribution of working group 2 to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, UNEP and WMO, Cambridge press univeristy, 1996 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-scenarios-for-cereal-production_thumbnail.jpg 220 175 The figure shows change in cereals production under three different GCM equilibrium scenarios (percent from base estimated in 2060). While there are still uncertainties about whether climate change will cause global agricultural production to increase or decrease, changes in the aggregate level of production are expected to be small or moderate. The result of the studies that have been conducted so far vary depending on such variables as the trade models and market assumptions that are used.For example, the difference between agricultural impacts in developed and developing countries can be reinforced by markets and depending on the trade model used, agricultural exporters may gain even though their supplies fall as a result of higher world prices. The figure also illustrates how trade and adaptation capability can interact. Developing country production levels fell more as compared with those of developed countries under adaptation level 1 because their estimated capability to adapt was less than in developed countries. The situation reverses under adaptation level 2. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate change agriculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/851D20CD-1422-1274-E98A-EC71640F780D en-US Climate zones of the Caucasus ecoregion WWF-Caucasus, design Manana Kurtubadze The Caucasus ecoregion covers an area of 580,000 km2, and includes six countries. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range with its lofty peaks forms a formidable barrier between the northern and southern parts of the ecoregion. The Lesser Caucasus mountain chain extends across Georgia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and into Iran. The climates in the regions mountaineous and temperature. WWF-Caucasus, design Manana Kurtubadze caucaususecoregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal WWF-Caucasus Mon, 04 Feb 2008 13:15:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/climate-zones-of-the-caucasus-ecoregion_thumbnail.jpg 220 188 The Caucasus ecoregion covers an area of 580,000 km2, and includes six countries. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range with its lofty peaks forms a formidable barrier between the northern and southern parts of the ecoregion. The Lesser Caucasus mountain chain extends across Georgia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and into Iran. The climates in the regions mountaineous and temperature. 36.5 44.5 28 38 45 51 climate precipitation temperature http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7012BA16-7DEA-43F8-BDF1-BEE003BEE48D en-US CO2 air emissions by sources in 1995 Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows CO2 air emissions from selected countries by various sources in 1995. Among the anthropogenic sources of CO2 air emissions are fossil fuel combustion, cement production and land-use conversion. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal EEA 1998 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivenc10_l.jpg 200 135 The graph shows CO2 air emissions from selected countries by various sources in 1995. Among the anthropogenic sources of CO2 air emissions are fossil fuel combustion, cement production and land-use conversion. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 Atmosphere Climate change emissions global warming pollution CO2 carbon dioxide http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A9E41180-3088-4EB7-918F-5263D2D3EB37 en-US CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (1959-1998) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere have been measured at an altitude of about 4,000 meters on the peak of Mauna Loa mountain in Hawaii since 1958. The measurements at this location, remote from local sources of pollution, have clearly shown that atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are increasing. The mean concentration of approximately 316 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in 1958 rose to approximately 369 ppmv in 1998. The annual variation is due to CO2 uptake by growing plants. The uptake is highest in the northern hemisphere springtime. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal US UNEP/GRID-Arendal Scripps insitution of oceanography (SIO), University of California, 1998 Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2-concentration-in-the-atmosphere-1959-1998_thumbnail_001.jpg 219 89 CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere have been measured at an altitude of about 4,000 meters on the peak of Mauna Loa mountain in Hawaii since 1958. The measurements at this location, remote from local sources of pollution, have clearly shown that atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are increasing. The mean concentration of approximately 316 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in 1958 rose to approximately 369 ppmv in 1998. The annual variation is due to CO2 uptake by growing plants. The uptake is highest in the northern hemisphere springtime. 44.5 -122 18 -178 71 -66 Climate change global warming carbon dioxide greenhouse gases greenhouse effect http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/86CBE9EC-9220-4689-BDD2-462BA0BFC4A8 en-US CO2 emissions from coal, gas and oil for selected regions Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Graph showing the amount (in millions of metric tonnes) of CO2 emissions from coal, gas and oil. Covers the years from 1990-2000 and predicts the trend to 2020. Information on the United States, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union and Africa is included. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Energy Information Administration/International Energy Outlook 2001, based on EIA, International Energy Annual 1999, DOE/EIA-0219(99) Washington DC, Jan. 2001 and EIA, World energy projection systel 200. Mon, 08 May 2006 11:13:09 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/batch1tn_co2emiproduct.jpg 200 112 Graph showing the amount (in millions of metric tonnes) of CO2 emissions from coal, gas and oil. Covers the years from 1990-2000 and predicts the trend to 2020. Information on the United States, Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union and Africa is included. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 climate change co2 emissions oil gas http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/40ADCB88-F432-4B89-8F27-FC37308A30D0 en-US CO2 emissions from consumption and flaring of fossil fuels UNEP/GRID-Arendal A line graph showing the progress of CO2 emissions created from consumption and flaring of fossil fuels from 1980 to 2002. Indicates that Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union is the only region to have a reduction. Emissions are not usually monitored directly, but are generally estimated using models. Some emissions can be calculated with only limited accuracy. Emissions from energy and industrial processes are the most reliable (using energy consumption statistics and industrial point sources). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal EIA,2002 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_co2_emissions_from_consumption_and_flaring_of_fossil_fuels.jpg 220 528 A line graph showing the progress of CO2 emissions created from consumption and flaring of fossil fuels from 1980 to 2002. Indicates that Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union is the only region to have a reduction. Emissions are not usually monitored directly, but are generally estimated using models. Some emissions can be calculated with only limited accuracy. Emissions from energy and industrial processes are the most reliable (using energy consumption statistics and industrial point sources). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 CO2 emissions fossil fuel http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/138228BD-161F-10DC-58F5-1518602C3429 en-US CO2 emissions from fossil fuels by region Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GEO Data Portal, compiled from UNFCCC-CDIAC 2006 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 13:20:28 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2-emissions-from-fossil-fuels-by-region_thumbnail.jpg 220 160 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/458D74DA-312A-4E34-8247-39B39D0A4842 en-US CO2 emissions from industrial processes and land use change UNEP/GRID-Arendal 2 thematical maps: (1) CO2 emissions from industrial processes (http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/09.htm): This map depicts the unequal distribution of industry in the world. The significant part of carbon dioxide emissions comes from energy production, industrial processes and transport. The industrialised countries consequently must bear the main responsibility of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. (2): CO2 emissions from land use change.(http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/10.htm): Emissions of carbon dioxide due to changes in land use mainly come from the cutting down of forests and instead using the land for agriculture or built-up areas, urbanisation, roads etc. When large areas of rain forests are cut down, the land often turns into less productive grasslands with considerably less capacity of storing CO2 UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate Change Information Kit, UNEPs Information Unit for Conventions (IUC) (feb 97) Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2_emissions_from_industrial_processes_and_land_use_change_thumbnail.jpg 114 200 2 thematical maps: (1) CO2 emissions from industrial processes (http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/09.htm): This map depicts the unequal distribution of industry in the world. The significant part of carbon dioxide emissions comes from energy production, industrial processes and transport. The industrialised countries consequently must bear the main responsibility of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. (2): CO2 emissions from land use change.(http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/10.htm): Emissions of carbon dioxide due to changes in land use mainly come from the cutting down of forests and instead using the land for agriculture or built-up areas, urbanisation, roads etc. When large areas of rain forests are cut down, the land often turns into less productive grasslands with considerably less capacity of storing CO2 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 climate change emissions carbon dioxide co2 greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6F3CFF0A-FE16-4670-B1CB-77AD05CFF241 en-US CO2 emissions from industrial processes and land use changes UNEP/GRID-Arendal Shows the different levels of CO2 emissions from industrial processes and land use changes from different regions. The major greenhouse gases are included within six sectors: Energy; Industrial Processes; Solvent and Other Product Use; Agriculture; Land Use Change and Forestry; and Waste. Contributing to emissions Historically the developed countries of the world have emitted most of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The U.S. emits most in total, and is one of the countries with highest emissions per capita. China is the second largest emitter, but has very low emissions per capita. Over the last 20 years, industrial development has led to a rapid rise in the volume of emissions from Asia, but on a per capita basis, emissions in this region are still at the bottom of the global scale. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal For Industry: IEA, CDIAC, WRI (The Climate Analysis Indicator tools) For Land Use Change: Houghton, R.A. 2003. '93Emissions (and Sinks) of Carbon from Land-Use Change. '94 (Estimates of national sources and sinks of carbon resulting from changes in land use, 1950 to 2000). Report to the World Resources Institute from the Woods Hole Research Canter. WRI (The Climate Analysis Indicator tools) Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_co2_emissions_from_industrial_processes_and_land_use_changes.jpg 220 116 Shows the different levels of CO2 emissions from industrial processes and land use changes from different regions. The major greenhouse gases are included within six sectors: Energy; Industrial Processes; Solvent and Other Product Use; Agriculture; Land Use Change and Forestry; and Waste. Contributing to emissions Historically the developed countries of the world have emitted most of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The U.S. emits most in total, and is one of the countries with highest emissions per capita. China is the second largest emitter, but has very low emissions per capita. Over the last 20 years, industrial development has led to a rapid rise in the volume of emissions from Asia, but on a per capita basis, emissions in this region are still at the bottom of the global scale. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 CO2 emissions greenhouse gases sinks land use http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FC5722E1-0F0D-4803-859C-56CCFB800DFF en-US CO2 emissions from industry Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This map depicts the unequal distribution of industry in the world. The significant part of carbon dioxide emissions comes from energy production, industrial processes and transport. The industrialised countries consequently must bear the main responsibility of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2-emissions-from-industry_thumbnail.jpg 220 154 This map depicts the unequal distribution of industry in the world. The significant part of carbon dioxide emissions comes from energy production, industrial processes and transport. The industrialised countries consequently must bear the main responsibility of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate change greenhouse gases co2 carbon dioxide emissions pollution http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F0E21C8E-2CAA-4719-A1F2-A9AE5CC96FC7 en-US CO2 emissions from land use change Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions of carbon dioxide due to changes in land use mainly come from the cutting down of forests and instead using the land for agriculture or built-up areas, urbanisation, roads etc. When large areas of rain forests are cut down, the land often turns into less productive grasslands with considerably less capacity of storing CO2. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate Change information kit, UNEP IUC, 1997 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2-emissions-from-land-use-change_thumbnail.jpg 220 154 Emissions of carbon dioxide due to changes in land use mainly come from the cutting down of forests and instead using the land for agriculture or built-up areas, urbanisation, roads etc. When large areas of rain forests are cut down, the land often turns into less productive grasslands with considerably less capacity of storing CO2. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate change land use forests agriculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7357DCF7-9620-16BF-CEAF-14D820B9210C en-US CO2 emissions from selected German transportation means Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The results depend a lot on the occupancy rates (in pink, the average German rates used here). Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2-emissions-from-selected-german-transportation-means_thumbnail.jpg 220 183 The results depend a lot on the occupancy rates (in pink, the average German rates used here). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/4CA76636-0253-473C-A1A3-D3378AC7296F en-US CO2 emissions from transportation in 2000; selected countries of Latin America and the Caribbean UNEP/GRID-Arendal A comparison of transportation CO2 emissions from selected Latin American and Caribbean countries. Increased transport is one of the main reasons for increased CO2 emissions, both in developed and developing countries. During the 1990s the increase in emissions from transport in South America was higher than the world average, while the increase in Central America and the Caribbean was similar to world average. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal International Energy Agency 2001 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2_emissions_from_transportation_in_2000_selected_countries_of_latin_america_and_the_caribbean_thumbnail.jpg 220 175 A comparison of transportation CO2 emissions from selected Latin American and Caribbean countries. Increased transport is one of the main reasons for increased CO2 emissions, both in developed and developing countries. During the 1990s the increase in emissions from transport in South America was higher than the world average, while the increase in Central America and the Caribbean was similar to world average. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 emissions greenhouse gases CO2 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/83E45A69-E6D1-4AC2-B825-032C02728F9F en-US CO2 emissions in 1990 and 2000 Latin America and selected countries UNEP/GRID-Arendal A comparison of the total level of CO2 emissions from Latin America compared to selected countries. Emissions from Latin America and Caribbean increased more than the world average between 1990 and 2000. The increase inthis region was more than 35% while the total increase in the world's emission (excluding land use change) was almost 13%. In South America the increase came mainly from industry and transport, where emissions increased by more than 40% between 1990 and 1999. The increase in emissions from electricity and heat production was more than 70%, but these emissions are still lower than emissions from transport and industry. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank 2004; World Resources Institute Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2_emissions_in_1990_and_2000_latin_america_and_selected_countries_thumbnail.jpg 154 180 A comparison of the total level of CO2 emissions from Latin America compared to selected countries. Emissions from Latin America and Caribbean increased more than the world average between 1990 and 2000. The increase inthis region was more than 35% while the total increase in the world's emission (excluding land use change) was almost 13%. In South America the increase came mainly from industry and transport, where emissions increased by more than 40% between 1990 and 1999. The increase in emissions from electricity and heat production was more than 70%, but these emissions are still lower than emissions from transport and industry. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 emissions greenhouse gases CO2 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/0627B4BD-DDBE-4E3C-AABE-F8A6ABB0F9DB en-US CO2 emissions in the world and in Latin America and the Caribbean UNEP/GRID-Arendal A comparison between the amount of CO2 emissions of the world and latin America and the Caribbean. Since pre-industrial times, the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has grown significantly. The present level of carbon dioxide concentration (around 375 parts per million) is the highest for 420,000 years, and probably the highest for the past 20 million years. CO2 is the greenhouse gas that contributes most to the enhanced greenhouse effect, because of the quantity of the emissions. CO2 comes from burning fossil fuels, cement production and land use change. In 2000, Latin America and the Caribbean contributed 5, 5% of the world’s total CO2 emissions (excluding land use change). The total global CO2 emissions were estimated at 24 000 million tonnes. CO2 emissions from land use change and forestry from the region comprised 30% of the world's total. This was attributed to the destruction of the rainforest UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Resources Institute Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2_emissions_in_the_world_and_in_latin_america_and_the_caribbean_thumbnail.jpg 162 180 A comparison between the amount of CO2 emissions of the world and latin America and the Caribbean. Since pre-industrial times, the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has grown significantly. The present level of carbon dioxide concentration (around 375 parts per million) is the highest for 420,000 years, and probably the highest for the past 20 million years. CO2 is the greenhouse gas that contributes most to the enhanced greenhouse effect, because of the quantity of the emissions. CO2 comes from burning fossil fuels, cement production and land use change. In 2000, Latin America and the Caribbean contributed 5, 5% of the world’s total CO2 emissions (excluding land use change). The total global CO2 emissions were estimated at 24 000 million tonnes. CO2 emissions from land use change and forestry from the region comprised 30% of the world's total. This was attributed to the destruction of the rainforest -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 emissions greenhouse gases CO2 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9A27B03C-A8CE-4EB5-8B81-BB13361A2F32 en-US CO2 emissions per person in Latin America and the Caribbean compared to the world and OECD average emissions UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions of greenhouse gases are on the increase around the world, contributing to man-made global warming and climate change. This graphic displays greenhouse gas emissions per capita in Latin America and the Caribbean compared to countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank 2004: CArbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 2004; WRI, Earth Trends, Climate and atmosphere, Trinidad and Tobago: http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Cli_cou_780.pdf Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_21.jpg 148 180 Emissions of greenhouse gases are on the increase around the world, contributing to man-made global warming and climate change. This graphic displays greenhouse gas emissions per capita in Latin America and the Caribbean compared to countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 emissions greenhouse gases CO2 global warming greenhouse effect http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5C56D438-2B1B-44C2-83C4-EE0EB8A5D108 en-US CO2 emissions, energy use and economic development; Latin America and the Caribbean UNEP/GRID-Arendal Economic growth and increased energy demand are closely linked to increased emissions of CO2. If there is a shock in the economy, the response as reduced emissions of CO2, can be almost without inertia if the shock is large. The 'oil crisis' in the early seventies-- during which energy prices rose substantially over a short period of time -- led to an almost immediate and sustained divergence of the formerly closely linked emissions and GDP in most developed countries. Stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentration at levels below 600 ppm (1, 6 times higher than today’s level) is only possible with reductions in carbon intensity and/or energy intensity greater than have been achieved historically. Low historical rates of improvement in energy intensity (energy use per unit GDP) reflect the relatively low priority placed on energy efficiency by most producers and users of technology. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Resources Institute Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/co2_emissions_energy_use_and_economic_development_latin_america_and_the_caribbean_thumbnail.jpg 169 180 Economic growth and increased energy demand are closely linked to increased emissions of CO2. If there is a shock in the economy, the response as reduced emissions of CO2, can be almost without inertia if the shock is large. The 'oil crisis' in the early seventies-- during which energy prices rose substantially over a short period of time -- led to an almost immediate and sustained divergence of the formerly closely linked emissions and GDP in most developed countries. Stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentration at levels below 600 ppm (1, 6 times higher than today’s level) is only possible with reductions in carbon intensity and/or energy intensity greater than have been achieved historically. Low historical rates of improvement in energy intensity (energy use per unit GDP) reflect the relatively low priority placed on energy efficiency by most producers and users of technology. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 emissions CO2 energy economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1162DE0C-E668-8E33-0D2C-12122433AD09 en-US Coastal and Marine Protected Areas UNEP/GRID-Arendal This graphic includes marine protected areas and protected areas with major or minor marine components. This was part of the the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Habitat Conservation Report No. 2. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Source data supplied by CAFF member countries Fri, 17 Feb 2006 16:03:28 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastal_and_marine_protected_areas_thumbnail.png 220 161 This graphic includes marine protected areas and protected areas with major or minor marine components. This was part of the the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Habitat Conservation Report No. 2. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CAFF coasts maritime Arctic biodiversity protected areas http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A0AF723D-96CB-4178-9C95-1825385BA6F8 en-US Coastal Arctic food web (drift ice) UNEP/GRID-Arendal The coastal Arctic food web is closely related to drift ice conditions and seasonal use of shorelines by both terrestrial and sea mammals. Numerous species depend upon each other and the transport of food to and from the marine areas to the coast and inland. Indigenous peoples use most of the food chain and traditionally use both environments for hunting, fishing and gathering. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 1997. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), 2004. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastal-arctic-food-web-drift-ice_thumbnail.jpg 175 200 The coastal Arctic food web is closely related to drift ice conditions and seasonal use of shorelines by both terrestrial and sea mammals. Numerous species depend upon each other and the transport of food to and from the marine areas to the coast and inland. Indigenous peoples use most of the food chain and traditionally use both environments for hunting, fishing and gathering. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 food species http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EDE2C956-EEA6-90EA-8E87-12EC05C89255 en-US Coastal issues in the islands of Comoros and Mayotte Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal With poverty and high population density this group of volcanic islands between Eastern Africa and Madagascar faces challenges in the management of the coastal environment. The islands are fringed by magnificent coral reefs, and the waters houses the rare coelacanth fish. Among the responses there have been initiatives to encourage ecotourism and the support in establishing the 400 km2 Mohéli Marine Park. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal KM UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP Western Indian Ocean Environment Outlook (1999).UNEP/GIWA Indian Ocean Islands, Giwa Regional assessment 45b (2004).CORDIO Status report (1999).ORNL LandScan 2004 (2005). Thu, 02 Nov 2006 16:51:57 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastal_issues_in_the_islands_of_comoros_and_mayotte_002.jpg 200 155 With poverty and high population density this group of volcanic islands between Eastern Africa and Madagascar faces challenges in the management of the coastal environment. The islands are fringed by magnificent coral reefs, and the waters houses the rare coelacanth fish. Among the responses there have been initiatives to encourage ecotourism and the support in establishing the 400 km2 Mohéli Marine Park. -11.5 43.5 -12 43 -11 44 erosion coral reefs biodiversity poverty western indian ocean indian ocean coelacanth sea turtles http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9962BB1C-AC00-4750-A6A5-74A8EDD4850F en-US Coastal population and altered coastal zones Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Coastal areas with high population densities are those with the most shoreline degradation or alteration. Densely populated areas close to seas are also the most attractive for a lot of economic activity. The graphic shows the proportion of the population that lives within 100 km of the coast, for each of the world's nations and where there are coastal zones with high degree of human alteration (compared to 'natural' landcover). In addition, the locations of selected larger coastal cities are presented. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Burke et al, World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington DC, 2001; Paul Harrison and Fred Pearce, AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment 2001, AAAS, University of California Press, Berkeley. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastal-population-and-altered-coastal-zones_thumbnail_006.jpg 220 182 Coastal areas with high population densities are those with the most shoreline degradation or alteration. Densely populated areas close to seas are also the most attractive for a lot of economic activity. The graphic shows the proportion of the population that lives within 100 km of the coast, for each of the world's nations and where there are coastal zones with high degree of human alteration (compared to 'natural' landcover). In addition, the locations of selected larger coastal cities are presented. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 coastal issues shoreline degradation shoreline alteration shoreline modification demography population marine issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/77064365-EFEE-AB70-191D-138F6732F621 en-US Coastal population and altered land cover in coastal zones (100 km of coastline) Philippe Rekacewicz, Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Coastal areas with high population densities are those with the most shoreline degradation or alteration. Densely populated areas close to seas are also the most attractive for a lot of economic activity. The graphic shows the proportion of the population that lives within 100 km of the coast, for each of the world's nations and where there are coastal zones with high degree of human alteration (compared to 'natural' landcover). In addition, the locations of selected larger coastal cities are presented. Please note that the data and study for the coastal zones uses data from 1993-1996 and has some inconsistencies, e.g. the data for Australia needs to be revised. Philippe Rekacewicz, Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Burke et al, World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington DC, 2001; Paul Harrison and Fred Pearce, AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment 2001, AAAS, University of California Press, Berkeley. Thu, 25 Oct 2007 16:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastal-population-and-altered-land-cover-in-coastal-zones-100-km-of-coastline_thumbnail.jpg 220 159 Coastal areas with high population densities are those with the most shoreline degradation or alteration. Densely populated areas close to seas are also the most attractive for a lot of economic activity. The graphic shows the proportion of the population that lives within 100 km of the coast, for each of the world's nations and where there are coastal zones with high degree of human alteration (compared to 'natural' landcover). In addition, the locations of selected larger coastal cities are presented. Please note that the data and study for the coastal zones uses data from 1993-1996 and has some inconsistencies, e.g. the data for Australia needs to be revised. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 coastal issues shoreline degradation shoreline alteration shoreline modification demography population marine issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16B99614-CC10-C058-5612-B10BE6EA49DC en-US Coastal population and shoreline degradation Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adapted from UNEP 2002b, based on Burke and others 2001, Harrison and Pearce 2001 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 15:26:55 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastal-population-and-shoreline-degradation_thumbnail.jpg 220 79 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EBA3C8F6-1297-14F4-CAC3-CB8B9B2644BD en-US Coastal populations and shoreline degradation Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 Unsurprisingly, the coastal areas with the greatest population densities are also those with the most shoreline degradation. The areas surrounding the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and southern Asia have the highest proportion of altered land, while the coastal zones of the Arctic, northeast Pacific, south Pacific, West and Central Africa, East Africa, the Red Sea/Gulf of Aden, and Kuwait have the highest proportions of least modified land. In order to better manage and protect the oceans and coasts using effective methods such as Integrated Coastal Management, we also need to continuously improve our understanding of the current state of biophysical, social, and economic relationships and formulate sustainable, ecosystem-based policies and measures that are supported by assessments at national, regional and global scales. Also needed is an overview of the global marine environment that encompasses socio-economic considerations and shows the linkages between the state of the marine environment and human well-being. In response to these needs, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has requested, through Resolution 60/30, that UNEP and UNESCO-IOC co-lead a process which aims to provide a better understanding of the marine assessment landscape to determine the ways in which on-going global, regional and national level assessment work and processes can contribute to the regular assessment and reporting of the state of the marine environment. Options, a framework and the feasibility of establishing such a process (referred to as a ‘Regular Process’) will be proposed to the United Nations General Assembly, in October 2009. Amongst other aims, it will identify linkages between human impacts on the marine environment, environmental change and human well-being and will explore ways to ensure linkages between regions so that issues of common concern can be tackled in a coordinated way, taking into account best practices and regional strengths and capacities. A Regular Process would thus provide a holistic picture that will improve informed decision-making of our global commons. See http://www.unga-regular-process.org Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Burke et al., World Research Institute, Washington DC, 2001; Paul Harrison, Fred Pearce, AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment 2001, American Association for the Advancement of Science, University of California Press, Berkley. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastal-populations-and-shoreline-degradation_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 168 Unsurprisingly, the coastal areas with the greatest population densities are also those with the most shoreline degradation. The areas surrounding the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and southern Asia have the highest proportion of altered land, while the coastal zones of the Arctic, northeast Pacific, south Pacific, West and Central Africa, East Africa, the Red Sea/Gulf of Aden, and Kuwait have the highest proportions of least modified land. In order to better manage and protect the oceans and coasts using effective methods such as Integrated Coastal Management, we also need to continuously improve our understanding of the current state of biophysical, social, and economic relationships and formulate sustainable, ecosystem-based policies and measures that are supported by assessments at national, regional and global scales. Also needed is an overview of the global marine environment that encompasses socio-economic considerations and shows the linkages between the state of the marine environment and human well-being. In response to these needs, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has requested, through Resolution 60/30, that UNEP and UNESCO-IOC co-lead a process which aims to provide a better understanding of the marine assessment landscape to determine the ways in which on-going global, regional and national level assessment work and processes can contribute to the regular assessment and reporting of the state of the marine environment. Options, a framework and the feasibility of establishing such a process (referred to as a ‘Regular Process’) will be proposed to the United Nations General Assembly, in October 2009. Amongst other aims, it will identify linkages between human impacts on the marine environment, environmental change and human well-being and will explore ways to ensure linkages between regions so that issues of common concern can be tackled in a coordinated way, taking into account best practices and regional strengths and capacities. A Regular Process would thus provide a holistic picture that will improve informed decision-making of our global commons. See http://www.unga-regular-process.org 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 coastal populations shoreline degradation vital water altered land http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1022D363-A545-14C5-6750-101E51DE18D7 en-US Coastal regions with observations of dense shelf water flushing Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Knowledge and mapping of these processes is still scarce due to uneven research effort. The map shows sites with known dense shelf water cascading phenomena, which often may involve the 'flushing' effect. It is most likely that this phenomenon is also active off the coast of Alaska, Chile, Argentina and West and southern Africa and in parts of the Indian Ocean. Dense shelf water cascading is highly sensitive to increases in temperature, and hence, climate change. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Canals M, Puig P, Durrieu de Madron X, Heussner S, Palanques A, Fabrés J (2006) Flushing submarine Canyons. Nature 444 (7117): 354-357 Fri, 22 Feb 2008 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastal-regions-with-observations-of-dense-shelf-water-flushing_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 94 Knowledge and mapping of these processes is still scarce due to uneven research effort. The map shows sites with known dense shelf water cascading phenomena, which often may involve the 'flushing' effect. It is most likely that this phenomenon is also active off the coast of Alaska, Chile, Argentina and West and southern Africa and in parts of the Indian Ocean. Dense shelf water cascading is highly sensitive to increases in temperature, and hence, climate change. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 marine issues oceans sea seas ocean world ocean flushing sea bottom http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12353D1E-D51B-1415-61A5-742BA36ECF2D en-US Coastal vulnerability and climate-related impacts Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal NASA, 2009; Columbia University, GRUMP, 2008; UN-Habitat, 2009; ISOCARP Congress, 2009; UNFCCC, 2005. Wed, 03 Feb 2010 14:05:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastal-vulnerability-and-climate-related-impacts_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 221 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7F6F743D-093B-4DF6-89DC-F944938840A9 en-US Coastlines under threat Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Out of the coastlines of the world, the coasts in Europe, Asia and Africa are of highest concern, and where extra care needs to be taken to ensure that measures are taken to protect the coasts in all aspects (erosion, biodiversity, buffering capacity etc). The graphic shows the ratio of coastlines around the world that are facing moderate or significant threats. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal D. Bryant, E. Rodenburg, T. Cox and D. Nielsen, Coastlines at Risk: an Index of Potential Development-Related Threats to Coastal Ecosystems, World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington DC, 1996. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coastlines_under_threat_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 155 Out of the coastlines of the world, the coasts in Europe, Asia and Africa are of highest concern, and where extra care needs to be taken to ensure that measures are taken to protect the coasts in all aspects (erosion, biodiversity, buffering capacity etc). The graphic shows the ratio of coastlines around the world that are facing moderate or significant threats. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 coastline issues marine http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7FA61285-147C-EFDE-1905-145B0FBB66EE en-US Cold places on the Southern Continent Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Antarctica is the coldest, driest and windiest continent on Earth. This graph shows the annual temperatures and seasonal variation at three locations in Antarctica - the research bases Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile - on the Antarctic Peninsula), Scott Base (New Zealand - Ross Island) and one of the coldest places on the planet - the Vostok station (Russia - at the center of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet). The surface temperatures are long term averages over all available data. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AQ UNEP/GRID-Arendal SCAR Reader Programme. Antarctic Climate Data - surface temperatures. http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/ (Accessed April 1, 2008) Thu, 31 Jul 2008 20:21:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cold-places-on-the-southern-continent_thumbnail_001.jpg 210 210 Antarctica is the coldest, driest and windiest continent on Earth. This graph shows the annual temperatures and seasonal variation at three locations in Antarctica - the research bases Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile - on the Antarctic Peninsula), Scott Base (New Zealand - Ross Island) and one of the coldest places on the planet - the Vostok station (Russia - at the center of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet). The surface temperatures are long term averages over all available data. -75 0 -90 -180 -60 180 ipy climate temperature research station surface temperature http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D2D9FAA2-147A-9ACA-EBD5-102041E74C38 en-US Coldwater coral reefs, distribution Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Scientists are just beginning to learn about the many species in the remote, deep waters of the polar oceans. Corals, for example, are not limited to the warm, shallow waters of the tropics. They also exist in many cold, deep waters all over the world, including Arctic and sub-Antarctic waters. Coral reefs are marine ridges or mounds, which have formed over millennia as a result of the deposition of calcium carbonate by living organisms, predominantly corals, but also a rich diversity of other organisms such as coralline algae and shellfish. The coldwater reefs are highly susceptible to deep-sea trawling and ocean acidification from climate change, which has its greatest impacts at high latitudes, while tropical reefs will become severely damaged by rising sea temperatures. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 2005. Global Cold-Water Coral Distribution (points). Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC Tue, 12 Aug 2008 21:03:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coldwater-coral-reefs-distribution_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 119 Scientists are just beginning to learn about the many species in the remote, deep waters of the polar oceans. Corals, for example, are not limited to the warm, shallow waters of the tropics. They also exist in many cold, deep waters all over the world, including Arctic and sub-Antarctic waters. Coral reefs are marine ridges or mounds, which have formed over millennia as a result of the deposition of calcium carbonate by living organisms, predominantly corals, but also a rich diversity of other organisms such as coralline algae and shellfish. The coldwater reefs are highly susceptible to deep-sea trawling and ocean acidification from climate change, which has its greatest impacts at high latitudes, while tropical reefs will become severely damaged by rising sea temperatures. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 coral reefs coldwater coral http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11E40582-CFF3-1584-B31F-875E2795B2AD en-US Collapse of Atlantic cod stocks off the East Coast of Newfoundland in 1992 Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal From the late 1950s, offshore bottom trawlers began exploiting the deeper part of the stock, leading to a large catch increase and a strong decline in the underlying biomass. Internationally agreed quotas in the early 1970s and, following the declaration by Canada of an Exclusive Fishing Zone in 1977, national quota systems ultimately failed to arrest and reverse the decline. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 27 Jan 2008 20:02:59 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/collapse-of-atlantic-cod-stocks-off-the-east-coast-of-newfoundland-in-1992_thumbnail.jpg 220 171 From the late 1950s, offshore bottom trawlers began exploiting the deeper part of the stock, leading to a large catch increase and a strong decline in the underlying biomass. Internationally agreed quotas in the early 1970s and, following the declaration by Canada of an Exclusive Fishing Zone in 1977, national quota systems ultimately failed to arrest and reverse the decline. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 fish industry overfishing fish stocks Newfoundland cod fish http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1008A240-A705-9C5C-0338-6FA0A8621595 en-US Colonization of West Papua Indonesia Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Human Rights Watch Thu, 08 Oct 2009 17:08:49 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/colonization-of-west-papua-indonesia_thumbnail.jpg 220 137 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11BD34B2-1493-A4EB-6A81-5665E78D17DE en-US Comb-jelly (Mnemiopsis leidyi) spreading through the Caspian Sea (invasive species) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The comb jelly (Mnemiopsis leidyi) is well adapted to the habitat (salinity, temperature, and food range) and reproduces faster than endemic species. As it eats the same food as them, it has had a drastic effect on their numbers, upsetting the entire food chain. The jelly is an invasive species, brought from North America by ships. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspiansea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Aladin N.V. (ZIRAS), Chuikov Yu.S. (EPA, Astrakhan), Panov V.E., Plotnikov I.S. (ZIRAS), HELOM-BSRP Meeting on Ballast Waters Thu, 13 Mar 2008 09:21:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/comb-jelly-mnemiopsis-leidyi-spreading-through-the-caspian-sea-invasive-species_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 151 The comb jelly (Mnemiopsis leidyi) is well adapted to the habitat (salinity, temperature, and food range) and reproduces faster than endemic species. As it eats the same food as them, it has had a drastic effect on their numbers, upsetting the entire food chain. The jelly is an invasive species, brought from North America by ships. 41.5 51 36 47 47 55 Comb-jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi bio-cominants species disease ecosystems invasive species alien species http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C00F299C-1163-B2DA-0E8F-D3E59613AAF1 en-US Common but differentiated responsibilities Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal All countries can claim “climate credits” by their phase out of ozone depleting substances (ODS) under the Montreal Protocol, and some are beginning to document this contribution. Article 5 countries are those listed as developing and do not have the same goals as industrialized nations. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat Sat, 12 Jan 2008 21:36:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/common-but-differentiated-responsibilities_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 85 All countries can claim “climate credits” by their phase out of ozone depleting substances (ODS) under the Montreal Protocol, and some are beginning to document this contribution. Article 5 countries are those listed as developing and do not have the same goals as industrialized nations. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone chlorofluorocarbons CFCs depletion ozone hole ozone depleting substances ODS Article 5 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12692DE9-5105-499C-8555-CEA4B0BC32E2 en-US Comparison between modeled temperature rise and observations of temperature since 1860 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Natural forcing (solar variation and volcanic activity) alone cannot explain the recent global temperature increase. This graphic shows the temperature anomalies (in degrees Celsius) that were expected to occur due to natural forcing only, from the year 1850 to the year 2000, according to climate models, and the actual anomalies that have occurred. The graphic also shows the expected and actual anomalies due to anthropogenic (human-caused) factors only (anomalies due to greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols). Finally, the graphic shows the expected and actual temperature anomalies that are due to natural and anthropogenic forcing combined. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal 'Climate Change 2001. Synthesis Report' p.7 [IPCC] Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_comparison_between_modeled_temperature_rise_and_observations_of_temperature_since_1860.jpg 220 167 Natural forcing (solar variation and volcanic activity) alone cannot explain the recent global temperature increase. This graphic shows the temperature anomalies (in degrees Celsius) that were expected to occur due to natural forcing only, from the year 1850 to the year 2000, according to climate models, and the actual anomalies that have occurred. The graphic also shows the expected and actual anomalies due to anthropogenic (human-caused) factors only (anomalies due to greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols). Finally, the graphic shows the expected and actual temperature anomalies that are due to natural and anthropogenic forcing combined. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 climate change temperature anomaly temperature increase natural forcing anthropogenic forcing http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/120F6B71-BFE1-8D74-6284-156888DA1032 en-US Comparison of global river nitrogen export from natural ecosystems, agricultural systems, and sewage effluents, 1975 and 1990 Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nutrient loading is projected to become an increasingly severe problem, particularly in developing countries. Nutrient loading already has major adverse effects on freshwater ecosystems and coastal regions in both industrial and developing countries. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 03 Feb 2008 19:25:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/comparison-of-global-river-nitrogen-export-from-natural-ecosystems-agricultural-systems-and-sewage-e_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 242 Nutrient loading is projected to become an increasingly severe problem, particularly in developing countries. Nutrient loading already has major adverse effects on freshwater ecosystems and coastal regions in both industrial and developing countries. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 water rivers pollution nitrogen nutrients http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9CCFE4EC-D7C4-49FC-9597-EADEAC773968 en-US Comparison of long-term variability of different characteristics of the Black Sea ecosystem Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal blacksea UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:16:16 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/comparison_of_long_term_variability_of_different_characteristics_of_the_black_sea_ecosystem_giwa_thumbnail.jpg 220 410 Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. 43.5 34 37 22 50 46 black sea water giwa Global International Water Assessment anchovy phytoplankton chlorophyll-a copepod biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15483434-C806-E183-763A-10A57A5FFD4F en-US Comparison of per capita water use by region Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GEO Data Portal, compiled from FAO AQUASTAT 2007 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 14:29:56 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/comparison-of-per-capita-water-use-by-region_thumbnail.jpg 220 184 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9B069A7F-D35E-1811-BE02-10E2F6768858 en-US Compensation for sheep losses in Norway Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Minimizing conflicts with livestock husbandry is the most important challenge for the conservation of wolverines. In Fennoscandia, few areas exist within the wolverines’ range where there is no conflict potential with sheep and/or domestic reindeer. For example in Norway, the practice is to leave sheep unattended on mountain pastures to graze during summer. Higher stock numbers and the loss of herding and livestock guarding traditions have increased the potential for conflict with wolverines, as well as other predators. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Kjørstad, M. 2010. Personal Communication. Norwegian Polar Institute. Fri, 22 Oct 2010 18:24:59 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/compensation-for-sheep-losses-in-norway_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 220 Minimizing conflicts with livestock husbandry is the most important challenge for the conservation of wolverines. In Fennoscandia, few areas exist within the wolverines’ range where there is no conflict potential with sheep and/or domestic reindeer. For example in Norway, the practice is to leave sheep unattended on mountain pastures to graze during summer. Higher stock numbers and the loss of herding and livestock guarding traditions have increased the potential for conflict with wolverines, as well as other predators. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 arctic biodiversity wolverine predators sheep http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5C38AE03-64D5-DD75-FA0F-C5C21FCAD08F en-US Composition of transboundary waste Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal According to the Basel Convention reports, of more than 300 million tonnes of waste (including hazardous and other waste) generated worldwide in 2000, a little less that 2% was exported. However 90% of the exported waste was classifi ed as hazardous. The principal waste export by volume was lead and lead compounds bound for recycling. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Basel Convention Thu, 09 Feb 2006 21:37:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/composition-of-transboundary-waste_thumbnail.jpg 220 48 According to the Basel Convention reports, of more than 300 million tonnes of waste (including hazardous and other waste) generated worldwide in 2000, a little less that 2% was exported. However 90% of the exported waste was classifi ed as hazardous. The principal waste export by volume was lead and lead compounds bound for recycling. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption trade http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6165825C-1362-1376-EE77-111C20497149 en-US Concentration Extent Laura Margueritte Reduced sea ice amplifies warming. Laura Margueritte global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Data from National Snow and Ice Data Center, USA. Tue, 27 Oct 2009 18:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/concentration-extent_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 99 Reduced sea ice amplifies warming. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D10B6F36-F07C-D7FC-4ABB-127E0C5FCD86 en-US Conflict in Sierra Leone and Liberia, and refugee settlement in Guinea Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Mon, 05 Oct 2009 16:29:04 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/conflict-in-sierra-leone-and-liberia-and-refugee-settlement-in-guinea_thumbnail.jpg 220 218 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7BE3F924-90B4-7DCA-682B-7AC89073E9EB en-US Conflicts and disasters - potential powder kegs (landmines and other explosives) Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The planet is scattered with hazardous or explosive leftovers from a succession of technical breakthroughs – be they military or industrial – just waiting to be washed away by a flood or mudslide or carried off by a hurricane. If disaster strikes these “powder kegs” multiply the danger to people and the environment (posing a particularly acute threat to already scarce water resources). Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Landmine Monitor Report 2003, USGS, ESRI Mon, 06 Feb 2006 20:24:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/conflicts_and_disasters_potential_powder_kegs_landmines_and_other_explosives_thumbnail.jpg 220 105 The planet is scattered with hazardous or explosive leftovers from a succession of technical breakthroughs – be they military or industrial – just waiting to be washed away by a flood or mudslide or carried off by a hurricane. If disaster strikes these “powder kegs” multiply the danger to people and the environment (posing a particularly acute threat to already scarce water resources). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 landmines conflict war toxic waste nuclear http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F6CE0A32-182C-76E9-F6BE-1009F0DE8768 en-US Conservation areas and the Leuser Ecosystem Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Approximately 50% of Sumatran orangutan habitat is inside conservation areas directly managed by the Ministry of Forestry, and 78% lies within the boundaries of the vast Leuser Ecosystem Conservation Area. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Hillshade generated from SRTM 90m DEM available from the CGIAR website (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/). Bathymetry from the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model downloaded from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Sumatran orangutan distribution shapefile prepared by Singleton and Wich and based on Wich et al. 2008 with unpublished data added. Forest layer interpreted by PanEco/ YEL, 2010 from Landsat 5 TM, 2009 and Landsat ETM 7 filled, 2010. Gunung Leuser NP boundary (SK276) provided by Balai Besar Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser based on MoF Decree SK 276/Kpts-II/1997; Gunung Leuser NP boundary (SK170) and other conservation areas in Aceh shown on map “Peta Penunjukan Kawasan Hutan dan Perairan Propinsi NAD, 1:2,000,000. SK170/Kpts-II/2000. The Leuser Ecosystem Boundary provided by the Leuser Ecosystem management body (BPKEL) based on MoF decree “Pengesahan Batas Kawasan Ekosis-tem Leuser di Propinsi DI Aceh” SK 190/Kpts-II/2001 and MoF decree “Pengesahan Batas Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser di Propinsi Sumatera Utara” SK 10193/Kpts-II/2002. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/conservation-areas-and-the-leuser-ecosystem_thumbnail.jpg 220 251 Approximately 50% of Sumatran orangutan habitat is inside conservation areas directly managed by the Ministry of Forestry, and 78% lies within the boundaries of the vast Leuser Ecosystem Conservation Area. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/10E5FDB5-55C1-15E7-1E02-11953A25E046 en-US Consumer items in China Emmanuelle Bournay The impact of income on lifestyle is apparent in China like elsewhere. There has been a massive surge in all consumer goods with rising income in towns. The same trend can be observed to a much lesser extent in the country. Emmanuelle Bournay global UNEP/GRID-Arendal China Statistical Yearbook 1996, 2001 and 2005 Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/consumer_items_in_china_thumbnail.jpg 220 322 The impact of income on lifestyle is apparent in China like elsewhere. There has been a massive surge in all consumer goods with rising income in towns. The same trend can be observed to a much lesser extent in the country. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 consumerism industry consumption China http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C9645D05-11D3-EE63-C32D-6C57246C8851 en-US Consumption appeal Emmanuelle Bournay The marketing and advertising industry is constantly teasing us with trendy, cool and largely superfluous products. To judge by investment in advertising, it takes more and more to achieve the same effect. With all that stimulation it is an effort asking just what we stand to gain. Emmanuelle Bournay global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Advertising Age, Global Marketing: Top 100, November 2005; Robert J. Coen; Worldwatch Institute, 100 Vital Signs 2006 Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/consumption_appeal_thumbnail.jpg 220 128 The marketing and advertising industry is constantly teasing us with trendy, cool and largely superfluous products. To judge by investment in advertising, it takes more and more to achieve the same effect. With all that stimulation it is an effort asking just what we stand to gain. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 advertising consumption consumerism industry http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/62CBC1B2-D04E-4267-9420-8AAD669B1038 en-US Consumption of commercial energy for selected regions Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows the amount of energy in gigajoules used by Africa and other parts of the world. North America is by far the biggest consumer of commercial energy, peaking at close to 350 gigajoules in 1995. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank, United Nations Programme for the Developement (UNDP), World Resources Institute (WRI), United Nations Programme for the Environment (UNEP) 1998. --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/batch1tn_commercial-energy.jpg 200 138 The graphic shows the amount of energy in gigajoules used by Africa and other parts of the world. North America is by far the biggest consumer of commercial energy, peaking at close to 350 gigajoules in 1995. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 developing countries commercial energy energy consumption http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/118C1688-13C4-1411-C00F-FEA26B9D0995 en-US Consumption of harvested meat/fish in Inuit Households (Canada) Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> The harvest of natural resources is a key feature of traditional lifestyles and economies throughout the Arctic, and a continuing reliance on it as a mainstay of indigenous existence in the north is evident. Environmental change in Arctic regions is a key contributing factor to changing Inuit subsistence patterns. As examples, the Inuit speak of the thinning of the ice which makes hunting more challenging; species they once relied upon are disappearing; berries are not ripening. The impacts of climate change affect travel patterns and prevent the Inuit from reaching certain species. These shifts in the time and place of harvesting affect their ability to respond to the changes taking place. This figure presents the ratio of harvested meat and fish (country food) consumed in Canadian Inuit households in the year of 2000. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> canadaarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Inuit Tapirit Kanatami (ITK). 2008. Inuit in Canada: A Statistical Profile. http://www.itk.ca/sites/default/files/ InuitStatisticalProfile2008_0.pdf [Accessed 22 March 2010]. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/consumption-of-harvested-meat-fish-in-inuit-households-canada_thumbnail_001.jpg 185 300 The harvest of natural resources is a key feature of traditional lifestyles and economies throughout the Arctic, and a continuing reliance on it as a mainstay of indigenous existence in the north is evident. Environmental change in Arctic regions is a key contributing factor to changing Inuit subsistence patterns. As examples, the Inuit speak of the thinning of the ice which makes hunting more challenging; species they once relied upon are disappearing; berries are not ripening. The impacts of climate change affect travel patterns and prevent the Inuit from reaching certain species. These shifts in the time and place of harvesting affect their ability to respond to the changes taking place. This figure presents the ratio of harvested meat and fish (country food) consumed in Canadian Inuit households in the year of 2000. 69 -100 55 -140 83 -60 conservation biodiversity species ecology indigenous peoples harvest meat fish hunting http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A616BFBC-72FB-43CE-87F6-3DCAFD786CF8 en-US Consumption of Nitrogen fertilizers in EU 15 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows Consumption of Nitrogen fertilizers in EU 15 from 1970 to 1992. The main source of nitrogen in soils is from organic matter. Nitrogen also comes from sources such as factories. A common concern with these forms of inorganic nitrogen is the incremental amount of nitrates they add to the nitrogen cycle, which may threaten groundwater, inland waters and fisheries. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoweurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal Inland Water Topics Report, 4 fig. 3.21 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_consumption_of_nitrogen_fertilizers_in_eu_15.jpg 220 342 The graph shows Consumption of Nitrogen fertilizers in EU 15 from 1970 to 1992. The main source of nitrogen in soils is from organic matter. Nitrogen also comes from sources such as factories. A common concern with these forms of inorganic nitrogen is the incremental amount of nitrates they add to the nitrogen cycle, which may threaten groundwater, inland waters and fisheries. 59.5 -3.5 34 -27 85 20 Agriculture Fisheries nitrogen fertilizers pollution EU crops http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BD41BC1E-58A2-47B5-B59C-C94F852EA102 en-US Consumption of pesticides (active ingredients) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows consumption of pesticide (active ingredients) from 1980 to 2010. Pesticides are natural chemicals or altered versions of natural chemicals used in agriculture to control various sorts of pests such as different types of insects, rodents, weed and fungi. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoweurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal Environment in the European Union, 1995, fig. 3.6.3 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/consumption_of_pesticides_active_ingredients_thumbnail.jpg 200 240 The graphic shows consumption of pesticide (active ingredients) from 1980 to 2010. Pesticides are natural chemicals or altered versions of natural chemicals used in agriculture to control various sorts of pests such as different types of insects, rodents, weed and fungi. 59.5 -3.5 34 -27 85 20 Freshwater pesticides groundwater pests Eu agriculture pollution http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BF26B8FD-7892-78AF-55DB-13B0490293C2 en-US Consumption of selected industrial raw materials compared to global population Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Five of the top countries consuming industrial raw materials account for roughly 10 percent of the world's population but consume up to 50 percent of more of some of the main materials. This shows a large imbalance between these 5 nations and the other 188. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Univeristy of Minnesota Tue, 07 Feb 2006 18:43:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/consumption_of_selected_industrial_raw_materials_compared_to_global_population_thumbnail.jpg 220 138 Five of the top countries consuming industrial raw materials account for roughly 10 percent of the world's population but consume up to 50 percent of more of some of the main materials. This shows a large imbalance between these 5 nations and the other 188. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption raw materials consumption http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/64810FE1-137D-15E1-01FC-14D246F5BB9D en-US Contamination in Central Asia's Ferghana-Osh-Khudjand area Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP and others 2005 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 16:38:12 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/contamination-in-central-asia-s-ferghana-osh-khudjand-area_thumbnail.jpg 220 184 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C7C62797-14A5-DE05-FE4A-1495D14A0C18 en-US Contrast between contemporary and pre-disturbance transports of total nitrogen through inland aquatic systems resulting from anthropogenic acceleration of this nutrient cycle Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal While the peculiarities of individual pollutants, rivers, and governance define the specific character of water pollution, the general patterns observed for nitrogen are representative of anthropogenic changes to the transport of waterborne constituents. Elevated contemporary loadings to one part of the system (such as croplands) often reverberate to other parts of the system (to coastal zones, for example), exceeding the capacity of natural systems to assimilate additional constituents. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 03 Feb 2008 20:27:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/contrast-between-contemporary-and-pre-disturbance-transports-of-total-nitrogen-through-inland-aquati_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 115 While the peculiarities of individual pollutants, rivers, and governance define the specific character of water pollution, the general patterns observed for nitrogen are representative of anthropogenic changes to the transport of waterborne constituents. Elevated contemporary loadings to one part of the system (such as croplands) often reverberate to other parts of the system (to coastal zones, for example), exceeding the capacity of natural systems to assimilate additional constituents. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 nutrient cycle nitrogen water pollution agriculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/110ACB75-B3D9-A1F8-C463-1158515A0D93 en-US Contrats de bail internationaux pour l’exploitation de terres agricoles Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Un nombre croissant de pays concluent des baux à ferme sur des terres à l’étranger pour sécuriser durablement leur production alimentaire. Les données indiquées sont fournies strictement à titre provisoire. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAOSTAT, 2009. Mon, 08 Jun 2009 18:36:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/contrats-de-bail-internationaux-pour-l-exploitation-de-terres-agricoles_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 120 Un nombre croissant de pays concluent des baux à ferme sur des terres à l’étranger pour sécuriser durablement leur production alimentaire. Les données indiquées sont fournies strictement à titre provisoire. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/10335393-D5AF-ECF6-9611-139D1E94B53E en-US Contribution from waste to climate change Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The disposal and treatment of waste can produce emissions of several greenhouse gases (GHGs), which contribute to global climate change. The most significant GHG gas produced from waste is methane. It is released during the breakdown of organic matter in landfills. Other forms of waste disposal also produce GHGs but these are mainly in the form of carbon dioxide (a less powerful GHG). Even the recycling of waste produces some emissions (although these are offset by the reduction in fossil fuels that would be required to obtain new raw materials). Waste prevention and recycling help address global climate change by decreasing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and saving energy. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/a Thu, 09 Feb 2006 23:45:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/contribution_from_waste_to_climate_change_thumbnail.jpg 133 180 The disposal and treatment of waste can produce emissions of several greenhouse gases (GHGs), which contribute to global climate change. The most significant GHG gas produced from waste is methane. It is released during the breakdown of organic matter in landfills. Other forms of waste disposal also produce GHGs but these are mainly in the form of carbon dioxide (a less powerful GHG). Even the recycling of waste produces some emissions (although these are offset by the reduction in fossil fuels that would be required to obtain new raw materials). Waste prevention and recycling help address global climate change by decreasing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and saving energy. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption climate change greenhouse effect greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BD17D6D8-71BC-1042-496D-96572507552B en-US Contribution of ecosystems to historical radiative forcing and current greenhouse gas emissions Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Radiative forcing caused by changes in atmospheric composition, alteration in land surface reflectance (albedo), and variation in the output of the sun for the year 2000 relative to conditions in 1750. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal IPCC, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 03 Feb 2008 20:10:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/contribution-of-ecosystems-to-historical-radiative-forcing-and-current-greenhouse-gas-emissions_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 244 Radiative forcing caused by changes in atmospheric composition, alteration in land surface reflectance (albedo), and variation in the output of the sun for the year 2000 relative to conditions in 1750. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 radiative greenhouse gas ghg polution climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/2E97E2D3-42D2-47DF-B64C-10778C0B96ED en-US Contribution of fish to human diet Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The percentage of fish to the total human diet from various regions in the world. Based on statistics from 1987 to 1989. Fish is the last wild meal in the human diet, but roughly two-thirds of the world’s major stocks are now fished at or beyond their capacity, and another 10 percent have been harvested so heavily that populations will take years to recover. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Marine fisheries and the law of the sea: a decade of change, FAO Fisheries Circular number176 853, FAO, Roma, 1993. Tue, 23 May 2006 09:56:24 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/batch1tn_agrhumdie.jpg 187 200 The percentage of fish to the total human diet from various regions in the world. Based on statistics from 1987 to 1989. Fish is the last wild meal in the human diet, but roughly two-thirds of the world’s major stocks are now fished at or beyond their capacity, and another 10 percent have been harvested so heavily that populations will take years to recover. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 fisheries fish food human diet nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F004D432-88B0-1542-FE57-15E01E8FED69 en-US Contribution of forest to GDP, and ratio of forest exports out of total exports, for selected countries Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Forestry provides more than 8% of the GDP in some of the poorest countries. In most of the developing country production is consumed domestically, but for some countries forestry contributes significantly to total exports like in Liberia and the Central African Republic. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Lebedys, A. 2004. Trends and current status of the contribution of the forestry sector to national economies – FAO Working paper: FSFM/ACC/07. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ad493e/ad493e00.htm (accessed September 26, 2006) Sun, 05 Oct 2008 16:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/contribution-of-forest-to-gdp-and-ratio-of-forest-exports-out-of-total-exports-for-selected-countrie_thumbnail_002.jpg 200 177 Forestry provides more than 8% of the GDP in some of the poorest countries. In most of the developing country production is consumed domestically, but for some countries forestry contributes significantly to total exports like in Liberia and the Central African Republic. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 guinea-bissau chad liberia swaziland mali gabon sierra leone paraguay malaysia http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C15D11E2-1321-DCAC-F002-11A64803E03A en-US Contribution of various waste management systems to greenhouse gas emissions, 2002 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The disposal and treatment of waste can produce emissions of several greenhouse gases (GHGs), which contribute to global climate change. The most significant GHG gas produced from waste is methane. It is released during the breakdown of organic matter in landfills. Other forms of waste disposal also produce GHGs but these are mainly in the form of carbon dioxide (a less powerful GHG). Even the recycling of waste produces some emissions (although these are offset by the reduction in fossil fuels that would be required to obtain new raw materials). Waste prevention and recycling help address global climate change by decreasing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and saving energy. (Environmental Protection Agency). Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC Thu, 09 Feb 2006 23:53:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/contribution_of_various_waste_management_systems_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions_2002_thumbnail.jpg 220 130 The disposal and treatment of waste can produce emissions of several greenhouse gases (GHGs), which contribute to global climate change. The most significant GHG gas produced from waste is methane. It is released during the breakdown of organic matter in landfills. Other forms of waste disposal also produce GHGs but these are mainly in the form of carbon dioxide (a less powerful GHG). Even the recycling of waste produces some emissions (although these are offset by the reduction in fossil fuels that would be required to obtain new raw materials). Waste prevention and recycling help address global climate change by decreasing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and saving energy. (Environmental Protection Agency). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption greenhouse gas emissions climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1766A79A-123F-D1FC-4333-CD9C5739ED07 en-US Conversion from primary forest to other land uses, 1985-2007 Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The main driver for forest loss on peat areas in the Leuser Ecosystem was oil palm development between 1985 and 2007, while for forest on non-peatlands other land uses than oil palm contributed more to land use changes. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Laumonier, Y., Uryu, Y., Stüwe, M., Budiman, A., Setiabudi, B. and Hadian, O. 2010. Eco-floristic sectors and deforestation threats in Sumatra: Identifying new conservation area network priorities for ecosystem-based land use planning. Biodiv Cons 19: 1153-1174. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/conversion-from-primary-forest-to-other-land-uses-1985-2007_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 106 The main driver for forest loss on peat areas in the Leuser Ecosystem was oil palm development between 1985 and 2007, while for forest on non-peatlands other land uses than oil palm contributed more to land use changes. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/187F840B-1253-105C-2D11-8BBE77FA7434 en-US Conversion of forests to different land uses Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Using satellite images, land use changes were determined at Batang Toru (2001-2009) and Tripa (2001-2009) to calculate overall CO2 emissions. Deforestation in both areas led to different land use transitions, with the predominant land use in Batang Toru after deforestation being disturbed forest and in Tripa, oil palm plantations. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Tata, H.L. and van Noordwijk, M. 2010. Human livelihoods, ecosystem services and the habitat of the Sumatran orangutan: Rapid assessment in Batang Toru and Tripa. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Office, Bogor, Indonesia. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/conversion-of-forests-to-different-land-uses_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 106 Using satellite images, land use changes were determined at Batang Toru (2001-2009) and Tripa (2001-2009) to calculate overall CO2 emissions. Deforestation in both areas led to different land use transitions, with the predominant land use in Batang Toru after deforestation being disturbed forest and in Tripa, oil palm plantations. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9626DB76-722A-12F1-1E93-D7FB0842595A en-US Conversion of Original Biomes Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal MA 2005 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 12:46:35 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/conversion-of-original-biomes_thumbnail.jpg 145 300 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/67C09224-67F0-7AB4-4F02-1618DB1EED37 en-US Conversion of terrestrial biomes Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal It is not possible to estimate accurately the extent of different biomes prior to significant human impact, but it is possible to determine the “potential” area of biomes based on soil and climatic conditions. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 03 Feb 2008 17:41:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/conversion-of-terrestrial-biomes_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 340 It is not possible to estimate accurately the extent of different biomes prior to significant human impact, but it is possible to determine the “potential” area of biomes based on soil and climatic conditions. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Biome ecossystem land forest desert http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/69C5679B-6529-14B1-7DD2-9227254A651F en-US Converting water into red meat UNEP/GRID-Arendal Production of red meat has a significant demand on water with impacts on quality. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO statistical database, 2009;FAO, Livestock Long Shadow. Environmental Issues and Options, 2006. Data refers to 2003. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/converting-water-into-red-meat_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 125 Production of red meat has a significant demand on water with impacts on quality. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 sick water wastewater sustainable development global threat http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7A9F857C-D863-48BD-A926-F0C1A9AC82B2 en-US Cooling factors Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The amount of aerosols in the air has direct effect on the amount of solar radiation hitting the Earth's surface. Aerosols may have significant local or regional impact on temperature. Water vapour is a greenhouse gas, but at the same time the upper white surface of clouds reflects solar radiation back into space. Albedo - reflections of solar radiation from surfaces on the Earth - creates difficulties in exact calculations. If e.g. the polar icecap melts, the albedo will be significantly reduced. Open water absorbs heat, while white ice and snow reflect it. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Radiative forcing on climate change, 1994 report of the scientific assessment working group of IPCC, summary to policymakers, WMO, UNEP; L.D. Danny HArvey, Climate and global environmenatl change, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Harlow, United Kingdom, 2000 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cooling-factors_thumbnail.jpg 220 129 The amount of aerosols in the air has direct effect on the amount of solar radiation hitting the Earth's surface. Aerosols may have significant local or regional impact on temperature. Water vapour is a greenhouse gas, but at the same time the upper white surface of clouds reflects solar radiation back into space. Albedo - reflections of solar radiation from surfaces on the Earth - creates difficulties in exact calculations. If e.g. the polar icecap melts, the albedo will be significantly reduced. Open water absorbs heat, while white ice and snow reflect it. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14703638-8BFC-1643-5B41-1175EE6E0006 en-US Copenhagen, paradise for cyclists UNEP/GRID-Arendal In Copenhagen 36 per cent of the city's inhabitants cycle to work, using a network of more than 330 kilometres of cycle tracks and travelling at an average speed of 15 kph. UNEP/GRID-Arendal DK UNEP/GRID-Arendal Cycle Policy 2002-2012; Bicycle account 2004, City of Copenhagen. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/copenhagen-paradise-for-cyclists_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 280 In Copenhagen 36 per cent of the city's inhabitants cycle to work, using a network of more than 330 kilometres of cycle tracks and travelling at an average speed of 15 kph. 55.5 11.5 54 8 57 15 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/83A99CAC-CD57-16CB-243E-E8ABDE560104 en-US Copenhagen, paradise for cyclists Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In Copenhagen 36 per cent of the city's inhabitants cycle to work, using a network of more than 330 kilometres of cycle tracks and travelling at an average speed of 15 kph. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Cycle Policy 2002-2012; Bicycle account 2004, City of Copenhagen. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/copenhagen-paradise-for-cyclists_thumbnail.jpg 220 273 In Copenhagen 36 per cent of the city's inhabitants cycle to work, using a network of more than 330 kilometres of cycle tracks and travelling at an average speed of 15 kph. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6F1DD828-1076-13CD-694C-58FF0F32EBCF en-US Coral Reefs Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Distribution of the world's coral reefs. Oceans blue carbon sinks, along with coral reefs and kelp communities, all fulfil very important functions in the coastal zone while providing opportunities for jobs and coastal prosperity. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP-WCMC, 2009; Valiela et al., 2001 Wed, 14 Oct 2009 12:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coral-reefs_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 107 Distribution of the world's coral reefs. Oceans blue carbon sinks, along with coral reefs and kelp communities, all fulfil very important functions in the coastal zone while providing opportunities for jobs and coastal prosperity. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Blue Carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5527565E-8D5E-471E-8AE0-1C372547FC85 en-US Coral reefs at risk from human activities Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Population growth and technology: operating together these two factors account for the major causes of coral reef decline - excessive domestic and agricultural waste pouring into ocean waters, poor land-use practices that increase sedimentation of rivers and then of reefs, and over-exploitation of reef resources, often in combination with practices such as harvesting with dynamite and poison, all degrade reefs. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Lauretta Burke et al. Reefs at Risk: a map based indicator of threats to the world's coral reefs, World Resources Institute, Washington DC, 1998. Sat, 08 Jul 2006 12:32:14 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/batch1tn_marcoralreef.jpg 113 200 Population growth and technology: operating together these two factors account for the major causes of coral reef decline - excessive domestic and agricultural waste pouring into ocean waters, poor land-use practices that increase sedimentation of rivers and then of reefs, and over-exploitation of reef resources, often in combination with practices such as harvesting with dynamite and poison, all degrade reefs. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 coral reefs coastal marine environmental damage http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/159D5492-C3E9-FA99-6079-6E7477F2B4CE en-US Coral reefs at risks Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 There are two distinct regions in which coral reefs are primarily distributed: the Wider Caribbean (Atlantic Ocean) and the Indo-Pacific (from East Africa and the Red Sea to the Central Pacific Ocean). - The diversity of coral is far greater in the Indo-Pacific, particularly around Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. Many other groups of marine fauna show similar patterns, with a much greater diversity in the Indo-Pacific region. - Although they possess a smaller number of species the corals of the Atlantic are still unique, with few common species between the two regions (Spalding et al., 2001). Major threats to the world’s coral reefs include overexploitation and coastal development. This graphic explains the activities or conditions that threaten the world’s various reefs, and shows the global distribution of destroyed coral reefs. In addition, the global warming that the world is beginning to experience is likely to have a major impact on coastal and marine environments: - The sea has an enormous capacity to store heat. Warmer water, combined with anticipated changes in ocean currents, could have a devastating impact on marine ecosystems and biodiversity. - One potential result could be a reduction in the upwelling of nutrients, which would in turn reduce productivity in key fishing areas. - Decreased growth may also be seen in coral reefs, with high concentrations of CO2 in the water impairing the deposition of limestone required for coral skeletons (UNEP, 2002). Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Bryant et al., Reefs at Risk; a Map-Based Indicator of Threats to the World’s Coral Reefs, World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington DC, 1998. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/coral-reefs-at-risks_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 184 There are two distinct regions in which coral reefs are primarily distributed: the Wider Caribbean (Atlantic Ocean) and the Indo-Pacific (from East Africa and the Red Sea to the Central Pacific Ocean). - The diversity of coral is far greater in the Indo-Pacific, particularly around Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. Many other groups of marine fauna show similar patterns, with a much greater diversity in the Indo-Pacific region. - Although they possess a smaller number of species the corals of the Atlantic are still unique, with few common species between the two regions (Spalding et al., 2001). Major threats to the world’s coral reefs include overexploitation and coastal development. This graphic explains the activities or conditions that threaten the world’s various reefs, and shows the global distribution of destroyed coral reefs. In addition, the global warming that the world is beginning to experience is likely to have a major impact on coastal and marine environments: - The sea has an enormous capacity to store heat. Warmer water, combined with anticipated changes in ocean currents, could have a devastating impact on marine ecosystems and biodiversity. - One potential result could be a reduction in the upwelling of nutrients, which would in turn reduce productivity in key fishing areas. - Decreased growth may also be seen in coral reefs, with high concentrations of CO2 in the water impairing the deposition of limestone required for coral skeletons (UNEP, 2002). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 vital water coral reefs diversity africa carribean http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7B8677B2-124E-159F-5BC9-111E690BFD27 en-US Corporation Hugo Ahlenius Multinational companies in the EU and in Asia, among other, operate through subsidiary companies in the DRC region and contribute directly or most often indirectly with funds for financing the illegal exploitation of resources in the DRC – without criminal investigations. Hugo Ahlenius global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/corporation_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 185 Multinational companies in the EU and in Asia, among other, operate through subsidiary companies in the DRC region and contribute directly or most often indirectly with funds for financing the illegal exploitation of resources in the DRC – without criminal investigations. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 gorilla congo threat crime conflict http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8A3DD581-10EE-16AF-42C0-157C4847BE65 en-US Corruption Hugo Ahlenius Even though the logging concessions fall out- side of the protected areas, it is not uncommon – due to lack of resources for enforcement – that companies log inside protected areas, where often more valuable timber is present, and export this as part of their legal conces- sions – many however with at least 50% underreporting. Hugo Ahlenius global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Seneca Cree Associates 2004. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/corruption_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 160 Even though the logging concessions fall out- side of the protected areas, it is not uncommon – due to lack of resources for enforcement – that companies log inside protected areas, where often more valuable timber is present, and export this as part of their legal conces- sions – many however with at least 50% underreporting. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 gorilla congo threat crime conflict http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A26A5854-10CB-DCD0-4C75-8410668449C8 en-US Cost of coffee from farm gate to coffee shop IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ensuring policy space for all these countries to maintain prices for crops that are important to food security and rural livelihoods is essential. Agricultural policies in industrialized countries, including export subsidies, have reduced commodity prices and thus food import costs; however this has undermined the development of the agricultural sector in developing countries, and thus agriculture’s significant potential growth multiplier for the whole economy. IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Shaun Ferris and Peter Robbins, 2003 Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cost-of-coffee-from-farm-gate-to-coffee-shop_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 249 Ensuring policy space for all these countries to maintain prices for crops that are important to food security and rural livelihoods is essential. Agricultural policies in industrialized countries, including export subsidies, have reduced commodity prices and thus food import costs; however this has undermined the development of the agricultural sector in developing countries, and thus agriculture’s significant potential growth multiplier for the whole economy. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming economy price fixing coffee trade uganda http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1012DF2B-120F-F0E3-0CF2-12DB0F7FB428 en-US Counting female-headed households IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In SSA women make up two-thirds of those infected with HIV/AIDS. This adds additional burdens for women as producers of food and as family caretakers. Labor loss due to illness, need to care for family members and paid employment required to cover medical costs may cause families to decrease their farming activities. IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/counting-female-headed-households_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 298 In SSA women make up two-thirds of those infected with HIV/AIDS. This adds additional burdens for women as producers of food and as family caretakers. Labor loss due to illness, need to care for family members and paid employment required to cover medical costs may cause families to decrease their farming activities. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming women's issues labour economy household gender http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13927B72-1449-F2E1-1B12-122E88E4B948 en-US Counting women’s labor Ketill Berger Besides housekeeping and child rearing, women and girls are usually responsible for fetching water and fuel wood. Women and girls tend to perform tasks such as planting, transplanting, hand weeding, harvesting, picking fruit and vegetables, small livestock rearing, and post-harvest operations such as threshing, seed selection, and storage, while mechanized work (preparing the land, irrigation, mechanical harvesting, and marketing) is generally a male task. Ketill Berger global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/counting-women-s-labor_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 172 Besides housekeeping and child rearing, women and girls are usually responsible for fetching water and fuel wood. Women and girls tend to perform tasks such as planting, transplanting, hand weeding, harvesting, picking fruit and vegetables, small livestock rearing, and post-harvest operations such as threshing, seed selection, and storage, while mechanized work (preparing the land, irrigation, mechanical harvesting, and marketing) is generally a male task. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming gender roles labor india dominican republic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1394D0F2-16F1-E3B3-9BAA-E9351268EE87 en-US Country income groups (World Bank classification) Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil There are huge regional differences in the above trends. Globally, poverty rates have fallen from 52% in 1981 to 42% in 1990 and to 26% in 2005. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, the poverty rate remained constant at around 50%. This region also comprises the majority of countries making the least progress in reducing child malnutrition. The poverty rate in East Asia fell from nearly 80% in 1980 to under 20% by 2005. East Asia, notably China, was successful in more than halving the proportion of underweight children between 1990 and 2006. In contrast, and despite improvements since 1990, almost 50% of the children are underweight in Southern Asia. This region alone accounts for more than half the world’s malnourished children. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank. 2008. World Bank list of economies (country classification). http://go.worldbank.org/K2CKM78CC0 (Accessed December 3, 2008) Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/country-income-groups-world-bank-classification_thumbnail.jpg 220 94 There are huge regional differences in the above trends. Globally, poverty rates have fallen from 52% in 1981 to 42% in 1990 and to 26% in 2005. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, the poverty rate remained constant at around 50%. This region also comprises the majority of countries making the least progress in reducing child malnutrition. The poverty rate in East Asia fell from nearly 80% in 1980 to under 20% by 2005. East Asia, notably China, was successful in more than halving the proportion of underweight children between 1990 and 2006. In contrast, and despite improvements since 1990, almost 50% of the children are underweight in Southern Asia. This region alone accounts for more than half the world’s malnourished children. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/26194DD0-B949-460C-9246-2916B02FF240 en-US Croatia, topographic map Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Croatia is located in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia, comprising of 56,542 sq km. It has a population of 4,495,904 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial and domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal HR UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Times Atlas of the World Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_croatia_topographic_map_001.jpg 220 236 Croatia is located in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia, comprising of 56,542 sq km. It has a population of 4,495,904 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial and domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife. 44 16 42 13 46 19 croatia topography Yugoslavia Adriatic sea south europe http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/17CC7A7B-129D-1800-D806-913ED9F01592 en-US Croissance du secteur de la réfrigération UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Industrial Commodity Statistics Database, Divion statistique des Nations Unies, 2009. Wed, 26 May 2010 18:39:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/croissance-du-secteur-de-la-r-frig-ration_thumbnail.jpg 220 222 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone resource kit journalist http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/60586D39-CDD2-12F2-32E9-B239E9963DEB en-US Crushed by war - world conflicts Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal For people in countries at war or subject to economic embargos many goods are scarce, food and water constituting the most crucial shortages. But they also have to deal regularly with death and injury. In such countries disaster prevention may well not be a priority. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal PRIO/Uppsala Armed COnflict Dataset 2004, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2003 Mon, 06 Feb 2006 18:11:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/crushed-by-war-world-conflicts_thumbnail.jpg 220 110 For people in countries at war or subject to economic embargos many goods are scarce, food and water constituting the most crucial shortages. But they also have to deal regularly with death and injury. In such countries disaster prevention may well not be a priority. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 war conflict peace economy embargo security http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/99E4E9FB-10F4-F08E-14B3-DFA02531FD4F en-US Crushed by war and world conflicts Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Conflicts increase the risk of food supply instability tremendously (Figure 31). Countries in conflict and post-conflict situations tend to be food insecure, with more than 20% of the population, and in many cases far more, lacking access to adequate food (IFPRI, 2006). The group of countries that are experiencing civil conflicts cannot meet their basic needs and are large importers of food. In addition, the transport of commodities is hazardous and the situation is not secure enough for farmers to make investment decisions. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal PRIO, 2004. Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/crushed-by-war-and-world-conflicts_thumbnail_005.jpg 220 101 Conflicts increase the risk of food supply instability tremendously (Figure 31). Countries in conflict and post-conflict situations tend to be food insecure, with more than 20% of the population, and in many cases far more, lacking access to adequate food (IFPRI, 2006). The group of countries that are experiencing civil conflicts cannot meet their basic needs and are large importers of food. In addition, the transport of commodities is hazardous and the situation is not secure enough for farmers to make investment decisions. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/135FB701-8800-C4B7-725B-15D42494F238 en-US Cryosphere - winter seasons, Northern and Southern Hemispheres Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Seasonal variation in the extent of ice and snow cover is greatest in the Northern Hemisphere. Imagine the Earth with white caps on the top and bottom. The top cap increases by a factor of six from summer to winter, while the bottom cap only doubles from summer to winter. This difference is due to snow cover: in the Northern Hemisphere snow cover on land varies from less than 2 million km2 in the summer to 40 to 50 million km2 in the winter3. There is little snow cover in the Southern Hemisphere. In Antarctica, land ice covers about 14 million km2 yearround, with little change from summer to winter. Sea ice cover in the Arctic varies between approximately 7 and 15 million km2 seasonally, while sea ice cover in the Antarctic, though about the same extent at its peak, varies much more – from around 3 million km2 during summer to 18 million km2 in winter. This means that there is less multi-year sea ice in the Antarctic than in the Arctic, where much of the sea ice is older than one year. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Based on NASA Blue Marble NG, with data from the National Snow and Ice Data Centre Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cryosphere-winter-seasons-northern-and-southern-hemispheres_thumbnail_001.jpg 123 300 Seasonal variation in the extent of ice and snow cover is greatest in the Northern Hemisphere. Imagine the Earth with white caps on the top and bottom. The top cap increases by a factor of six from summer to winter, while the bottom cap only doubles from summer to winter. This difference is due to snow cover: in the Northern Hemisphere snow cover on land varies from less than 2 million km2 in the summer to 40 to 50 million km2 in the winter3. There is little snow cover in the Southern Hemisphere. In Antarctica, land ice covers about 14 million km2 yearround, with little change from summer to winter. Sea ice cover in the Arctic varies between approximately 7 and 15 million km2 seasonally, while sea ice cover in the Antarctic, though about the same extent at its peak, varies much more – from around 3 million km2 during summer to 18 million km2 in winter. This means that there is less multi-year sea ice in the Antarctic than in the Arctic, where much of the sea ice is older than one year. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 cryosphere ice snow sea ice ice sheets albedo reflection climate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12385BA5-8455-12CA-150E-13F3AFD6EF7A en-US Cultivated Land in Aral Sea Region I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Between 1990 and 2000 the area of cultivated land per capita in the Aral Sea region has dramatically reduced. The predictive models to the year 2020 show the increase demand in irrigation of the region. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal aralsea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001; Sorokin D., Sorokin A., Report on the work conducted for the application of the hydrological model towards the assessment of scenarios of the Aral Sea basin development; Ruzlev A., Prikhod’ko V., Application of the Aral Sea Basin Management Model towards specific plans of the Aral Sea basin development, UNDP and SIC ICWC, Tashkent, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 18:08:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_cultivated_land_in_aral_sea_region_001.jpg 220 310 Between 1990 and 2000 the area of cultivated land per capita in the Aral Sea region has dramatically reduced. The predictive models to the year 2020 show the increase demand in irrigation of the region. 45 66.5 36 53 54 80 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar land cultivation agriculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D44207E8-C4D5-52C9-6183-10450045DBBE en-US Cultivated Land in Aral Sea Region [Russian] I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Between 1990 and 2000 the area of cultivated land per capita in the Aral Sea region has dramatically reduced. The predictive models to the year 2020 show the increase demand in irrigation of the region. In Russian. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal aralsea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001; Sorokin D., Sorokin A., Report on the work conducted for the application of the hydrological model towards the assessment of scenarios of the Aral Sea basin development; Ruzlev A., Prikhod’ko V., Application of the Aral Sea Basin Management Model towards specific plans of the Aral Sea basin development, UNDP and SIC ICWC, Tashkent, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 20:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_cultivated_land_in_aral_sea_region_russian_001.jpg 220 305 Between 1990 and 2000 the area of cultivated land per capita in the Aral Sea region has dramatically reduced. The predictive models to the year 2020 show the increase demand in irrigation of the region. In Russian. 45 66.5 36 53 54 80 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar land cultivation agriculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6B558C53-10EB-12FF-C588-CDB8E1DCD4EB en-US Cumulative impacts on the marine environment Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate change may, through effects on ocean currents, elevated sea temperatures, coral bleaching, shifts in marine life, ocean acidification and much more severely exacerbate the combined actions of accelerating coastal development, coastal pollution and dead zones, invasive species, bottom trawling and over-harvest. These impacts will be the strongest in 10-15% of the Worlds oceans. These areas, however, are concurrent with the most productive fishing grounds today, responsible for more than half of the marine landings globally. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/a Fri, 22 Feb 2008 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cumulative-impacts-on-the-marine-environment_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 188 Climate change may, through effects on ocean currents, elevated sea temperatures, coral bleaching, shifts in marine life, ocean acidification and much more severely exacerbate the combined actions of accelerating coastal development, coastal pollution and dead zones, invasive species, bottom trawling and over-harvest. These impacts will be the strongest in 10-15% of the Worlds oceans. These areas, however, are concurrent with the most productive fishing grounds today, responsible for more than half of the marine landings globally. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 marine issues oceans sea seas ocean world ocean climate change fisheries http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5B46E224-C1B8-158B-D612-160B57576D39 en-US Curitiba city map Cécile Marin Curitiba has become world-famous for its original approach to basic municipal problems thanks to a unique mixture of innovative town planning, determined political leadership and good public relations. Cécile Marin BR UNEP/GRID-Arendal Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba, 2006 Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/curitiba_city_map_thumbnail.jpg 220 295 Curitiba has become world-famous for its original approach to basic municipal problems thanks to a unique mixture of innovative town planning, determined political leadership and good public relations. -14 -54 -33 -74 5 -34 Curitiba recycling municipal planning management parks waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/88D1785F-14A4-9DAF-3BFB-125714F0E05E en-US Curitiba, location Cécile Marin Curitiba has become world-famous for its original approach to basic municipal problems thanks to a unique mixture of innovative town planning, determined political leadership and good public relations. Cécile Marin BR UNEP/GRID-Arendal NA Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/curitiba_location_thumbnail.jpg 220 214 Curitiba has become world-famous for its original approach to basic municipal problems thanks to a unique mixture of innovative town planning, determined political leadership and good public relations. -14 -54 -33 -74 5 -34 curitiba recycling municipal program waste management http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FB7CE306-115A-5AB2-BEC7-DE921528E1CA en-US Current and future threats from illegal logging and mining in national parks in Indonesia Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The management and enforcement of the protection regime in Indonesia is insufficient, and illegal activities - such as logging and mining, is rampant. The RAPPAM methodology, developed by WWF, has been used to assess the relative pressures and threats using questionnaires and workshops. Borneo and Sumatra are home to the Orangutan, and the protected areas represent vital habitat for the survival of the species. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal ID UNEP/GRID-Arendal Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, RAPPAM asssement report 2005 Tue, 06 Feb 2007 11:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/current_and_future_threats_from_illegal_logging_and_mining_in_national_parks_in_indonesia_thumbnail.jpg 220 296 The management and enforcement of the protection regime in Indonesia is insufficient, and illegal activities - such as logging and mining, is rampant. The RAPPAM methodology, developed by WWF, has been used to assess the relative pressures and threats using questionnaires and workshops. Borneo and Sumatra are home to the Orangutan, and the protected areas represent vital habitat for the survival of the species. -2.5 118 -10 95 5 141 protected areas conservation hunting mining logging forestry biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FCBE1110-879C-BDD0-CBCB-C69462D91CDA en-US Current and past radiative forcing, from human and natural causes Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The radiative forcing from the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases since the pre-industrial era is positive (warming) with a small uncertainty range; that from the direct effects of aerosols is negative (cooling) and smaller; whereas the negative forcing from the indirect effects of aerosols (on clouds and the hydrologic cycle) might be large but is not well quantified. Key anthropogenic and natural factors causing a change in radiative forcing from year 1750 to year 2000 are shown in this figure, where wide, colored bars mark the factors whose radiative forcing can be quantified. Only some of the aerosol effects are estimated here and denoted as ranges. Other factors besides atmospheric constituents -- solar irradiance and land-use change -- are also shown. Stratospheric aerosols from large volcanic eruptions have led to important, but short-lived, negative forcings (particularly during the periods 1880-1920 and 1960-1994), which are not important over the time scale since the pre-industrial era and not shown. The sum of quantified factors in the figure is positive, but this does not include the potentially large, negative forcing from aerosol indirect effects. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal various Mon, 28 Aug 2006 10:53:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/current-and-past-radiative-forcing-from-human-and-natural-causes_thumbnail.jpg 220 168 The radiative forcing from the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases since the pre-industrial era is positive (warming) with a small uncertainty range; that from the direct effects of aerosols is negative (cooling) and smaller; whereas the negative forcing from the indirect effects of aerosols (on clouds and the hydrologic cycle) might be large but is not well quantified. Key anthropogenic and natural factors causing a change in radiative forcing from year 1750 to year 2000 are shown in this figure, where wide, colored bars mark the factors whose radiative forcing can be quantified. Only some of the aerosol effects are estimated here and denoted as ranges. Other factors besides atmospheric constituents -- solar irradiance and land-use change -- are also shown. Stratospheric aerosols from large volcanic eruptions have led to important, but short-lived, negative forcings (particularly during the periods 1880-1920 and 1960-1994), which are not important over the time scale since the pre-industrial era and not shown. The sum of quantified factors in the figure is positive, but this does not include the potentially large, negative forcing from aerosol indirect effects. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 climate change greenhouse effect http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A9FDF911-E9B6-1473-3BB8-A98D3114171D en-US Current and potential arable land use in Africa Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Out of the total land area in Africa, only a fraction is used for arable land. Using soil, land cover and climatic characteristics a FAO study has estimated the potential land area for rainfed crops, excluding built up areas and forests – neither of which would be available for agriculture. According to the study, the potential – if realised – would mean an increase ranging from 150 – 700% percent per region, with a total potential for the whole of Africa in 300 million hectares. Note that the actual arable land in 2003 is higher than the potential in a few countries, like Egypt, due to irrigation. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAOSTAT, FAO Terrastat Thu, 02 Nov 2006 16:51:57 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/current_and_potential_arable_land_use_in_africa_002.jpg 200 169 Out of the total land area in Africa, only a fraction is used for arable land. Using soil, land cover and climatic characteristics a FAO study has estimated the potential land area for rainfed crops, excluding built up areas and forests – neither of which would be available for agriculture. According to the study, the potential – if realised – would mean an increase ranging from 150 – 700% percent per region, with a total potential for the whole of Africa in 300 million hectares. Note that the actual arable land in 2003 is higher than the potential in a few countries, like Egypt, due to irrigation. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 crops agriculture rainfed agriculture arable land http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AFA3EF60-658F-DB2F-36F1-1045338579A3 en-US Current marine shipping uses in the Arctic Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> Biological invasions are known from around the globe but are relatively less known or studied in the Arctic. This secondary migration of invasives complicates ecological interactions as naturally occurring species from areas adjacent to the Arctic are also expanding their ranges northward. Another study found that the rate of marine invasion is increasing; that most reported invasions are by crustaceans and molluscs; and, importantly, that most invasions have resulted from shipping. Given the findings of the recent analysis of current Arctic shipping and the potential for climate change to expand such shipping, this has potentially very high relevance for future marine invasive risks to Arctic waters. In fact, in August 2009, two German vessels moving Korean goods from Vladivostok to the Netherlands along the Northern Sea Route became the first legal commercial ship crossings of the Arctic without icebreaker assistance. Studies of polar shipping operations have demonstrated that the external hull and ballast tanks of vessels operating in ice-covered waters can support a wide variety of nonnative marine organisms. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Arctic Council. 2009. Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report. http://www.arcticportal.org/pame/amsa [Accessed 4 January 2010]. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/current-marine-shipping-uses-in-the-arctic_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 Biological invasions are known from around the globe but are relatively less known or studied in the Arctic. This secondary migration of invasives complicates ecological interactions as naturally occurring species from areas adjacent to the Arctic are also expanding their ranges northward. Another study found that the rate of marine invasion is increasing; that most reported invasions are by crustaceans and molluscs; and, importantly, that most invasions have resulted from shipping. Given the findings of the recent analysis of current Arctic shipping and the potential for climate change to expand such shipping, this has potentially very high relevance for future marine invasive risks to Arctic waters. In fact, in August 2009, two German vessels moving Korean goods from Vladivostok to the Netherlands along the Northern Sea Route became the first legal commercial ship crossings of the Arctic without icebreaker assistance. Studies of polar shipping operations have demonstrated that the external hull and ballast tanks of vessels operating in ice-covered waters can support a wide variety of nonnative marine organisms. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology shipping development oil tourism natural gas http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/ADBAB52D-1460-D690-CC45-109354DA32F1 en-US Current pressures on national parks on Indonesian Borneo and Sumatra (illegal logging, hunting and mining) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The management and enforcement of the protection regime in Indonesia is insufficient, and illegal activities - such as logging, hunting and mining, is rampant. The RAPPAM methodology, developed by WWF, has been used to assess the relative pressures and threats using questionnaires and workshops. Borneo and Sumatra are home to the Orangutan, and the protected areas represent vital habitat for the survival of the species. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal borneosumatra UNEP/GRID-Arendal Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, RAPPAM asssement report 2005 Tue, 06 Feb 2007 11:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/current_pressures_on_national_parks_on_indonesian_borneo_and_sumatra_illegal_logging_hunting_and_mining_001.jpg 200 200 The management and enforcement of the protection regime in Indonesia is insufficient, and illegal activities - such as logging, hunting and mining, is rampant. The RAPPAM methodology, developed by WWF, has been used to assess the relative pressures and threats using questionnaires and workshops. Borneo and Sumatra are home to the Orangutan, and the protected areas represent vital habitat for the survival of the species. 0 107.5 -10 95 10 120 protected areas biodiversity conservation orangutan great apes habitat http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/17303638-F73D-E57B-FFB6-8A407040FD7B en-US Current Valuation Estimates of Blue Carbon Sink Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Although coastal ecosystems are already among the most valuable on the planet, the current estimates of the economic value for some of the oceans blue carbon sinks are surprisingly low. How should human perception of these important ecosystems change as we learn of the vast benefits of maintaining healthy coasts and oceans? Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Martinez et al. 2007; Gunawardean and Rowan, 2005; Spurgeon, 2004; Costanza, 1997. Wed, 14 Oct 2009 12:06:45 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/current-valuation-estimates-of-blue-carbon-sink_thumbnail.jpg 220 218 Although coastal ecosystems are already among the most valuable on the planet, the current estimates of the economic value for some of the oceans blue carbon sinks are surprisingly low. How should human perception of these important ecosystems change as we learn of the vast benefits of maintaining healthy coasts and oceans? 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Blue Carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5DF51346-82F7-8154-FAF7-170A4E59896F en-US Cutting Smaller Parcels in Hälsingland Sweden Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal EEA 2006 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 21:42:59 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cutting-smaller-parcels-in-h-lsingland-sweden_thumbnail.jpg 220 180 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9947E89E-59EB-42D9-990F-D17898A2C308 en-US Czech Republic emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) 1990 and 2010 projections Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CZ UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/1998/11/Add.2, please see http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/climate5/about.htm for more information Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/czech_republic_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_co2_ch4_n2o_1990_and_2010_projections_thumbnail.jpg 200 197 Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics 49.5 15 48 12 51 18 climate change emissions pollution co2 greenhouse gases methane http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AD2152F7-3D64-43E7-975F-0567F686DB64 en-US Czech Republic, greenhouse gas emissions (COP7) Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Czech Republic. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CZ UNEP/GRID-Arendal Actual emissions UNFCCC/SB1/2000/11 table B.1 Projected emissions UNFCCC/1998/Add.2 table C.6 Sun, 12 Mar 2006 10:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cop6_total_greenhouse_gas_emissions_czech_republic_thumbnail.jpg 200 146 This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Czech Republic. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. 49.5 15 48 12 51 18 cop7 Czech Republic climate change emissions global warming annex 1 environment greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A758CCF4-7A45-4B73-995C-C719B1A29914 en-US Czech Republic, topographic map Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Czech Republic (Czechia) is located in Central Europe, southeast of Germany, comprising of 78,866 sq km. It has a population of 10,241,138 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code should improve domestic pollution. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CZ UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Times Atlas of the World Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_czech_republic_topographic_map.jpg 220 141 Czech Republic (Czechia) is located in Central Europe, southeast of Germany, comprising of 78,866 sq km. It has a population of 10,241,138 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code should improve domestic pollution. 49.5 15 48 12 51 18 Czech Republic central europe Czechoslovakia Soviet union topography http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11361ADD-9254-12AB-DF2B-EFAB2771E0D8 en-US Damming the world Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 The construction of large dams - defined as those with walls at least 15 metres high - has increased significantly over the past 50 years. The average height of new dams, estimated at 30-34 m from 1940-1990, increased to about 45 m in the 1990s, due largely to construction trends in Asia. The average area and volume of freshwater reservoirs have also steadily increased, rising to about 50 km2 between 1945 and1970, declining through the 1980s to 17 km2, and increasing again in the 1990s to about 23 km2 (WCD, 2000). By 1997 there were more than 45,000 large dams worldwide, 22,100 of them in China. Other nations with many large dams include the United States (with 6,390 large dams), India (with more than 4,000), and Spain and Japan (with 1,000-1,200 each) (WCD, 2000). The countries with the greatest number of large dams under construction, in order of significance, are: Turkey, China, Japan, Iraq, Iran, Greece, Romania and Spain, and countries in the Parana basin in South America. The river basins with the largest dams under construction are: the Yangtze with 38, the Tigris and Euphrates, with 19 each, and the Danube, with 11 (Revenga et al., 2000). Damming and flood control can have negative impacts, such as declining fish catches, loss of freshwater biodiversity, increases in the frequency and severity of floods, loss of soil nutrients on floodplains, and increases in diseases such as schistosomiasis and malaria. In Egypt, for example, the massive Aswan Dam has caused the fertile Nile Delta to shrink, with 30 of 47 commercially exploited fish species becoming economically or biologically extinct. On the Mississippi River, the rising frequency and severity of flooding - attributed to local flood control structures - have reduced the river’s ability to support native flora and fauna, while a dramatic increase in floods on the River Rhine has been attributed to increased urbanization, engineering, and the walling off of the river from its floodplain (Revenga et al., 1998). Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Revenga et al., World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington DC, 2000. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/damming-the-world_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 168 The construction of large dams - defined as those with walls at least 15 metres high - has increased significantly over the past 50 years. The average height of new dams, estimated at 30-34 m from 1940-1990, increased to about 45 m in the 1990s, due largely to construction trends in Asia. The average area and volume of freshwater reservoirs have also steadily increased, rising to about 50 km2 between 1945 and1970, declining through the 1980s to 17 km2, and increasing again in the 1990s to about 23 km2 (WCD, 2000). By 1997 there were more than 45,000 large dams worldwide, 22,100 of them in China. Other nations with many large dams include the United States (with 6,390 large dams), India (with more than 4,000), and Spain and Japan (with 1,000-1,200 each) (WCD, 2000). The countries with the greatest number of large dams under construction, in order of significance, are: Turkey, China, Japan, Iraq, Iran, Greece, Romania and Spain, and countries in the Parana basin in South America. The river basins with the largest dams under construction are: the Yangtze with 38, the Tigris and Euphrates, with 19 each, and the Danube, with 11 (Revenga et al., 2000). Damming and flood control can have negative impacts, such as declining fish catches, loss of freshwater biodiversity, increases in the frequency and severity of floods, loss of soil nutrients on floodplains, and increases in diseases such as schistosomiasis and malaria. In Egypt, for example, the massive Aswan Dam has caused the fertile Nile Delta to shrink, with 30 of 47 commercially exploited fish species becoming economically or biologically extinct. On the Mississippi River, the rising frequency and severity of flooding - attributed to local flood control structures - have reduced the river’s ability to support native flora and fauna, while a dramatic increase in floods on the River Rhine has been attributed to increased urbanization, engineering, and the walling off of the river from its floodplain (Revenga et al., 1998). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 vital water reefs dam construction trends asia freshwater reservoir http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EBF686F4-B266-1250-6B81-15206E9C1A9D en-US Daugava/Zapadnaya Dvina and Nemunas/Neman river basins Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Overview over the transboundary Daugava/Zapadnaya Dvina and Nemunas/Neman river basins in North Eastern Europe. These basins span the countries of Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Poland, and the rivers drain to the Baltic Sea. This map was prepared for the DatabasiN project, which will coordinate spatial information for transboundary river basin management. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal databasin UNEP/GRID-Arendal Various Tue, 11 Jul 2006 12:53:22 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/daugava_zapadnaya_dvina_and_nemunas_neman_river_basins_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 200 Overview over the transboundary Daugava/Zapadnaya Dvina and Nemunas/Neman river basins in North Eastern Europe. These basins span the countries of Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Poland, and the rivers drain to the Baltic Sea. This map was prepared for the DatabasiN project, which will coordinate spatial information for transboundary river basin management. 55.5 24 52 20 59 28 river basin management freshwater transboundary issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B1A29301-9703-55EF-C3FE-1491022EC9A1 en-US Decline in trophic level of fisheries catch since 1950 Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal A trophic level of an organism is its position in a food chain. Levels are numbered according to how far particular organisms are along the chain from the primary producers, to herbivores, to predators, to carnivores or top carnivores. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 03 Feb 2008 17:27:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/decline-in-trophic-level-of-fisheries-catch-since-1950_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 89 A trophic level of an organism is its position in a food chain. Levels are numbered according to how far particular organisms are along the chain from the primary producers, to herbivores, to predators, to carnivores or top carnivores. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 fisheries fish depletion consumption ecosystem http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/155FDBFC-15FA-7851-DCA8-10F6D8DC16CC en-US Declines in carbon in living biomass and in extent of forest Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO 2006a Mon, 05 Oct 2009 13:39:40 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/declines-in-carbon-in-living-biomass-and-in-extent-of-forest_thumbnail.jpg 220 164 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13CB3312-F95A-9E54-7974-167F5D5CE14E en-US Deep underwater, deeper underground Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Chevron, 2009 Thu, 04 Feb 2010 11:05:11 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/deep-underwater-deeper-underground_thumbnail.jpg 220 215 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 unep continental shelf http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FEB56CF0-109F-599E-C91D-C6A325755328 en-US Deep waters within and beyond areas of national jurisdiction in East Africa UNEP-WCMC and UNEP/GRID-Arendal The figure demonstrates that the overwhelming majority of marine areas under national jurisdiction in East Africa are deeper than 200 metres (dark blue). Areas in red indicate where the geology/geomorphology might justify (subject to further research and interpretation) a submission/claim to be made by coastal states individually or jointly to increase their national seabed and subsoil areas, which, in turn, may be of major economic potential. UNEP-WCMC and UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal various Mon, 25 Feb 2008 11:43:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/deep-waters-within-and-beyond-areas-of-national-jurisdiction-in-east-africa_thumbnail.jpg 220 228 The figure demonstrates that the overwhelming majority of marine areas under national jurisdiction in East Africa are deeper than 200 metres (dark blue). Areas in red indicate where the geology/geomorphology might justify (subject to further research and interpretation) a submission/claim to be made by coastal states individually or jointly to increase their national seabed and subsoil areas, which, in turn, may be of major economic potential. -3.77 36.62 -29.77 21.83 22.23 51.41 jurisdication national resources continental shelf governance http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A325C79F-C3E8-7B11-860B-CA406E82A5B6 en-US Defining and measuring biodiversity Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Mon, 05 Oct 2009 16:44:53 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/defining-and-measuring-biodiversity_thumbnail.jpg 220 159 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15A4A22A-9B1A-E286-83FD-E7074755F5AE en-US Definition of the geographic areas covered in the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> The Arctic Council study on trends in the polar ecosystems - the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) focuses on the areas displayed in this map. The high- and low Arctic regions are defined from the bioclimatic zones in the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM), while the sub-Arctic zone is the area definition that has been used int he Arctic Council. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal CAVM team. 2005. Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Mapping Project - Bioclimatic subzones. http://www.geobotany.uaf.edu/cavm/ (Accessed May 5, 2009) Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/definition-of-the-geographic-areas-covered-in-the-arctic-biodiversity-assessment_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 The Arctic Council study on trends in the polar ecosystems - the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) focuses on the areas displayed in this map. The high- and low Arctic regions are defined from the bioclimatic zones in the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM), while the sub-Arctic zone is the area definition that has been used int he Arctic Council. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology climate zones vegetation tundra high arctic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12BAEC32-15D5-440E-9059-8D8FAFAA0EF4 en-US Definitions of the Arctic Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Several definitions of the Arctic as a region exist and are all used extensively. Definitions of the geographic boundaries of the Arctic vary, including such definitions as the area with a July isotherm below 10º C, vegetation distribution (tundra) or political boundaries, such as the definition by CAFF (CAFF, 2001). Nowhere else on Earth do we find such vast areas of relatively undisturbed marine and coastal ecosystems. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal AMAP, 1998. AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. AMAP, 1997. Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Evironment Reopert. CAFF, 2001. Arctic Flora and Fauna: Status and Conservation. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/definitions_of_the_arctic_thumbnail.jpg 180 200 Several definitions of the Arctic as a region exist and are all used extensively. Definitions of the geographic boundaries of the Arctic vary, including such definitions as the area with a July isotherm below 10º C, vegetation distribution (tundra) or political boundaries, such as the definition by CAFF (CAFF, 2001). Nowhere else on Earth do we find such vast areas of relatively undisturbed marine and coastal ecosystems. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 high arctic low arctic subarctic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7B01CE7E-6542-76ED-4215-8EEC5C9286B3 en-US Deforestation Benefits Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Moutinho and Schwartzman, 2005. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 14:43:07 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/deforestation-benefits_thumbnail.jpg 136 300 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1532A025-DE55-11FD-4B3D-F110B03BF950 en-US Deforestation Causes in Brazil Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Mongabay.com Thu, 08 Oct 2009 17:09:50 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/deforestation-causes-in-brazil_thumbnail.jpg 178 300 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9E16F944-9A9B-10B3-8226-1558199E20D8 en-US Deforestation in Brazil Compared with the Area of Turkey Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. Over the past 40 years, about a fifth of Brazil’s Amazon rainforest has been deforested (Reuters 2008). Official statistics show that annual deforestation has been close to 20 000 square kilometres over the last 10 years, reaching a peak of 27 429 square kilometers in 2004, and then being reduced annually to 11 224 square kilometers in 2007 (INPE 2008). Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Thu, 08 Oct 2009 21:37:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/deforestation-in-brazil-compared-with-the-area-of-turkey_thumbnail_001.jpg 133 300 Over the past 40 years, about a fifth of Brazil’s Amazon rainforest has been deforested (Reuters 2008). Official statistics show that annual deforestation has been close to 20 000 square kilometres over the last 10 years, reaching a peak of 27 429 square kilometers in 2004, and then being reduced annually to 11 224 square kilometers in 2007 (INPE 2008). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FA816D48-833B-42D8-A434-0D90F5405A54 en-US Deforestation in Rondonia (Brazil) in the nineties Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows deforestation in Rondonia, Brazil. Brazil covers more than one quarter of the worlds tropical forests. Since 1980 the deforestation has steadily increased. Deforestration can occur as a result of the clearing of large areas for agricultural purposes, commercial logging and the construction of towns or dams. Please be advised that this graphic is likely outdated. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal BR UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/deforestation-in-rondonia-brazil-in-the-nineties_thumbnail.jpg 200 159 The graph shows deforestation in Rondonia, Brazil. Brazil covers more than one quarter of the worlds tropical forests. Since 1980 the deforestation has steadily increased. Deforestration can occur as a result of the clearing of large areas for agricultural purposes, commercial logging and the construction of towns or dams. Please be advised that this graphic is likely outdated. -14 -54 -33 -74 5 -34 deforestation forestry agricultural science tropical rainforest land development logging Brazil Rondonia http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D7D30BD8-7092-4200-9C5A-128958FC19E7 en-US Deforestation in the Amazon region Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The amount of deforestation in the Amazon region is increasing at an alarming rate. This graphic compares the amount of deforested areas in the Amazon region to region in Norway in order to show how much is being destroyed. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal amazon UNEP/GRID-Arendal Unknown Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/deforestation_in_the_amazon_region_thumbnail.jpg 200 157 The amount of deforestation in the Amazon region is increasing at an alarming rate. This graphic compares the amount of deforested areas in the Amazon region to region in Norway in order to show how much is being destroyed. -5 -64 -21 -81 11 -47 amazon forest deforestation climate change South America http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8CB5E964-33DF-4CE7-98BA-B9436530EA91 en-US Deforestation in West Africa: Case Cote-d'Ivoire Rekacewicz, Philippe, based on a sketch by Le Monde, Paris; UNEP/GRID-Arendal The average annual rate of change in total forest area from 1990 to 2000 for the whole of Africa was estimated to be -0.74 %, equivalent to losing more than 5 million ha of forest a year, an area roughly the size of Togo, and the highest rate of any region. (UNEP: GEO [Global Environment Outlook] 3). This graphic shows how deforestation has occurred in Cote d'Ivoire (the Ivory Coast) by comparing the area's forests in 1955 and in 1988. It shows areas in which forests were converted for agriculture, areas of closed forest cover, and areas of fragmented forest cover. This resource also includes a graphic that shows the areas of Africa that are affected by deforestation. Rekacewicz, Philippe, based on a sketch by Le Monde, Paris; UNEP/GRID-Arendal CI UNEP/GRID-Arendal Le Monde, Institute of Research for Development (IRD), 1996; UNEP, International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC), World Atlas of Desertification, 1997. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/vitalafrica_07-cotedivoire_tn.jpg 117 200 The average annual rate of change in total forest area from 1990 to 2000 for the whole of Africa was estimated to be -0.74 %, equivalent to losing more than 5 million ha of forest a year, an area roughly the size of Togo, and the highest rate of any region. (UNEP: GEO [Global Environment Outlook] 3). This graphic shows how deforestation has occurred in Cote d'Ivoire (the Ivory Coast) by comparing the area's forests in 1955 and in 1988. It shows areas in which forests were converted for agriculture, areas of closed forest cover, and areas of fragmented forest cover. This resource also includes a graphic that shows the areas of Africa that are affected by deforestation. 7 -5 4 -8 10 -2 climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C4C4E993-C56E-1414-CB5F-589990B4F9B2 en-US Degraded soils Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Soil degradation is a key global environmental indicator. Very degraded soils are found especially in semi-arid areas (Sub-Saharan Africa, Chile), areas with high population pressure (China, Mexico, India) and regions undergoing deforestation (Indonesia). Degraded soils reduce the possibilities for agriculture, increases the expansion of drylands/desert and hightens the risk for erosion. This map presents the state of global soil degradation, from the GLASOD study in 1997. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP, International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC), World Atlas of Desertification, 1997 Sat, 09 Feb 2008 23:33:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/degraded-soils_thumbnail_006.jpg 210 209 Soil degradation is a key global environmental indicator. Very degraded soils are found especially in semi-arid areas (Sub-Saharan Africa, Chile), areas with high population pressure (China, Mexico, India) and regions undergoing deforestation (Indonesia). Degraded soils reduce the possibilities for agriculture, increases the expansion of drylands/desert and hightens the risk for erosion. This map presents the state of global soil degradation, from the GLASOD study in 1997. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 soil degradation deforestation erosion GLASOD http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1533728C-6CFF-B5D3-EB1A-13DB61D7FE6D en-US Degree of protection of terrestrial ecoregions and large marine ecosystems (per cent) Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Mon, 05 Oct 2009 14:19:28 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/degree-of-protection-of-terrestrial-ecoregions-and-large-marine-ecosystems-per-cent_thumbnail.jpg 220 91 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/61CB87EB-FB0E-13C6-D36A-120D6C97F974 en-US Degree of protection of terrestrial ecoregions and large marine ecosystems (per cent) Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Mon, 05 Oct 2009 14:21:21 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/degree-of-protection-of-terrestrial-ecoregions-and-large-marine-ecosystems-per-cent_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 91 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AE306F5F-82A0-C3FA-16D8-1026364BF90B en-US Délais pour la production et la consommation de substances appauvrissant l’ozone UNEP/GRID-Arendal Définies dans les phases d’élimination progressive du Protocole de Montréal UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal PNUE, Secrétariat Ozone, 2009. Wed, 26 May 2010 20:09:53 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/d-lais-pour-la-production-et-la-consommation-de-substances-appauvrissant-l-ozone_thumbnail.jpg 220 158 Définies dans les phases d’élimination progressive du Protocole de Montréal 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone resource kit journalist http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15AE5996-F8F7-7F71-247A-BE55AD8069BE en-US Delete Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GEO Data Portal compiled from various MEA secretariats Mon, 05 Oct 2009 12:07:42 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/delete_thumbnail.jpg 220 117 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AFB533BC-C3BA-F6D0-92B5-12800D26F3B0 en-US Delete Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GEO Data Portal compiled from various MEA secretariats Mon, 05 Oct 2009 12:07:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/delete_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 118 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7413CE4F-143E-13A2-3679-F15117CD8E0E en-US Delete Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GEO Data Portal compiled from various MEA secretariats Mon, 05 Oct 2009 12:07:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/delete_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 117 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/DEB33E3E-1527-E8D6-1C4F-B3C963F13A7A en-US Delete Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GEO Data Portal compiled from various MEA secretariats Mon, 05 Oct 2009 12:07:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/delete_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 118 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8B8B9836-1017-BD9D-4408-12F37D3E935D en-US Delete Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GEO Data Portal compiled from various MEA secretariats Mon, 05 Oct 2009 12:07:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/delete_thumbnail_005.jpg 220 118 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11887C20-F39F-120A-082F-76A3E5152438 en-US Demography of indigenous peoples of the Arctic based on linguistic groups Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Language not only communicates, it defines culture, nature, history, humanity, and ancestry. The indigenous languages of the Arctic have been formed and shaped in close contact with their environment. They are a valuable source of information and a wealth of knowledge on human interactions with nature is encoded in these languages. If a language is lost, a world is lost. This deep knowledge and interconnectedness is expressed in Arctic song, subsistence practices, and other cultural expressions but especially in place names across the Arctic. Place names of the indigenous peoples reflect subsistence practices, stories, dwelling sites, spawning sites, migratory routes of animals, and links to the sacred realms of the indigenous peoples of the north. This map presents the original languages of the respective indigenous peoples, even if they do not speak their languages today. Notes: Overlapping populations are not shown. The map does not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic populations, are not shown (Danes in Greenland, Russians in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North America). Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adopted from map by W.K. Dallmann published in Arctic Human Development Report (2004). Data and information compiled by W.K. Dallmann, Norwegian Polar Institute and P. Schweitzer, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fri, 22 Oct 2010 18:25:31 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/demography-of-indigenous-peoples-of-the-arctic-based-on-linguistic-groups_thumbnail_008.jpg 220 218 Language not only communicates, it defines culture, nature, history, humanity, and ancestry. The indigenous languages of the Arctic have been formed and shaped in close contact with their environment. They are a valuable source of information and a wealth of knowledge on human interactions with nature is encoded in these languages. If a language is lost, a world is lost. This deep knowledge and interconnectedness is expressed in Arctic song, subsistence practices, and other cultural expressions but especially in place names across the Arctic. Place names of the indigenous peoples reflect subsistence practices, stories, dwelling sites, spawning sites, migratory routes of animals, and links to the sacred realms of the indigenous peoples of the north. This map presents the original languages of the respective indigenous peoples, even if they do not speak their languages today. Notes: Overlapping populations are not shown. The map does not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic populations, are not shown (Danes in Greenland, Russians in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North America). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 language demography indigenous peoples population linguistics http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B4C8F8D8-DAA4-4DCB-9042-027E0BAA8906 en-US Demography of indigenous peoples of the Arctic based on linguistic groups Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Areas show colours according to the original languages of the respective indigenous peoples, even if they do not speak their languages today. Notes: Overlapping populations are not shown. The map does not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic populations, are not shown (Danes in Greenland, Russians in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North America). Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adopted from map by W.K. Dallmann published in Arctic Human Development Report (2004). Data and information compiled by W.K. Dallmann, Norwegian Polar Institute and P. Schweitzer, University of Alaska Fairbanks Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/demography-of-indigenous-peoples-of-the-arctic-based-on-linguistic-groups_thumbnail.jpg 200 200 Areas show colours according to the original languages of the respective indigenous peoples, even if they do not speak their languages today. Notes: Overlapping populations are not shown. The map does not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic populations, are not shown (Danes in Greenland, Russians in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North America). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 language demography indigenous peoples population http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12F28A46-B295-13F2-306B-70EA72F24296 en-US Demography of indigenous peoples of the Arctic based on linguistic groups Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> Language not only communicates, it defines culture, nature, history, humanity, and ancestry. The indigenous languages of the Arctic have been formed and shaped in close contact with their environment. They are a valuable source of information and a wealth of knowledge on human interactions with nature is encoded in these languages. If a language is lost, a world is lost. This deep knowledge and interconnectedness is expressed in Arctic song, subsistence practices, and other cultural expressions but especially in place names across the Arctic. Place names of the indigenous peoples reflect subsistence practices, stories, dwelling sites, spawning sites, migratory routes of animals, and links to the sacred realms of the indigenous peoples of the north. This map presents the original languages of the respective indigenous peoples, even if they do not speak their languages today. Notes: Overlapping populations are not shown. The map does not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic populations, are not shown (Danes in Greenland, Russians in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North America). Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adopted from map by W.K. Dallmann published in Arctic Human Development Report (2004). Data and information compiled by W.K. Dallmann, Norwegian Polar Institute and P. Schweitzer, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fri, 21 May 2010 15:23:06 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/demography-of-indigenous-peoples-of-the-arctic-based-on-linguistic-groups_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 167 Language not only communicates, it defines culture, nature, history, humanity, and ancestry. The indigenous languages of the Arctic have been formed and shaped in close contact with their environment. They are a valuable source of information and a wealth of knowledge on human interactions with nature is encoded in these languages. If a language is lost, a world is lost. This deep knowledge and interconnectedness is expressed in Arctic song, subsistence practices, and other cultural expressions but especially in place names across the Arctic. Place names of the indigenous peoples reflect subsistence practices, stories, dwelling sites, spawning sites, migratory routes of animals, and links to the sacred realms of the indigenous peoples of the north. This map presents the original languages of the respective indigenous peoples, even if they do not speak their languages today. Notes: Overlapping populations are not shown. The map does not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic populations, are not shown (Danes in Greenland, Russians in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North America). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 language demography indigenous peoples population linguistics http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BBD8BB74-1378-5E2B-08D3-78CFCADC11A9 en-US Demography of indigenous peoples of the Arctic based on linguistic groups (major groups) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Areas show colours according to the original languages of the respective indigenous peoples, even if they do not speak their languages today. Notes: Overlapping populations are not shown. The map does not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic populations, are not shown (Danes in Greenland, Russians in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North America). This map is simplified from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/demography-of-indigenous-peoples-of-the-arctic-based-on-linguistic-groups Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adopted from map by W.K. Dallmann published in Arctic Human Development Report (2004). Data and information compiled by W.K. Dallmann, Norwegian Polar Institute and P. Schweitzer, University of Alaska Fairbanks Wed, 13 Aug 2008 20:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/demography-of-indigenous-peoples-of-the-arctic-based-on-linguistic-groups-major-groups_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 220 Areas show colours according to the original languages of the respective indigenous peoples, even if they do not speak their languages today. Notes: Overlapping populations are not shown. The map does not claim to show exact boundaries between the individual language groups. Typical colonial populations, which are not traditional Arctic populations, are not shown (Danes in Greenland, Russians in the Russian Federation, non-native Americans in North America). This map is simplified from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/demography-of-indigenous-peoples-of-the-arctic-based-on-linguistic-groups 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 language demography indigenous peoples population http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A2AB27F1-B06D-9696-F0E9-11B3216D7E07 en-US Demography of the Caucausus ecoregion, rural and urban population Manana Kurtubadze The Caucasus ecoregion, which includes the countries of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, and parts of Russia, Turkey and Iran, has three main urban centres - Yerevan, Tbilisi and Baku. Rural population is primarily distributed on the plains and coasts. Manana Kurtubadze caucaususecoregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Caucasus Atlas project, 2007 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 13:15:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/demography-of-the-caucausus-ecoregion-rural-and-urban-population_thumbnail.jpg 220 188 The Caucasus ecoregion, which includes the countries of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, and parts of Russia, Turkey and Iran, has three main urban centres - Yerevan, Tbilisi and Baku. Rural population is primarily distributed on the plains and coasts. 36.5 44.5 28 38 45 51 human development rural urban population rural population urban issues rural issues demography http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FCDAA680-0011-4ACE-9334-B7B43EF4DA20 en-US Dengue fever incidence; Trinidad and Tobago UNEP/GRID-Arendal Shows the increase in dengue fever as temperature rises in correlation with El Niño in Trinidad and Tobago. There is neither good prophylactic nor cure for dengue fever, a disease spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. There are four different strains of the disease. Infection by one of the strains does not provide immunity against the other strains. The symptoms range from a non-specific viral syndrome to fatal hemorrhagic disease. Increasing temperatures promote the spread of this disease. UNEP/GRID-Arendal TT UNEP/GRID-Arendal Amarakoon et al. 2003 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/dengue_fever_incidence_trinidad_and_tobago_thumbnail.jpg 164 180 Shows the increase in dengue fever as temperature rises in correlation with El Niño in Trinidad and Tobago. There is neither good prophylactic nor cure for dengue fever, a disease spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. There are four different strains of the disease. Infection by one of the strains does not provide immunity against the other strains. The symptoms range from a non-specific viral syndrome to fatal hemorrhagic disease. Increasing temperatures promote the spread of this disease. 10.5 -60.5 10 -61 11 -60 dengue fever temperature El Niño disease epidemiology http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/4F01907C-E0A4-473A-8E13-DAB440F51E8C en-US Denmark emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) 1990 and 2010 projections Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal DK UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/1998/11/Add.2, please see http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/climate5/about.htm for more information Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/denmark_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_co2_ch4_n2o_1990_and_2010_projections_thumbnail.jpg 200 197 Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics. 55.5 11.5 54 8 57 15 climate change emissions pollution co2 greenhouse gases methane Denmark http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/444CABD7-DC6F-4C95-976A-C34529C3E766 en-US Denmark, greenhouse gas emissions (COP7) Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Denmark. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal DK UNEP/GRID-Arendal Actual emissions UNFCCC/SB1/2000/11 table B.1 Projected emissions UNFCCC/1998/Add.2 table C.6 Sun, 12 Mar 2006 10:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cop6_total_greenhouse_gas_emissions_denmark_thumbnail.jpg 200 146 This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Denmark. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. 55.5 11.5 54 8 57 15 cop7 Denmark climate change emissions global warming annex 1 environment greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/61CEC338-150D-5A01-049D-170E44D12394 en-US Dependency ratio in renewable water Philippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 The dependency ratio is a good indicator of where tension and conflict over water-sharing and use can occur. The map clearly depicts such areas including central Asia, the Middle East (especially Syria and Iraq), India and Pakistan, and surprisingly, low land countries such as the Netherlands. Philippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO, Aquastat 2007. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/dependency-ratio-in-renewable-water_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 132 The dependency ratio is a good indicator of where tension and conflict over water-sharing and use can occur. The map clearly depicts such areas including central Asia, the Middle East (especially Syria and Iraq), India and Pakistan, and surprisingly, low land countries such as the Netherlands. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 vital water dependancy ratio renewable water tension conflict water-sharing http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/17380F01-9329-1354-1B3C-FF064772A9A8 en-US Depht-corrected density of Labrador Sea water (northern North Atlantic) at 200-800 m depth Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The global ocean circulation system will change under the strong influence of arctic warming. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Yashayaev, I., 2007. Tue, 27 Oct 2009 18:35:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/depht-corrected-density-of-labrador-sea-water-northern-north-atlantic-at-200-800-m-depth_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 189 The global ocean circulation system will change under the strong influence of arctic warming. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/158E7881-E283-1467-5027-138EFB76308C en-US Des responsabilités différentes UNEP/GRID-Arendal Production de CFC déclarée UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement, Secrétariat Ozone. Wed, 26 May 2010 20:08:49 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/des-responsabilit-s-diff-rentes_thumbnail.jpg 220 105 Production de CFC déclarée 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone resource kit journalist http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/DA58C5CA-16F8-1157-1474-7382EB3F74CA en-US Desert and dry shrublands Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The large surface area of drylands gives dryland carbon sequestration a global significance, despite their relatively low carbon density. The fact that many dryland soils have been degraded means that they are currently far from saturated with carbon and their potential to sequester carbon can be high. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adapted from Olson et al., 2001. Fri, 05 Jun 2009 00:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/desert-and-dry-shrublands_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 112 The large surface area of drylands gives dryland carbon sequestration a global significance, despite their relatively low carbon density. The fact that many dryland soils have been degraded means that they are currently far from saturated with carbon and their potential to sequester carbon can be high. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 emissions greenhouse gases global climate change ecosystems carbon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C59AB5D7-13BA-85DE-1004-15B749FC2768 en-US Desertification Emmanuelle Bournay and Matthias Beilstein, Zoï Environment Network Environment and Security in the Mediterranean: Desertification Emmanuelle Bournay and Matthias Beilstein, Zoï Environment Network global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plan Bleu, Times Atlas of the World Tue, 17 Nov 2009 18:17:28 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/desertification_thumbnail.jpg 220 136 Environment and Security in the Mediterranean: Desertification 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 environment degradation human security Mediterranean http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/772A58D7-565B-CA91-B6C6-76444F61EAD5 en-US Desertification in the Caspian Sea region Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Contrasting rainfall trends have been observed in the north and south. Whereas rainfall over Russia has increased over the last century, already dry areas such as the coasts of Turkmenistan and Iran have become even drier. Dust storms pick up large amounts of salt and dust as they pass over the Kara-Kum desert and the Caspian Sea shore, depositing it in the Volga valley where it impairs the fertility of arable land. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspianregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the Caspian Sea, The Caspian Environment Programme, 2002 Mon, 17 Mar 2008 10:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/desertification-in-the-caspian-sea-region_thumbnail.jpg 165 300 Contrasting rainfall trends have been observed in the north and south. Whereas rainfall over Russia has increased over the last century, already dry areas such as the coasts of Turkmenistan and Iran have become even drier. Dust storms pick up large amounts of salt and dust as they pass over the Kara-Kum desert and the Caspian Sea shore, depositing it in the Volga valley where it impairs the fertility of arable land. 42.5 55 30 40 55 70 rainfall water desertification drought climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F3D39E4A-5E49-A909-C065-1207C9C73A0A en-US Deteriorated forest hotspots Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Despite showing signs of slowing at the global level, the present pace of deforestation continues to be a source of serious concern for Latin America and the Caribbean. While the region’s forests represent one of the most important potential sources for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, it equally accounted for approximately 70% of the world’s decrease in forests between 2005 and 2010 (FAO 2010). The global forest resource assessment (FRA) conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) identifies Brazil as the country with the greatest net annual loss of forest area in the world, though this must be viewed as a historical process caused by multiple factors, both internal and external. Between 1990 and 2000, Brazil lost 2.8 million hectares per year (ha/year) of forests, while between 2000 and 2010 the loss was 2.6 million ha/year. The list of the ten countries with the highest net forest losses in the last decade includes the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, with a combined loss of 290,000 ha/year. These countries, along with Peru, Mexico, Colombia and Ecuador, constitute critical areas of deforestation in the region. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal F. Achard et al. 2005. Identification of deforestation hot spot areas in the humid tropics, Research Report, Nº 4, UE, 1998; FAO, Global Forest Resources Assessment. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/deteriorated-forest-hotspots_thumbnail_006.jpg 191 300 Despite showing signs of slowing at the global level, the present pace of deforestation continues to be a source of serious concern for Latin America and the Caribbean. While the region’s forests represent one of the most important potential sources for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, it equally accounted for approximately 70% of the world’s decrease in forests between 2005 and 2010 (FAO 2010). The global forest resource assessment (FRA) conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) identifies Brazil as the country with the greatest net annual loss of forest area in the world, though this must be viewed as a historical process caused by multiple factors, both internal and external. Between 1990 and 2000, Brazil lost 2.8 million hectares per year (ha/year) of forests, while between 2000 and 2010 the loss was 2.6 million ha/year. The list of the ten countries with the highest net forest losses in the last decade includes the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, with a combined loss of 290,000 ha/year. These countries, along with Peru, Mexico, Colombia and Ecuador, constitute critical areas of deforestation in the region. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/68CE5300-E6C8-130D-3533-147B2BAB5498 en-US Developing countries with environmental strategies Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal While many countries have shown indifference to environmental commitments made at Rio, the summit significantly helped legitimise environmental issues in political agendas worldwide: over 50 countries currently have national constitutions recognizing the rights of citizens to a healthy environment and many have national legislation to protect the environment. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal A Better World for all 2000, IMF, OECD, UN and World Bank Sat, 09 Feb 2008 23:24:45 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/developing-countries-with-environmental-strategies_thumbnail.jpg 220 363 While many countries have shown indifference to environmental commitments made at Rio, the summit significantly helped legitimise environmental issues in political agendas worldwide: over 50 countries currently have national constitutions recognizing the rights of citizens to a healthy environment and many have national legislation to protect the environment. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment poverty agrrements biodiversity protection http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D31DA22C-B487-DDA2-156C-F5BCEC99EBFA en-US Developing countries: share of agricultural exports in the world market (Hong Kong scenario) IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Agricultural trade can offer opportunities for the poor, but there are major distributional impacts among countries and within countries that in many cases have not been favorable for small-scale farmers and rural livelihoods. The poorest developing countries are net losers under most trade liberalization scenarios. 99 IAASTD/Ketill Berger, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Polaski, 2006 Tue, 15 Apr 2008 22:52:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/developing-countries-share-of-agricultural-exports-in-the-world-market-hong-kong-scenario_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 138 Agricultural trade can offer opportunities for the poor, but there are major distributional impacts among countries and within countries that in many cases have not been favorable for small-scale farmers and rural livelihoods. The poorest developing countries are net losers under most trade liberalization scenarios. 99 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming export economy trade hong kong scenario http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/135F7B71-102D-C503-7C56-11B42D865785 en-US Development in Central Asia I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The predictive models for population growth and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Aral Sea region shows there maybe some stabilization between the two and possibly some positive implications for the region. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Human Development Report 2001, Making New Technologies Work for Human Development, UNDP, New York – Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001; Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 18:47:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_development_in_central_asia.jpg 220 309 The predictive models for population growth and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Aral Sea region shows there maybe some stabilization between the two and possibly some positive implications for the region. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar human resources development http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EA8A0EF3-734B-63BE-3A53-119E4A312976 en-US Development in Central Asia [Russian] I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The predictive models for population growth and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Aral Sea region shows there maybe some stabilization between the two and possibly some positive implications for the region. In Russian. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Human Development Report 2001, Making New Technologies Work for Human Development, UNDP, New York – Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001; Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 20:05:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_development_in_central_asia_russian_002.jpg 220 308 The predictive models for population growth and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Aral Sea region shows there maybe some stabilization between the two and possibly some positive implications for the region. In Russian. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar human resources development http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/118E5C77-CDF5-156F-5903-984DE96787BE en-US Development of fossil fuel resources in the Arctic, 2005 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Barents Sea: The 2004 lifting of an embargo on offshore hydrocarbon exploration in the Norwegian Barents has renewed activity there. Regulation of exploration is animportant political issue. Debate in 2005 focused on environmental protection and establishing areas free of oil development. In Russia five companies were selected as finalists in the joint development of the Shtokman gas field, in the Barents Sea. This field is estimated to hold twice the known gas reserves of Canada. Mackenzie Delta and Pipeline: In Canada debate continues about developing hydrocarbon reserves in the Mackenzie Delta and constructing a 1220-kilometre pipeline to link with existing pipelines supplying southern Canadaand the U.S. Primary issues include ensuring local economic benefits (especially to indigenous peoples), and cumulative environmental effects. Alaska Beaufort Sea Coast: Since the start of the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field development in 1969, facilities and infrastructure have expanded to about 260 000 ha, producing a total of 15 million million barrels of oil and bringing economic development to the region. Studies show that caribou have shifted their calving grounds away from the oilfields. In 2005, after political dispute and intense lobbying, the US government withdrew its latest proposal to open the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to hydrocarbon exploration. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal See GEO Yearbook 2006 for full references. Mon, 13 Feb 2006 15:35:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/development_of_fossil_fuel_resources_in_the_arctic_2005_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 Barents Sea: The 2004 lifting of an embargo on offshore hydrocarbon exploration in the Norwegian Barents has renewed activity there. Regulation of exploration is animportant political issue. Debate in 2005 focused on environmental protection and establishing areas free of oil development. In Russia five companies were selected as finalists in the joint development of the Shtokman gas field, in the Barents Sea. This field is estimated to hold twice the known gas reserves of Canada. Mackenzie Delta and Pipeline: In Canada debate continues about developing hydrocarbon reserves in the Mackenzie Delta and constructing a 1220-kilometre pipeline to link with existing pipelines supplying southern Canadaand the U.S. Primary issues include ensuring local economic benefits (especially to indigenous peoples), and cumulative environmental effects. Alaska Beaufort Sea Coast: Since the start of the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field development in 1969, facilities and infrastructure have expanded to about 260 000 ha, producing a total of 15 million million barrels of oil and bringing economic development to the region. Studies show that caribou have shifted their calving grounds away from the oilfields. In 2005, after political dispute and intense lobbying, the US government withdrew its latest proposal to open the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to hydrocarbon exploration. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 oil fossil fuel development infrastructure http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B72A7814-8BB2-4754-867A-E7B7067A5623 en-US Development of organic matter, phosphorus and nitrate in EU 15 rivers Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows the development of organic matter, phosphorus and nitrate in EU 15 rivers. Water resources in Europe have been profoundly influenced over the past century by human activities, including the construction of dams and canals, large irrigation and drainage systems, changes of land cover in most watersheds, high inputs of chemicals from industry and agriculture into surface and groundwater, and depletion of aquifers. Some of the most important freshwater pollutants are nitrate, phosphorus and organic matter, together with various pesticides and heavy metals. The graph shows a dramatic decrease of phosphorus and organic matter from 1980 to 1995, however the amount of nitrate has greatly increased. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoweurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal Environment in the European Union 1995, fig. 4.7.3 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivewat03_l.jpg 200 232 The graphic shows the development of organic matter, phosphorus and nitrate in EU 15 rivers. Water resources in Europe have been profoundly influenced over the past century by human activities, including the construction of dams and canals, large irrigation and drainage systems, changes of land cover in most watersheds, high inputs of chemicals from industry and agriculture into surface and groundwater, and depletion of aquifers. Some of the most important freshwater pollutants are nitrate, phosphorus and organic matter, together with various pesticides and heavy metals. The graph shows a dramatic decrease of phosphorus and organic matter from 1980 to 1995, however the amount of nitrate has greatly increased. 59.5 -3.5 34 -27 85 20 Freshwater nitrate phosphorus organic matter environment pollution agriculture fertilizers http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/63B6D555-B0A8-AB12-8B5C-9C886EC22183 en-US Dietary change in developing countries, 1964-2030 Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil As nearly half of the world’s cereal production is used to produce animal feed, the dietary proportion of meat has a major influence on global food demand (Keyzer et al., 2005). With meat consumption projected to increase from 37.4 kg/person/year in 2000 to over 52 kg/person/year by 2050 (FAO, 2006), cereal requirements for more intensive meat production may increase substantially to more than 50% of total cereal production. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2003. World agriculture: towards 2015/2030 Summary report. Rome, FAO and London, Earthscan. Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/dietary-change-in-developing-countries-1964-2030_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 300 As nearly half of the world’s cereal production is used to produce animal feed, the dietary proportion of meat has a major influence on global food demand (Keyzer et al., 2005). With meat consumption projected to increase from 37.4 kg/person/year in 2000 to over 52 kg/person/year by 2050 (FAO, 2006), cereal requirements for more intensive meat production may increase substantially to more than 50% of total cereal production. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/DC06ACF9-A6B7-5B7C-908D-13D24F46B07A en-US Different approaches and overlapping definitions to waste Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Waste is generated in all sorts of ways. Its composition and volume largely depend on consumption patterns and the industrial and economic structures in place. Air quality, water and soil contamination, space consumption and odors all affect our quality of life. Waste is a complex, subjective and sometimes controversial issue. There are many ways to define, describe and count it depending on how you look at it. Citizens, technicians, businessmen, politicians, activists; all of them use a different approach, and this explains why it is often a challenge to gather comparable data. From one country to the next, statistical definitions vary a lot. It is notably difficult, for example, to compare waste in rich and poor countries. The topic is also sometimes political, especially when it comes to the trade and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes. All waste data should therefore be handled with care. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Division of Environmental Conventions (DEC) of UNEP, The Basel Convention, GRID-Arendal and DEWA-Europe. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/different-approaches-and-overlapping-definitions-to-waste_thumbnail.gif 129 180 Waste is generated in all sorts of ways. Its composition and volume largely depend on consumption patterns and the industrial and economic structures in place. Air quality, water and soil contamination, space consumption and odors all affect our quality of life. Waste is a complex, subjective and sometimes controversial issue. There are many ways to define, describe and count it depending on how you look at it. Citizens, technicians, businessmen, politicians, activists; all of them use a different approach, and this explains why it is often a challenge to gather comparable data. From one country to the next, statistical definitions vary a lot. It is notably difficult, for example, to compare waste in rich and poor countries. The topic is also sometimes political, especially when it comes to the trade and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes. All waste data should therefore be handled with care. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 waste consumption recycling toxic waste hazardous waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A902B65C-69C9-E9FB-4F32-805B20F4FD49 en-US Different sources of danger and their impacts to the environment Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Contaminated groundwater can adversely affect animals, plants and humans if it is removed from the ground by manmade or natural processes. Depending on the geology of the area, groundwater may rise to the surface through springs or seeps, fl ow laterally into nearby rivers, streams, or ponds, or sink deeper into the earth. In many parts of the world, groundwater is pumped out of the ground to be used for drinking, bathing, other household uses, agriculture, and industry. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Geological Survey of Canada, the Geological Society Tue, 07 Feb 2006 17:55:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/different_sources_of_danger_and_their_impacts_to_the_environment_thumbnail.jpg 220 84 Contaminated groundwater can adversely affect animals, plants and humans if it is removed from the ground by manmade or natural processes. Depending on the geology of the area, groundwater may rise to the surface through springs or seeps, fl ow laterally into nearby rivers, streams, or ponds, or sink deeper into the earth. In many parts of the world, groundwater is pumped out of the ground to be used for drinking, bathing, other household uses, agriculture, and industry. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption contaminants water http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/994D2843-12A6-F862-D01F-8CEA87ABA3D3 en-US Dirty coal is here to stay Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Coal producers already taking advantage of the oil shortage and might even more in the future. Visualizing main production basins and major consumers. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/dirty-coal-is-here-to-stay_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 154 Coal producers already taking advantage of the oil shortage and might even more in the future. Visualizing main production basins and major consumers. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/148CCD20-1484-13CF-B182-114C2C6E0C3C en-US Dirty coal is here to stay UNEP/GRID-Arendal Coal producers are already taking advantage of the oil shortage and might even more in the future. In 2004 43 % of the electricity produced in the world came from coal. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2007; US Department of Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual 2004, 2006; EIA, System for the Analysis of Global Energy Markets, 2007; World Energy Council, Survey of Energy Resources 2004; Coaltrans World Coal Map 2005; International Energy Agency; OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms, 2008; Atlas Environnement du Monde Diplomatique 2007; Colin Campbell, Association for the study of peak oil and gas, 2007. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/dirty-coal-is-here-to-stay_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 144 Coal producers are already taking advantage of the oil shortage and might even more in the future. In 2004 43 % of the electricity produced in the world came from coal. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EA9DCC0B-C7A2-6B63-0EFA-17C5553C4064 en-US Disappearing Arctic lakes - examples in Siberian lakes, 1973 to 1997 Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> The Arctic contains a variety of types of lakes but overall, it is thermokarst lakes and ponds that are the most abundant and productive aquatic ecosystems in the Arctic. They are found extensively in the lowland regions of western and northern Alaska, Canada and Siberia. These (i.e., thaw) lakes are most commonly formed by the thaw of ice-rich permafrost, which leads to the collapse of ground levels and ponding of surface water in the depression. Continued thawing of the permafrost can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of these lakes, as can erosion and lake coalescence. These photos show that the total lake abundance and inundation area have declined since 1973 in the study area (Siberia), including permanent drainage and revegetation of former lakebeds (the arrow and oval show representative areas). Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> russiaarctice UNEP/GRID-Arendal Smith, L.C., Sheng, Y., MacDonald, G.M. & Hinzman, L.D. 2005. Disappearing Arctic Lakes. Science. 308:1429. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/disappearing-arctic-lakes-examples-in-siberian-lakes-1973-to-1997_thumbnail.jpg 179 300 The Arctic contains a variety of types of lakes but overall, it is thermokarst lakes and ponds that are the most abundant and productive aquatic ecosystems in the Arctic. They are found extensively in the lowland regions of western and northern Alaska, Canada and Siberia. These (i.e., thaw) lakes are most commonly formed by the thaw of ice-rich permafrost, which leads to the collapse of ground levels and ponding of surface water in the depression. Continued thawing of the permafrost can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of these lakes, as can erosion and lake coalescence. These photos show that the total lake abundance and inundation area have declined since 1973 in the study area (Siberia), including permanent drainage and revegetation of former lakebeds (the arrow and oval show representative areas). 66.5 122.5 50 65 83 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology permafrost climate change lakes freshwater issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CE8F3307-F81C-140A-2F52-CE3F20EF6380 en-US Disappearing forests Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal From 1970 to 1990 there was significant deforestation of both primary and secondary forests in Thailand: during this thirty year period, the area covered by primary and secondary forest declined by more than half. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoseasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adapted from Géographie universelle, Asie du Sud-Est, Hachette, 1995 Sat, 09 Feb 2008 23:38:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/disappearing-forests_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 154 From 1970 to 1990 there was significant deforestation of both primary and secondary forests in Thailand: during this thirty year period, the area covered by primary and secondary forest declined by more than half. 19 114 -10 75 48 153 Environment poverty forest forestry Mekong http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14D81D05-15AC-C7EC-79AE-EFA189C97035 en-US Disappearing lakes - Old Crow Basin, Canada (1951-2001) Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> The Arctic contains a variety of types of lakes but overall, it is thermokarst lakes and ponds that are the most abundant and productive aquatic ecosystems in the Arctic. They are found extensively in the lowland regions of western and northern Alaska, Canada and Siberia. These (i.e., thaw) lakes are most commonly formed by the thaw of ice-rich permafrost, which leads to the collapse of ground levels and ponding of surface water in the depression. Continued thawing of the permafrost can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of these lakes, as can erosion and lake coalescence. This figure presents the trends in the Old Crow Flats Basin of Northern Canada. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> canadaarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Labrecque, S., Lacelle, D., Duguay, C., Lauriol, B. & Hawkings, J. 2009. Contemporary (1951) Evolution of Lakes in the Old Crow Basin, Northern Yukon, Canada: Remote Sensing, Numerical Modelling, and Stable Isotope Analysis. Arctic. 62:225-238. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/disappearing-lakes-old-crow-basin-canada-1951-2001_thumbnail.jpg 220 217 The Arctic contains a variety of types of lakes but overall, it is thermokarst lakes and ponds that are the most abundant and productive aquatic ecosystems in the Arctic. They are found extensively in the lowland regions of western and northern Alaska, Canada and Siberia. These (i.e., thaw) lakes are most commonly formed by the thaw of ice-rich permafrost, which leads to the collapse of ground levels and ponding of surface water in the depression. Continued thawing of the permafrost can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of these lakes, as can erosion and lake coalescence. This figure presents the trends in the Old Crow Flats Basin of Northern Canada. 69 -100 55 -140 83 -60 conservation biodiversity species ecology permafrost climate change lakes freshwater issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CB82CF09-91EE-1338-5503-1390A0452080 en-US Disaster preparedness and well-being Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Mon, 05 Oct 2009 16:41:25 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/disaster-preparedness-and-well-being_thumbnail.jpg 118 300 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1570FC1F-615A-15BA-C225-138665B567BB en-US Discharge of pollutants in the Caspian Sea - mercury and cadmium Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Mercury and Cadmium are classified as toxic metals, and are persistant pollutants in the environment, that stays in the system and is accumulated through the food chains. The main release of these pollutants are on the west coast of the Caspian Sea, off the coast of Russia and Azerbaijan. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspiansea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Caspian Regional Thematic Centres (CRTC) for pollution control: coastal and off-shore industry, Azerbaijan, Febuary 2003. Mon, 10 Mar 2008 18:29:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/discharge-of-pollutants-in-the-caspian-sea-mercury-and-cadmium_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 252 Mercury and Cadmium are classified as toxic metals, and are persistant pollutants in the environment, that stays in the system and is accumulated through the food chains. The main release of these pollutants are on the west coast of the Caspian Sea, off the coast of Russia and Azerbaijan. 41.5 51 36 47 47 55 mercury cadmium pollution industry heavy metals toxic metals pollutants http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5AAFAAE8-13E6-15FC-33DE-FF58622E4E39 en-US Discharge of selected pollutants Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nitrogen and phosphorous represents nutrients that can be seen as pollutants, as large concentations of those increase eutrophication. Nutrients are present in primarily commercial fertilisers and in sewage. A measure of eutrophication is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which measures the activity in the water column. High BOD means that there is low water quality (in terms of eutrophication) and high activity of bacteria in the water. This graphic also presents tonnes of oil released in the sea. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspianregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Caspian Regional Thematic Centres (CRTC) for pollution control: coastal and off-shore industry, Azerbaijan, Febuary 2003. Tue, 11 Mar 2008 18:13:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/discharge-of-selected-pollutants_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 442 Nitrogen and phosphorous represents nutrients that can be seen as pollutants, as large concentations of those increase eutrophication. Nutrients are present in primarily commercial fertilisers and in sewage. A measure of eutrophication is biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which measures the activity in the water column. High BOD means that there is low water quality (in terms of eutrophication) and high activity of bacteria in the water. This graphic also presents tonnes of oil released in the sea. 42.5 55 30 40 55 70 pollutants biological oxygen demand oil phosphate nitrogen fertilisers nutrients eutrophication http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B1EA567B-9AFB-E888-8653-8F30C28ABD52 en-US Displaced persons for three Balkan countries, 1994-2004 Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett The wars gave rise to significant movements of population, some temporary, others permanent. It has proved difficult for refugees and displaced persons to return to their former homes. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the process is often illusory. Returnees hurry to sell recovered property, particularly when it is located in areas in which the ethnic community to which they belong is now in the minority. Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett balkan UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNHCR, Geneva, 2005 Mon, 11 Feb 2008 17:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/displaced-persons-for-three-balkan-countries-1994-2004_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 500 The wars gave rise to significant movements of population, some temporary, others permanent. It has proved difficult for refugees and displaced persons to return to their former homes. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the process is often illusory. Returnees hurry to sell recovered property, particularly when it is located in areas in which the ethnic community to which they belong is now in the minority. 41 19.5 35 13 47 26 UNHCR High Commissioner for Refugees demography ethnic groups conflict refugees http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EE5E4726-6518-4DAA-911D-64B899670114 en-US Disposal Operations in 1997 in Million Metric Tonnes UNEP/GRID-Arendal This figure shows the total amounts of hazardous waste disposed of through 16 different methods in 1997 by parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. It shows the amounts based on export data and based on import data. List of D-codes (disposal methods) from the full report: 'D1, D2 and D4 (landfill, land treatment); D3 and D12 (underground storage); D5 (specially engineered landfills); D8 (biological treatment); D9 (physico-chemical treatment); D10 (incineration); D13, D14 and D15 (blending, repackaging, interim storage)'. Other codes: D6: Release into a water body except seas/oceans; D7: Release into seas/oceans including sea­bed insertion; D11 Incineration at sea (from the Guide to the Basel Convention Control System for Hazardous Wastes at http://www.basel.int/pub/instruct.html#appendix2). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Secretariat of the Basel Convention (data as reported by the parties); http://www.basel.int, Email: sbc@unep.ch Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_disposal_operations_in_1997_in_million_metric_tonnes_001.jpg 220 142 This figure shows the total amounts of hazardous waste disposed of through 16 different methods in 1997 by parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. It shows the amounts based on export data and based on import data. List of D-codes (disposal methods) from the full report: 'D1, D2 and D4 (landfill, land treatment); D3 and D12 (underground storage); D5 (specially engineered landfills); D8 (biological treatment); D9 (physico-chemical treatment); D10 (incineration); D13, D14 and D15 (blending, repackaging, interim storage)'. Other codes: D6: Release into a water body except seas/oceans; D7: Release into seas/oceans including sea­bed insertion; D11 Incineration at sea (from the Guide to the Basel Convention Control System for Hazardous Wastes at http://www.basel.int/pub/instruct.html#appendix2). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention hazardous waste disposal transport of hazardous waste transboundary movement of hazardous waste international movement of hazardous waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/773B269C-1167-8E1B-3CCF-A30B2C3B8561 en-US Dissolved phosphate levels: concentrations at river mouths Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 Phosphorus is naturally present in water, primarily as inorganic and organic phosphates. Phosphates can enter aquatic environments in several ways: from the natural weathering of minerals in the drainage basin, from biological decomposition, or as runoff from human activity in urban and agricultural areas. A comparison of the major watersheds between the two decades showed that northern Europe and North America had lower phosphate concentrations, while the Ganges and Brahmaputra watersheds in south-central Asia had higher concentrations. Nutrient control programmes in municipal and agricultural activities may be key factors in the observed reductions in phosphate concentrations. Although there are not enough phosphorus data available at the global level to show significant trends, it would seem that some watersheds have improved, while others have declined over the last 20 years as shown in the latest map. Phillippe Rekacewicz, February 2006 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS), Freshwater Quality Programme, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2001; National Water Research Institute Environment Canada, Ontario, 2001. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/dissolved-phosphate-levels-concentrations-at-river-mouths_thumbnail_002.jpg 144 300 Phosphorus is naturally present in water, primarily as inorganic and organic phosphates. Phosphates can enter aquatic environments in several ways: from the natural weathering of minerals in the drainage basin, from biological decomposition, or as runoff from human activity in urban and agricultural areas. A comparison of the major watersheds between the two decades showed that northern Europe and North America had lower phosphate concentrations, while the Ganges and Brahmaputra watersheds in south-central Asia had higher concentrations. Nutrient control programmes in municipal and agricultural activities may be key factors in the observed reductions in phosphate concentrations. Although there are not enough phosphorus data available at the global level to show significant trends, it would seem that some watersheds have improved, while others have declined over the last 20 years as shown in the latest map. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Dissolved phosphate levels concentrations river mouths vital water http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1004015A-9688-14BE-5DA8-BE38A746EC14 en-US Distribution and current trend of polar bear subpopulations throughout the circumpolar Arctic Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> Polar bears occur in 19 relatively discrete subpopulations with an estimated worldwide abundance of 20,000– 25,000 animals. Our knowledge of the status and trend of each subpopulation varies due to availability, reliability, and age of data. Furthermore, for many subpopulations, there is limited or no data collected over a sufficient period of time to examine trends. Based on a 2009 review of the worldwide status of polar bears, one of 19 subpopulations appears to be increasing, three are stable, and eight are declining. For the remaining seven subpopulations, there is insufficient or no data to provide an assessment of status. In particular, there is a lack of data for the Russian subpopulations. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. 2009. http://pbsg.npolar.no/en/meetings/press-releases/15-Copenhagen.html [Accessed 1 February 2010]. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-and-current-trend-of-polar-bear-subpopulations-throughout-the-circumpolar-arctic_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 Polar bears occur in 19 relatively discrete subpopulations with an estimated worldwide abundance of 20,000– 25,000 animals. Our knowledge of the status and trend of each subpopulation varies due to availability, reliability, and age of data. Furthermore, for many subpopulations, there is limited or no data collected over a sufficient period of time to examine trends. Based on a 2009 review of the worldwide status of polar bears, one of 19 subpopulations appears to be increasing, three are stable, and eight are declining. For the remaining seven subpopulations, there is insufficient or no data to provide an assessment of status. In particular, there is a lack of data for the Russian subpopulations. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology polar bears sea ice marine issues food web mammals http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/0F61B0CD-D3B3-4721-B8B9-60E0191A625B en-US Distribution and spawning areas of four fish species Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Distribution and spawning areas of arctic cod, polar cod, herring and capelin in the Barents Sea region. The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentssea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-and-spawning-areas-of-four-fish-species_thumbnail.jpg 200 172 Distribution and spawning areas of arctic cod, polar cod, herring and capelin in the Barents Sea region. The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. 75.5 39.5 66 9 85 70 Arctic Barents Region Fisheries Biodiversity Fishery cod herring capelin http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A36680C2-1348-A684-CEF9-12B62F9D4790 en-US Distribution and trends of wild Rangifer in the Arctic Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> Distribution and observed trends of wild Rangifer populations throughout the circumpolar Arctic (from The Circum Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network, CARMA). Note: Wild boreal forest reindeer have not been mapped by CARMA and thus are not represented here. Currently wild reindeer and caribou have declined by about 33% since populations (herds) peaked in the 1990s and early 2000s (3.8 million compared to 5.6 million) which followed almost universal increases in the 1970s and 1980s. The declines are likely natural cycles, driven by continental and perhaps global atmospheric changes in combination with changing harvest practices and industrial developments. Regionally, there is a tendency for herds to show a measure of synchrony in their phases of increase and decrease. For example, currently all seven of the major migratory tundra herds in Canada’s Northwest Territories and Nunavut are declining from highs in the late 1980s/early 1990s, with four of these herds having decreased by 75% or more in 2009 than in the 1990s. In neighboring Alaska, the two larger herds are declining including the well-known Porcupine herd, while two smaller coastal herds are still increasing from the 1970s. Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal CARMA (The CircumArctic Rangifter Monitoring & Assessment Network). 2009. http://www.carmanetwork.com/display/public/home [Accessed 5 January 2010]. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-and-trends-of-wild-rangifer-in-the-arctic_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 Distribution and observed trends of wild Rangifer populations throughout the circumpolar Arctic (from The Circum Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network, CARMA). Note: Wild boreal forest reindeer have not been mapped by CARMA and thus are not represented here. Currently wild reindeer and caribou have declined by about 33% since populations (herds) peaked in the 1990s and early 2000s (3.8 million compared to 5.6 million) which followed almost universal increases in the 1970s and 1980s. The declines are likely natural cycles, driven by continental and perhaps global atmospheric changes in combination with changing harvest practices and industrial developments. Regionally, there is a tendency for herds to show a measure of synchrony in their phases of increase and decrease. For example, currently all seven of the major migratory tundra herds in Canada’s Northwest Territories and Nunavut are declining from highs in the late 1980s/early 1990s, with four of these herds having decreased by 75% or more in 2009 than in the 1990s. In neighboring Alaska, the two larger herds are declining including the well-known Porcupine herd, while two smaller coastal herds are still increasing from the 1970s. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology reindeer herds population trends http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E81F7C8C-B874-173D-DE24-B6C017CEA136 en-US Distribution of benefits under different land use scenarios in the Leuser Ecosystem Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Net present value (NPV) is in millions of USD over a 30-year period (2000-2030) at a 4% discount rate. The NPV for local communities under a deforestation scenario would be 3,132 million USD and under a conservation scenario 5,341 million USD. The analysis shows that the local community would benefit most from a scenario under which the forest is conserved, negative effects on ecosystem services are avoided and payments for ecosystem services are realized. Industry would gain most under a business-as-usual scenario, while local and national government benefits do not differ much for the two scenarios. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal van Beukering, P.J.H., Cesar, H.S.J. and Janssen, M.A. 2003. Economic valuation of the Leuser National Park on Sumatra, Indonesia. Ecol Econ 44: 43-62. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-of-benefits-under-different-land-use-scenarios-in-the-leuser-ecosystem_thumbnail.jpg 220 104 Net present value (NPV) is in millions of USD over a 30-year period (2000-2030) at a 4% discount rate. The NPV for local communities under a deforestation scenario would be 3,132 million USD and under a conservation scenario 5,341 million USD. The analysis shows that the local community would benefit most from a scenario under which the forest is conserved, negative effects on ecosystem services are avoided and payments for ecosystem services are realized. Industry would gain most under a business-as-usual scenario, while local and national government benefits do not differ much for the two scenarios. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1113A58C-15CF-1465-DA3D-9B5AAA055ADF en-US Distribution of causes of death among children under five years and within neonatal period UNEP/GRID-Arendal Distribution of causes of death among children un- der five years and within the neonatal period, 2004 (Figure from WHO, 2008). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal WHO, 2008. Mon, 22 Mar 2010 08:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-of-causes-of-death-among-children-under-five-years-and-within-neonatal-period_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 272 Distribution of causes of death among children un- der five years and within the neonatal period, 2004 (Figure from WHO, 2008). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 sick water wastewater sustainable development global threat http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1153FABB-EA61-B1F9-0BDD-164B980D9417 en-US Distribution of coldwater and tropical coral reefs Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Coral reefs are marine ridges or mounds, which have formed over millennia as a result of the deposition of calcium carbonate by living organisms, predominantly corals, but also a rich diversity of other organisms such as coralline algae and shellfish. The coldwater reefs are highly susceptible to deep-sea trawling and ocean acidification from climate change, which has its greatest impacts at high latitudes, while tropical reefs will become severely damaged by rising sea temperatures. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 2005. Global Cold-Water Coral Distribution (points). Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 2005. coral1km_v7_2003. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC Fri, 22 Feb 2008 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-of-coldwater-and-tropical-coral-reefs_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 97 Coral reefs are marine ridges or mounds, which have formed over millennia as a result of the deposition of calcium carbonate by living organisms, predominantly corals, but also a rich diversity of other organisms such as coralline algae and shellfish. The coldwater reefs are highly susceptible to deep-sea trawling and ocean acidification from climate change, which has its greatest impacts at high latitudes, while tropical reefs will become severely damaged by rising sea temperatures. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 marine issues oceans sea seas ocean world ocean coral reefs tropical coral reefs coldwater coral http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16D2419E-15E7-ECCB-06CE-152DE2EE0C6B en-US Distribution of common eider, breeding and wintering ranges in the Arctic Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> The common eider, Somateria mollissima, has a circumpolar distribution breeding mainly on small islands in Arctic and boreal marine areas in Alaska (Bering Sea region), Canada, Greenland, Iceland, western Europe, and the Barents Sea region. In Russia, there is a gap in distribution along the mainland coast from the Yugorski Peninsula (Kara Sea) to Chaunskaya Bay in east Siberia (Figure 5.1). Important wintering areas include the Gulf of Alaska/Bering Sea/Aleutian region, southeast Canada, southwest Greenland, Iceland, Western Europe, along the Russian coast of Barents Sea, and in the White Sea. Six or seven subspecies are recognized, of which four occur in North America. This map presents breeding and wintering range of common eiders in the circumpolar region (not all southern breeding areas included). Hugo Ahlenius, <a href='http://nordpil.com'>Nordpil</a> geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) CBird group members, pers. comm. 2009. See http://web.arcticportal.org/en/caff/cbird [Accessed 15 March 2010]. Thu, 27 May 2010 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-of-common-eider-breeding-and-wintering-ranges-in-the-arctic_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 The common eider, Somateria mollissima, has a circumpolar distribution breeding mainly on small islands in Arctic and boreal marine areas in Alaska (Bering Sea region), Canada, Greenland, Iceland, western Europe, and the Barents Sea region. In Russia, there is a gap in distribution along the mainland coast from the Yugorski Peninsula (Kara Sea) to Chaunskaya Bay in east Siberia (Figure 5.1). Important wintering areas include the Gulf of Alaska/Bering Sea/Aleutian region, southeast Canada, southwest Greenland, Iceland, Western Europe, along the Russian coast of Barents Sea, and in the White Sea. Six or seven subspecies are recognized, of which four occur in North America. This map presents breeding and wintering range of common eiders in the circumpolar region (not all southern breeding areas included). 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 conservation biodiversity species ecology distribution migration bird migration breeding seabirds http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/30DC85BD-2475-4FF3-9345-3849745C4946 en-US Distribution of coral, mangrove and seagrass diversity Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Similar to corals, the region of greatest mangrove diversity is in Southeast Asia, particularly around the Indonesian Archipelago (Burke et al., 2001). There are three distinct areas of seagrass diversity in the Pacific region: the Indo-Pacific (areas around Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea), the seas around Japan, and southwest Australia (Spalding et al., 2002). This graphic illustrates the distribution and biodiversity (low, medium and high diversity) of corals, mangroves and seagrass in the world's coastal and marine areas. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP-WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre) 2001. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-of-coral-mangrove-and-seagrass-diversity_thumbnail.jpg 220 218 Similar to corals, the region of greatest mangrove diversity is in Southeast Asia, particularly around the Indonesian Archipelago (Burke et al., 2001). There are three distinct areas of seagrass diversity in the Pacific region: the Indo-Pacific (areas around Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea), the seas around Japan, and southwest Australia (Spalding et al., 2002). This graphic illustrates the distribution and biodiversity (low, medium and high diversity) of corals, mangroves and seagrass in the world's coastal and marine areas. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 species diversity seagrass species diversity species distribution biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12565B95-B93E-42B8-AAA9-D57F3DA778AD en-US Distribution of lodgepole pine in Sweden Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Forest distribution in Scandinavia is affected by several different species. This is to demonstrate the concentration of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) in Sweden. The lodgepole pine is a tall, slender tree with a narrow loose crown reaching up to 80 feet tall. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal SE UNEP/GRID-Arendal Swedish environment protection agency. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-of-lodgepole-pine-in-sweden_thumbnail_001.jpg 98 200 Forest distribution in Scandinavia is affected by several different species. This is to demonstrate the concentration of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) in Sweden. The lodgepole pine is a tall, slender tree with a narrow loose crown reaching up to 80 feet tall. 62 17.5 55 11 69 24 sweden forest logging silviculture forestry http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B75A8EE1-9F8A-48D9-89A0-35629DA204B3 en-US Distribution of polar bear populations in the Arctic Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Worldwide there are thought to be 22,000-27,000 polar bears (Ursus maritimus)in 20 separate populations. They can be found in the United States, Canada, Russia, Greenland and on the Arctic islands of Norway. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal AMAP 1997, Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) and IUCN Polar Bear Specialist Group 1997. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution-of-polar-bear-populations-in-the-arctic_thumbnail.jpg 200 197 Worldwide there are thought to be 22,000-27,000 polar bears (Ursus maritimus)in 20 separate populations. They can be found in the United States, Canada, Russia, Greenland and on the Arctic islands of Norway. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 Arctic Polar bear Biodiversity biology Ursus maritimus http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/4478B8A6-26FA-45C3-8910-3D88A293BE40 en-US Distribution of pollutant loads in the Black Sea Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal blacksea UNEP/GRID-Arendal Black Sea transboundary diagnostic analysis, Black sea Environmental Programmme (BSEP), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York, 1997. Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:16:16 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution_of_pollutant_loads_in_the_black_sea_giwa_thumbnail.jpg 220 432 Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. 43.5 34 37 22 50 46 black sea water giwa Global International Water Assessment pollution nitrate phosphate biodiversity mean nutrients http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E13ED5D9-41A1-4B66-83A6-C328EC1F2C10 en-US Distribution of reindeer population in the Barents Region Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The rendeer population of the Barents region is broken down into 5 distinct groups to show and their range. The 5 types are: Svalbard, wild, wild forest, domesticated and wild, and domesticated or semi-domesticated. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Norwegian Polar Institure (NPI) and the Norwegian directorate for Nature Management (DN). Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution_of_reindeer_population_in_the_barents_region_thumbnail_002.jpg 200 172 The rendeer population of the Barents region is broken down into 5 distinct groups to show and their range. The 5 types are: Svalbard, wild, wild forest, domesticated and wild, and domesticated or semi-domesticated. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 Arctic Barents Region Reindeer Biodiversity Natural areas landscape ecosystems Rangifer tarandus Norway http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14FB070E-6E6B-13AF-CDC0-D7A16A35B411 en-US Distribution of Saami dialects Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Saami dialects distribution with data from snowchange project. Graphic prepared for a case study in the 2004 edition of Vital Arctic Graphics on reindeer hearding, Saami and climate change in the Barents Region. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentsregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Snowchange-Project Thu, 23 Mar 2006 10:30:09 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/distribution_of_saami_dialects_thumbnail.jpg 220 225 Saami dialects distribution with data from snowchange project. Graphic prepared for a case study in the 2004 edition of Vital Arctic Graphics on reindeer hearding, Saami and climate change in the Barents Region. 72.5 39 60 5 85 73 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E5CD5ABB-E741-151D-AECD-ECB3AFF42399 en-US Do you really save time? UNEP/GRID-Arendal Train versus plane in a busy world UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal nyctourist.com, eurostar.com; amtrak.com; myclimate.org; bahn.de; www.amadeus.net; japanrail.com; www.keikyu.co.jp; aeroportsdeparis.fr. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/do-you-really-save-time_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 193 Train versus plane in a busy world 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1686796D-126E-FDF2-DA1E-60A8174282D4 en-US Do you really save time? Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Train versus plane in a busy world. Schedules provided for train and plane for the following routes: New York-Washington D.C., Tokyo-Osaka, Paris-London and Hamburg-Münich. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal nyctourist.com, eurostar.com; amtrak.com; myclimate.org; bahn.de; www.amadeus.net; japanrail.com; www.keikyu.co.jp; aeroportdeparis.fr. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/do-you-really-save-time_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 206 Train versus plane in a busy world. Schedules provided for train and plane for the following routes: New York-Washington D.C., Tokyo-Osaka, Paris-London and Hamburg-Münich. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9319699E-69B0-4247-B602-A98A7E017BEC en-US Dobris+3: overall pan-european assessment Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows Dobris+3: overall pan-european assessment. It describes positive or negative developments within various environmental branches, such as climate change, biodiversity and urban environment, the occurence of environmental policies as well as the principal drivers of said environmental developments. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal EEA 1998 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivenc04_l.jpg 200 135 The graph shows Dobris+3: overall pan-european assessment. It describes positive or negative developments within various environmental branches, such as climate change, biodiversity and urban environment, the occurence of environmental policies as well as the principal drivers of said environmental developments. 59 4 33 -27 85 35 trends http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5A87C851-6472-17AF-2449-E8DE76DEBEBF en-US Domestic extraction used in EU-15 compared to imports of industrial minerals and ores Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Mon, 05 Oct 2009 15:03:55 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/domestic-extraction-used-in-eu-15-compared-to-imports-of-industrial-minerals-and-ores_thumbnail.jpg 220 153 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B902DF09-C422-4738-BF8C-A20930ECA2FD en-US Dominating air currents UNEP/GRID-Arendal The pollution from industrialized nations are affecting the environment in the Arctic region. The main areas of indutrial activity in the northern hemisphere are spreading to specific areas in the Arctic though air currents. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Unknown Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/dominating_air_currents_thumbnail_001.jpg 169 200 The pollution from industrialized nations are affecting the environment in the Arctic region. The main areas of indutrial activity in the northern hemisphere are spreading to specific areas in the Arctic though air currents. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 air currents industry pollution arctic barents atmosphere http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/379FC49A-0823-4D39-88F8-9F2153B91ED1 en-US DPSIR framework for State of Environment Reporting Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The DPSIR framework (Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses) is used to assess and manage environmental problems. Driving forces are the socio-economic and socio-cultural forces driving human activities, which increase or mitigate pressures on the environment. Pressures are the stresses that human activities place on the environment. State, or state of the environment, is the condition of the environment. Impacts are the effects of environmental degradation. Responses refers to the responses by society to the environmental situation. This graphic explains the DPSIR process. Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA), 2001; European Environment Agency (EEA); Copenhagen. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/dpsir_framework_for_state_of_environment_reporting_thumbnail.jpg 159 180 The DPSIR framework (Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses) is used to assess and manage environmental problems. Driving forces are the socio-economic and socio-cultural forces driving human activities, which increase or mitigate pressures on the environment. Pressures are the stresses that human activities place on the environment. State, or state of the environment, is the condition of the environment. Impacts are the effects of environmental degradation. Responses refers to the responses by society to the environmental situation. This graphic explains the DPSIR process. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 decision-making framework environmental pressure environmental conditions environmental methodology http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F0585D27-5375-46D5-B406-684A25AD0360 en-US Drainage in the Black Sea Area Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal blacksea UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:16:19 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/drainage_in_the_black_sea_area_thumbnail.jpg 200 169 Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. 43.5 34 37 22 50 46 black sea water giwa Global International Water Assessment topography drainage http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8FF58193-1288-1174-570F-B885637D6F63 en-US Drivers of Forest Conversion Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Thu, 08 Oct 2009 14:45:04 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/drivers-of-forest-conversion_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12B9D17E-9930-1145-9ACF-CF9B6485C8A0 en-US Drought in Central and Southwest Asia Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Turkmenistan and Iran have become drier. Dust storms pick up large amounts of salt and dust as they pass over the Kara-Kum desert and the Caspian Seashore, depositing it in the Volga River valley where it impairs the fertility of arable land. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal International Research Institute for Climate Prediction of the Columbia University 2001, FAO 2001. Tue, 04 Mar 2008 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/drought-in-central-and-southwest-asia_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 335 Turkmenistan and Iran have become drier. Dust storms pick up large amounts of salt and dust as they pass over the Kara-Kum desert and the Caspian Seashore, depositing it in the Volga River valley where it impairs the fertility of arable land. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 drought rainfall precipitation natural disasters climate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/119D62CD-12D5-C040-07D1-B00750FF7FCA en-US Droughts - risk and vulnerability (economic loss, as a proportion of GDP density) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Disasters and natural hazards represents one strong aspect of vulnerability for the exposed and poor of the World. With climate change, the frequency of certain natural hazards are expected to increase. This map presents an output from an analysis investigating hazard exposure and historical vulnerability for selected natural hazards, together with population distribution and economy. Specifically, this map shows where droughts represents a major threat to the economy and well-being, thus affecting the human vulnerability. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Center for Hazards & Risk Research. 2005. Natural Disaster Hotspots - A Global Risk Analysis: Global Multihazard Frequency and Distribution. http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/chrr/research/hotspots/coredata.html (Accessed June 1, 2007) Thu, 25 Oct 2007 16:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/droughts-risk-and-vulnerability-economic-loss-as-a-proportion-of-gdp-density.gif 210 167 Disasters and natural hazards represents one strong aspect of vulnerability for the exposed and poor of the World. With climate change, the frequency of certain natural hazards are expected to increase. This map presents an output from an analysis investigating hazard exposure and historical vulnerability for selected natural hazards, together with population distribution and economy. Specifically, this map shows where droughts represents a major threat to the economy and well-being, thus affecting the human vulnerability. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 natural hazards poverty security disasters drought drylands drought droughts http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C0B922FF-1544-F8AD-3BA7-146403072060 en-US Early warning systems Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Every year, disasters caused by weather, climate and water-related hazards impact on communities around the world, leading to loss of human life, destruction of social and economic infrastructure and degradation of already fragile ecosystems. Statistics from the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) at the university of Leuven, Belgium, reveal that from 1992-2001, about 90% of natural disasters were meteorological or hydrological in origin; the resulting economic losses were estimated at $446bn, or about 65% of all damage caused by natural disasters. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal WMO Mon, 06 Feb 2006 20:06:17 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/early_warning_systems_thumbnail.jpg 220 94 Every year, disasters caused by weather, climate and water-related hazards impact on communities around the world, leading to loss of human life, destruction of social and economic infrastructure and degradation of already fragile ecosystems. Statistics from the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) at the university of Leuven, Belgium, reveal that from 1992-2001, about 90% of natural disasters were meteorological or hydrological in origin; the resulting economic losses were estimated at $446bn, or about 65% of all damage caused by natural disasters. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 natural disasters meteorology early warning systems disasters http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B3440735-BCDC-D930-97D0-11888841D0F0 en-US East Siberian Arctic Shelf Laura Margueritte The degradation of arctic sub-sea permafrost is already releasing methane from the massive, frozen, undersea carbon pool and more is expected with further warming. Laura Margueritte global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Wed, 28 Oct 2009 13:06:44 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/east-siberian-arctic-shelf_thumbnail_001.jpg 142 300 The degradation of arctic sub-sea permafrost is already releasing methane from the massive, frozen, undersea carbon pool and more is expected with further warming. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 WWF Arctic Feedback http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E078093E-15BA-11C7-E7EA-151253828EAE en-US Eastern Europe through history Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The region’s borderline position has determined its many specific features. Neighbouring cultures deeply penetrated and influenced Eastern European societies, shaping contrasting developmental orientations. Eastern European lands changed hands many times in history and in some periods they were split between Western and Eastern powers. This is a glimpse of 4 periods between 1000 A.D. to 1938 A.D. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal Snyder T. The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus. 1569-1999. New Haven & London 2003; Euratlas (www.euratlas.com). Sat, 12 Jan 2008 17:01:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/eastern-europe-through-history_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 230 The region’s borderline position has determined its many specific features. Neighbouring cultures deeply penetrated and influenced Eastern European societies, shaping contrasting developmental orientations. Eastern European lands changed hands many times in history and in some periods they were split between Western and Eastern powers. This is a glimpse of 4 periods between 1000 A.D. to 1938 A.D. 59.5 28.5 38 22 81 35 environment and security conflict history politics geography http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1032AE82-B0E8-1300-CA32-7E0B38E0D3A0 en-US Ebola UNEP/GRID-Arendal A central African decennal curse, 1994-2003. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Lahm, S., A., Morbidity and Mortality of Wild Animals in Relation to Outbreaks of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Gabon, 1994—2003, Elsevier, 2006; Bermejo, M., Ebola Outbreak Killed 5000 Gorillas, Science, 2006; Global Forest Watch. Thu, 27 May 2010 19:05:49 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ebola_thumbnail.jpg 220 219 A central African decennal curse, 1994-2003. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 gorilla congo threat crime conflict http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F3AE7058-1430-732B-F521-17A7FC276702 en-US Ebola - A Central Africa decennal course, 1994-2003 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ebola epidemic outbreaks across the Congo Basin are a significant threat to gorillas, and also impact the few re- maining populations less exposed to poaching and habitat loss. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Lahm, S., A., Morbidity and Mortality of Wild Animals in Relation to Outbreaks of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Gabon, 1994—2003, Elsevier, 2006; Bermejo, M., Ebola Outbreak Killed 5000 Gorillas, Science, 2006; Global Forest Watch. Wed, 17 Mar 2010 18:11:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ebola-a-central-africa-decennal-course-1994-2003_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 220 Ebola epidemic outbreaks across the Congo Basin are a significant threat to gorillas, and also impact the few re- maining populations less exposed to poaching and habitat loss. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/168F4FD8-58EB-54E2-80A6-FA0F9544EF07 en-US Eco-design strategies Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal You do always have the option of remembering how much energy went into building your house. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal IEA task 13 low energy buildings (1989-1993) cited in United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Buildings and Climate Change, Status, Challenges and Opportunities, 2007. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/eco-design-strategies_thumbnail.jpg 220 293 You do always have the option of remembering how much energy went into building your house. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/631CEBEB-1079-149B-B4B8-F08283FB2FB2 en-US Ecological creditors and debtors Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal WWF 2006a Mon, 05 Oct 2009 15:03:15 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ecological-creditors-and-debtors_thumbnail.jpg 220 90 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16FC5589-A23A-813E-9D4E-11931C09EA0A en-US Ecological Footprint and Biodiversity Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Tue, 06 Oct 2009 09:55:08 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ecological-footprint-and-biodiversity_thumbnail.jpg 175 300 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment Poverty Times Green Economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/654B6A50-92CD-7435-0112-10A23D1A2369 en-US Ecological zones Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Sumatran orangutans occur in two main forest habitats, those on dryland mineral soils and those on wet coastal peat. The three main peat areas are Singkil, Kluet and Tripa on the west coast of Aceh province. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Hillshade generated from SRTM 90m DEM available from the CGIAR website (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/). Bathymetry from the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model downloaded from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Forest layer interpreted by PanEco/ YEL, 2010 from Landsat 5 TM, 2009 and Landsat ETM 7 filled, 2010. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ecological-zones_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 251 Sumatran orangutans occur in two main forest habitats, those on dryland mineral soils and those on wet coastal peat. The three main peat areas are Singkil, Kluet and Tripa on the west coast of Aceh province. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14963C23-7EDE-C830-269A-5D6D1082505D en-US Economic benefits under alternate management practices Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In each case, the net benefits from the more sustainably managed ecosystem are greater than those from the converted ecosystem, even though the private (market) benefits would be greater from the converted ecosystem. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 27 Jan 2008 19:23:07 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/economic-benefits-under-alternate-management-practices_thumbnail.jpg 220 347 In each case, the net benefits from the more sustainably managed ecosystem are greater than those from the converted ecosystem, even though the private (market) benefits would be greater from the converted ecosystem. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ecosystem wetland tropical forest canada cambodia cameroon http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B9964862-F3B4-12B5-1DCB-C8A81F57BA3B en-US Economic impacts of Gorilla tourism in Uganda Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Gorilla tourism in Uganda is primarily taking place in the Mgabinga Gorilla National Park and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, and represents one of the main destinations for wildlife tourism in the country. Estimations of the national and community level economic impacts in Uganda, based on a full capacity of 8760 tourists per year and expenditures of USD 874 were calculated to present the direct impacts, the indirect (secondary support activities) and induced (increased spending among local beneficiaries). Currently only small shares of the impacts are benefiting the communities at the sites. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal UG UNEP/GRID-Arendal Moyini, Yakobo and Uwimbabazi, B. 2000. Analysis of the Economic Significance of Gorilla Tourism in Uganda. International Gorilla Conservation Programme (IGCP) http://www.mountaingorillas.org/files/ourwork/Economics%20of%20Gorilla%20Tourism%20in%20Uganda.pdf (accessed October 4, 2006) Sun, 05 Oct 2008 16:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/economic-impacts-of-gorilla-tourism-in-uganda_thumbnail_002.jpg 100 112 Gorilla tourism in Uganda is primarily taking place in the Mgabinga Gorilla National Park and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, and represents one of the main destinations for wildlife tourism in the country. Estimations of the national and community level economic impacts in Uganda, based on a full capacity of 8760 tourists per year and expenditures of USD 874 were calculated to present the direct impacts, the indirect (secondary support activities) and induced (increased spending among local beneficiaries). Currently only small shares of the impacts are benefiting the communities at the sites. 1.5 32 -1 29 4 35 pro-poor growth conservation wildlife biodiversity gorilla cbnrm http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FF7BF09C-BCBE-4689-B725-42C580EA4AF7 en-US Economic output and external debt in the Southern Caucasus Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caucasus UNEP/GRID-Arendal Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU), London International Monetary Fund (IMF). Onlinde database, The World Bank, Washington DC. Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:25:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/economic_output_and_external_debt_in_the_southern_caucasus_thumbnail.jpg 200 149 Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. 37 45.5 28 39 46 52 security conflict nis cee caucasus soviet economy debt Gross National Income http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7A4A7C03-85A0-4ACA-A90E-4CE4D7171FB1 en-US Economic output and external debt in the Southern Caucasus [Russian] Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caucasus UNEP/GRID-Arendal Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU), London International Monetary Fund (IMF). Onlinde database, The World Bank, Washington DC. Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:25:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/economic_output_and_external_debt_in_the_southern_caucasus_russian_thumbnail.jpg 200 149 Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. 37 45.5 28 39 46 52 security conflict nis soviet economy debt http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D7514AAC-1636-15C3-C1EB-14735F9C8317 en-US Economic trends in the Balkans, GDP 1995-2005 Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett All of the Balkans countries have shown an increase in the Gross Domestic Product from the period spanning 1995 - 2005. However Slovenia and Croatia have shown the most notable increases and Macedonia barely showing an increase. Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett balkan UNEP/GRID-Arendal The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Fri, 15 Feb 2008 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/economic-trends-in-the-balkans-gdp-1995-2005_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 573 All of the Balkans countries have shown an increase in the Gross Domestic Product from the period spanning 1995 - 2005. However Slovenia and Croatia have shown the most notable increases and Macedonia barely showing an increase. 41 19.5 35 13 47 26 Gross Domestic Product GDP economy production http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16301935-5A08-148A-12AC-B67304D50CC9 en-US Economic Worldwide Benefits Coming From Biodiversity Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal TEEB, 2008 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 09:44:11 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/economic-worldwide-benefits-coming-from-biodiversity_thumbnail.jpg 220 182 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment Poverty Times Green Economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CE4163A8-BCE7-130F-0EB7-9A26733FA75E en-US Economies at risk - disasters, poverty and agricultural dependence Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Natural disasters and conflict disrupts the livelihoods and financial stability of countries, and the people. A high dependence on agriculture signifies a high sensitivity to changes in the environment, such as drought and floods. This map highlights countries with high shares of agrilculture, and also countries with high incidence of poverty, another factor in assessing the vulernability of rural population. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World development indicators, World Bank, 2004 Mon, 06 Feb 2006 18:49:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/economies-at-risk-disasters-poverty-and-agricultural-dependence_thumbnail.jpg 220 109 Natural disasters and conflict disrupts the livelihoods and financial stability of countries, and the people. A high dependence on agriculture signifies a high sensitivity to changes in the environment, such as drought and floods. This map highlights countries with high shares of agrilculture, and also countries with high incidence of poverty, another factor in assessing the vulernability of rural population. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 economy agriculture poverty vulnerability http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12612A39-F8CD-96F0-C4A8-1549A44901CE en-US Economy in the Central Asia I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The economy of the various countries within the Aral Sea region sometimes greatly differ in inflation, debt and GDP. This is a report on the economies of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Russia. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001; Human Development Report 2001, Making New Technologies Work for Human Development, UNDP, New York – Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001; European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Transition Report update April 2001, quoted from “Neighbors in Need”, Financial Times, 26.09.2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 18:39:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_economy_in_the_central_asia.jpg 220 308 The economy of the various countries within the Aral Sea region sometimes greatly differ in inflation, debt and GDP. This is a report on the economies of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Russia. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13FFD7FD-14ED-6095-142C-154D6A88CE58 en-US Economy in the Central Asia [Russian] I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The economy of the various countries within the Aral Sea region sometimes greatly differ in inflation, debt and GDP. This is a report on the economies of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Russia. In Russian. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001; Human Development Report 2001, Making New Technologies Work for Human Development, UNDP, New York – Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001; European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Transition Report update April 2001, quoted from “Neighbors in Need”, Financial Times, 26.09.2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 20:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_economy_in_the_central_asia_russian_001.jpg 220 305 The economy of the various countries within the Aral Sea region sometimes greatly differ in inflation, debt and GDP. This is a report on the economies of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Russia. In Russian. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BF9C2357-519D-417E-9E08-4B6078BECAD2 en-US Economy of the Arctic, by sector Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The largest economies in the Arctic belong to Alaska (US) and Russia, mainly because of mining and petroleum activity. Regions that are still heavily dominated by more traditional subsistence activities, such as hunting and fishing, in Greenland and in Northern Canada, have much lower gross products. Similarly, reindeer herding in Russia and Scandinavia is of substantial importance to the livelihoods and lifestyles of reindeer herders like the Saami and the Nenets but does not contribute greatly to the gross products of these regions. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Stefansson Arctic Institute, 2004. Arctic Human Development Report. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/economy_of_the_arctic_by_sector_thumbnail.jpg 187 200 The largest economies in the Arctic belong to Alaska (US) and Russia, mainly because of mining and petroleum activity. Regions that are still heavily dominated by more traditional subsistence activities, such as hunting and fishing, in Greenland and in Northern Canada, have much lower gross products. Similarly, reindeer herding in Russia and Scandinavia is of substantial importance to the livelihoods and lifestyles of reindeer herders like the Saami and the Nenets but does not contribute greatly to the gross products of these regions. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 economy primary resources http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14B68CEA-79C4-AF71-6412-B916FDB3973C en-US Ecoregions in Antarctica Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Antarctica represents a very unique and special case on our planet. With the richness of the Southern Ocean, the coasts and the Southern islands have relatively high biodiversity and biomass in the form of numerous sea birds - such as penguins and mammals such as seals and sea lions - primarily around the Antarctic peninsula - in the Marielandia Arctic Tundra ecoregion. In contrast - the inland of the Antarctic continent are a cold, windy and inhospitable desert with virtually no life. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AQ UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Wildlife Fund. 2000. Global 200 Ecoregions. http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/g200.cfm (accessed July 1, 2006) Mon, 11 Aug 2008 21:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ecoregions-in-antarctica_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 Antarctica represents a very unique and special case on our planet. With the richness of the Southern Ocean, the coasts and the Southern islands have relatively high biodiversity and biomass in the form of numerous sea birds - such as penguins and mammals such as seals and sea lions - primarily around the Antarctic peninsula - in the Marielandia Arctic Tundra ecoregion. In contrast - the inland of the Antarctic continent are a cold, windy and inhospitable desert with virtually no life. -75 0 -90 -180 -60 180 biodiversity biomes biome ecoregion ecoregions tundra desert http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/130E4C86-D443-DB68-743D-BA024A43DDF9 en-US Ecoregions prioritised for conservation, in the Arctic (WWF Global 200) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Ecoregions represent large areas with geographically characteristic fauna, flora and climate - both marine and terrestrial. This graphic presents the ecoregion definitions identified by the World Wildlife Fund and associated experts, and specifically those ecoregions that have been designated as priority areas (Global 200 database) for conservation. This means that these ecoregions represent unique biodiversity characteristics, and also that there is a threat from human activities. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Wildlife Fund. 2000. Global 200 Ecoregions. http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/g200.cfm (accessed July 1, 2006) Thu, 06 Sep 2007 15:02:56 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ecoregions-prioritised-for-conservation-in-the-arctic-wwf-global-200_thumbnail.jpg 220 268 Ecoregions represent large areas with geographically characteristic fauna, flora and climate - both marine and terrestrial. This graphic presents the ecoregion definitions identified by the World Wildlife Fund and associated experts, and specifically those ecoregions that have been designated as priority areas (Global 200 database) for conservation. This means that these ecoregions represent unique biodiversity characteristics, and also that there is a threat from human activities. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 ecoregions conservation biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16005F99-E75B-1852-2FD0-143CEAEB8709 en-US Ecosystem services value for the Leuser Ecosystem Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Values for the various non-carbon ecosystem services (water, regulation of floods and landslides, fisheries, prevention and limitation of fires, agriculture, tourism, and non-timber forest products (NTFP) and biodiversity) were calculated with a discount rate of 4% over a 30-year period. Total value for ecosystem services beyond climate regulation being USD 3,735/ha. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal van Beukering, P.J.H., Cesar, H.S.J. and Janssen, M.A. 2003. Economic valuation of the Leuser National Park on Sumatra, Indonesia. Ecol Econ 44: 43-62. Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ecosystem-services-value-for-the-leuser-ecosystem_thumbnail.jpg 220 104 Values for the various non-carbon ecosystem services (water, regulation of floods and landslides, fisheries, prevention and limitation of fires, agriculture, tourism, and non-timber forest products (NTFP) and biodiversity) were calculated with a discount rate of 4% over a 30-year period. Total value for ecosystem services beyond climate regulation being USD 3,735/ha. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CCE5A24F-CD71-161D-982F-7C9B9157BE74 en-US Ecosystem Value 3D Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal R. Costanza, The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature 1998 Tue, 06 Oct 2009 09:45:01 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ecosystem-value-3d_thumbnail.jpg 220 118 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment Poverty Times Green Economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1EBC92F7-B597-46D7-A670-FEC05B773BAD en-US Ecosystems in Northern Scandinavia and Finland Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The map shows the range of nine different ecosystem types across Fennoscandia, the northern region of scandinavia and the western part of the Barents region. The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Representativa naturtyper I norden Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ecosystems_in_northern_scandinavia_and_finland_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 126 The map shows the range of nine different ecosystem types across Fennoscandia, the northern region of scandinavia and the western part of the Barents region. The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 ecosystems fennoscandia nordic finland sweden norway barents http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8934FC6B-6967-48D2-956C-07235B7D7CB4 en-US Ecosystems in Northwest Russia Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The map shows the range of fourteen different ecosystem types across Russia. The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentsregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Directorate general for geodesy and cartography, USSR council of ministers, V.V. Dokuchaev soil institute, Russian academy of agriculture, 1989. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ecosystems_in_northwest_russia_thumbnail_002.jpg 171 200 The map shows the range of fourteen different ecosystem types across Russia. The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) 72.5 39 60 5 85 73 Arctic Arctic ecosystem Biodiversity Arctic Russia Natural areas landscape ecosystems http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1158E8B0-A53A-8B6E-6C4B-AE73D7C2C178 en-US Effect of international agreements on the predicted abundance of ODS in the stratosphere 1980–2100 Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal GEO Data Portal, compiled from UNEP-Ozone Secretariat 2006 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 13:36:57 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/effect-of-international-agreements-on-the-predicted-abundance-of-ods-in-the-stratosphere-1980-2100_thumbnail.jpg 220 82 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C6332E38-D61F-1560-0EB7-C9715CBDCC31 en-US Effects of enhanced UV-B radiations on crops Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Experiments on food crops have shown lower yields for several key crops such as rice, soy beans and sorghum. The plants minimize their exposure to UV by limiting the surface area of foliage, which in turn impairs growth. However the observed drop in yield does not seem serious enough for scientists to sound the alarm. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal modified from Krupa and Kickert (1989) by Runeckles and Krupa (1994) in: Fakhri Bazzaz, Wim Sombroek, Global Climate Change and Agricultural Production, FAO, Rome,1996. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 21:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/effects-of-enhanced-uv-b-radiations-on-crops_thumbnail.jpg 220 93 Experiments on food crops have shown lower yields for several key crops such as rice, soy beans and sorghum. The plants minimize their exposure to UV by limiting the surface area of foliage, which in turn impairs growth. However the observed drop in yield does not seem serious enough for scientists to sound the alarm. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone depletion UV-B UV radiation agriculture crops http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/66294A06-1157-5505-E85A-F61838A6016C en-US Effects of sea-level rise on water resources of small islands and low-lying coastal areas Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The water resources of small islands and low-lying coastal areas are very susceptible to sea-level rise. This figure illustrates the direct impacts on the water resources sector, as well as the plethora of higher-order impacts which affect not only that sector but most, if not all, other sectors including health, transport and agriculture. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Hay, J.E. and Mimura, N. (2006). Sea-level rise: Implications for water resources management. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 10, 717-737 Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/effects-of-sea-level-rise-on-water-resources-of-small-islands-and-low-lying-coastal-areas_thumbnail.jpg 220 179 The water resources of small islands and low-lying coastal areas are very susceptible to sea-level rise. This figure illustrates the direct impacts on the water resources sector, as well as the plethora of higher-order impacts which affect not only that sector but most, if not all, other sectors including health, transport and agriculture. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 cryosphere sea-level climate change climatology oceans marine issues vulnerability adaptation extreme events http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5501E149-6891-150B-3032-D69751E1B6AE en-US Effects of the Montreal Protocol amendment and their phase-out schedules Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal There are currently a hundred and ninety-one Parties to this treaty, demonstrating a greater degree of global participation than almost any other agreement managed by the UN. By 2005 these countries had collectively phased out more than 95% of the production and consumption of the chemicals controlled by the protocol. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer: 2006 Update, Lead Author: D.W. Fahey, Panel Review Meeting for the 2006 ozone assessment. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 21:50:24 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/effects-of-the-montreal-protocol-amendment-and-their-phase-out-schedules_thumbnail.jpg 220 450 There are currently a hundred and ninety-one Parties to this treaty, demonstrating a greater degree of global participation than almost any other agreement managed by the UN. By 2005 these countries had collectively phased out more than 95% of the production and consumption of the chemicals controlled by the protocol. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone chlorofluorocarbons CFCs depletion ozone hole ozone depleting substances ODS Montreal Protocol http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6043FE9F-CF23-D602-38CF-DF601CB95BF9 en-US Effets de la sécheresse sur les cheptels dans certains pays africains (graphique à insérer) Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil No Data Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007 - Working Group II Report 'Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability', chapter 5. HYPERLINK 'http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm' http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm (Accessed January 23, 2008) Mon, 08 Jun 2009 17:58:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/effets-de-la-s-cheresse-sur-les-cheptels-dans-certains-pays-africains-graphique-ins-rer_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 144 No Data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/0664C234-4DF5-4970-AEB3-CEEDF25E15EF en-US El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Phenomenon Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal El Niño describes 'the warm phase of a naturally occurring sea surface temperature oscillation in the tropical Pacific Ocean', and southern oscillation refers to 'a seesaw shift in surface air pressure at Darwin, Australia and the South Pacific Island of Tahiti'. This graphic explains the El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon, showing the differences between a normal year and an El Niño year. Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate Prediction Center (CPC), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/el-ni-o-southern-oscillation-enso-phenomenon_thumbnail_001.jpg 173 200 El Niño describes 'the warm phase of a naturally occurring sea surface temperature oscillation in the tropical Pacific Ocean', and southern oscillation refers to 'a seesaw shift in surface air pressure at Darwin, Australia and the South Pacific Island of Tahiti'. This graphic explains the El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon, showing the differences between a normal year and an El Niño year. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 sea surface temperature sea level pressure temperature anomaly temperature fluctuation climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/50D77F4E-FFC1-4432-A8D6-28E8AC928C0D en-US Electricity consumption by category in the Nordic countries in 1996 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows electricity consumption by category in the Nordic countries in 1996. Developed countries, and Nordic nations in particular, have the highes energy consumption per capita in the world. Over the last decade developed countries have attempted to reduce the over-all energy demand.This includes attempts to increase energy efficiency in households and industrial processes. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal NORDEL, 1998 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/electricity-consumption-by-category-in-the-nordic-countries-in-1996_thumbnail.jpg 200 135 The graphic shows electricity consumption by category in the Nordic countries in 1996. Developed countries, and Nordic nations in particular, have the highes energy consumption per capita in the world. Over the last decade developed countries have attempted to reduce the over-all energy demand.This includes attempts to increase energy efficiency in households and industrial processes. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 Energy electricity consumption http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1D4A9C6C-96F4-4386-BA4F-122CD2CADFB4 en-US Electricity consumption in Baltic region countries in 1995. in TWh Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows electricity consumption in Baltic region countries in 1995 in TWh. Russia and Germany are the biggest consumers of electricity overall, however it is worth noticing that Nordic nations by far have the highes energy consumption per capita. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal balticregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal International Energy Agency, 1998 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivenc22_l.jpg 200 135 The graphic shows electricity consumption in Baltic region countries in 1995 in TWh. Russia and Germany are the biggest consumers of electricity overall, however it is worth noticing that Nordic nations by far have the highes energy consumption per capita. 60 20 50 4 70 36 Energy electricity consumption Balic region http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/4AA8C788-3B52-4882-A964-9259D9CEBB63 en-US Electricity consumption in kWh per capita Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows the consumption on electricity in kWh per capita. The graph shows that developed countries, and Nordic nations in particular have the highest energy consumption per capita. Please note that this figure is old and outdated Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway/SSB, International Energy Agency 1998 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/electricity-consumption-in-kwh-per-capita_thumbnail.jpg 200 135 The graph shows the consumption on electricity in kWh per capita. The graph shows that developed countries, and Nordic nations in particular have the highest energy consumption per capita. Please note that this figure is old and outdated 68 3 54 -25 82 31 energy electricity consumption energy conservation electricity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F79A9F44-0400-4C32-AD4D-497DE94B8A53 en-US Electricity generation by sources in the Nordic countries in 1996 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows the electricity generation by sources in the Nordic countries in 1996. Nordic countries have a highly developed energy marked, particularly in renewables, partly due to a high number of scientist working in reasearch per head of population and large budgets for development and research. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal NORDEL, 1998 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/electricity-generation-by-sources-in-the-nordic-countries-in-1996_thumbnail.jpg 200 135 The graph shows the electricity generation by sources in the Nordic countries in 1996. Nordic countries have a highly developed energy marked, particularly in renewables, partly due to a high number of scientist working in reasearch per head of population and large budgets for development and research. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 Energy electricity generation renewable power biofuel thermal power Nuclear power Hydropower http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E0DC83EE-1296-A22C-B183-178B8539EF4C en-US Electricity Production and Sources Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal Changes in energy intensity in Latin America and the Caribbean reveals the importance of improving energy efficiency levels, on both the supply and the demand side, and of expanding the use of renewable energies. In South America, 70% of the electricity produced comes from hydroelectric sources. Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank, online database, accessed in July 2010. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/electricity-production-and-sources_thumbnail_007.jpg 124 300 Changes in energy intensity in Latin America and the Caribbean reveals the importance of improving energy efficiency levels, on both the supply and the demand side, and of expanding the use of renewable energies. In South America, 70% of the electricity produced comes from hydroelectric sources. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11C41189-754F-1232-95D0-73125C0E532B en-US Electrification and traditional fuels in Sub-Saharan Africa Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Southern African Development Community (SADC) consists of 15 countries, with 233 million inhabitants. Apart from Mauritius and the countries around South Africa in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the remaining countries exhibit low rates of electricity access and use of high quality fuels. Easy access to electricity and power increases the living standard and enables the development of additional services. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2006. Human Development Report 2006. Table 21. New York: Oxford University Press. Johnson, Francis X. and Rosillo-Calle, F. 2007. Biomass, Livelihoods and International Trade: Challenges and Opportunities for the EU and Southern Africa. Table 3. http://www.sei.se/index.php?page=pubs&pubaction=showitem&item=718 (Accessed May 1, 2008) Sun, 08 Jun 2008 06:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/electrification-and-traditional-fuels-in-sub-saharan-africa_thumbnail.jpg 220 102 The Southern African Development Community (SADC) consists of 15 countries, with 233 million inhabitants. Apart from Mauritius and the countries around South Africa in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the remaining countries exhibit low rates of electricity access and use of high quality fuels. Easy access to electricity and power increases the living standard and enables the development of additional services. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 energy electricity development fuels wood http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/17E87BAC-1292-70E8-5EC0-AAED261B56B1 en-US Elevation Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Bukit Barisan mountain range that runs down the full length of Sumatra reach altitudes of over 3,000 meters above sea level (m asl), with the highest peaks being Gunung Kerinci in West Sumatra (3,800 m asl) and Gunung Leuser (3,404 m asl) in Aceh. Sumatran orangutan habitat is primarily in lowland areas. The highest densities are found below 500 m asl, but individuals can still be encountered on occasion as high as 2,000 m asl. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Bathymetry from the ETOPO1 Global Relief Model downloaded from: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html Sumatran orangutan distribution shapefile prepared by Singleton and Wich and based on Wich et al. 2008 with unpublished data added. Elevation shown is SRTM 90M DEM available from the CGIAR website (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/). Wed, 28 Sep 2011 08:46:32 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/elevation_thumbnail.jpg 220 251 The Bukit Barisan mountain range that runs down the full length of Sumatra reach altitudes of over 3,000 meters above sea level (m asl), with the highest peaks being Gunung Kerinci in West Sumatra (3,800 m asl) and Gunung Leuser (3,404 m asl) in Aceh. Sumatran orangutan habitat is primarily in lowland areas. The highest densities are found below 500 m asl, but individuals can still be encountered on occasion as high as 2,000 m asl. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E8229771-67BB-1035-E3D9-92E16ADA77ED en-US Emission Assessment Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emission Assessment visualizing raw material, transformed products, energy and workers and related activities flows. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emission-assessment_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 133 Emission Assessment visualizing raw material, transformed products, energy and workers and related activities flows. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E7A26712-98E0-F4B2-5560-6FBD9D65DBC2 en-US Emission calculators Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emission calculators for energy, transport sectors and various sectors found on non-profit, profit and offset providers. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emission-calculators_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 118 Emission calculators for energy, transport sectors and various sectors found on non-profit, profit and offset providers. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D45387D1-1090-16BA-A962-E2198341911F en-US Emission Calculators UNEP/GRID-Arendal Table explaining Emission Calculators UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Earth Charter Initiative (earthcharterinaction.org/climate/2007/09/find_the_right_carbon_calculat.html#more ); Climate Outreach and Information Network (coinet.org.uk/materials/carboncalculations ); European Commission ( www.mycarbonfootprint.eu ). Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emission-calculators_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 126 Table explaining Emission Calculators 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/72218665-5AEC-B369-9F85-A1DFEDFF0F80 en-US Emissions and energy scenarios by source Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Despite the Kyoto protocol and increased concern over the consequences of climate change, world wide emissions of CO2 continues to grow. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) world total CO2 emissions will increase by 62% from 2002 – 2030. More than two-thirds of the increase will come from developing countries. They will overtake the OECD as the leading contributor to global emissions early in the 2020s. Despite the strong increase in emissions in developing countries, both the OECD and the transition economies will still have far higher per capita emissions in 2030. Energy-related CO2 emissions from Annex 1 OECD countries are projected to be 30 % above the Kyoto target for these countries in 2010, while emissions from Annex 1 transition economies will be 25 % below target. In OECD Europe, use of gas will contribute more to global warming than coal in 2020. Use of oil will still be the biggest contributor. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal OECD --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions_and_energy_scenarios_by_source_thumbnail.jpg 220 317 Despite the Kyoto protocol and increased concern over the consequences of climate change, world wide emissions of CO2 continues to grow. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) world total CO2 emissions will increase by 62% from 2002 – 2030. More than two-thirds of the increase will come from developing countries. They will overtake the OECD as the leading contributor to global emissions early in the 2020s. Despite the strong increase in emissions in developing countries, both the OECD and the transition economies will still have far higher per capita emissions in 2030. Energy-related CO2 emissions from Annex 1 OECD countries are projected to be 30 % above the Kyoto target for these countries in 2010, while emissions from Annex 1 transition economies will be 25 % below target. In OECD Europe, use of gas will contribute more to global warming than coal in 2020. Use of oil will still be the biggest contributor. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 emissions pollution climate change energy climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12129E97-12D7-D977-C2CE-11C4E9B431C7 en-US Emissions Assessment UNEP/GRID-Arendal Direct measurements of greenhouse gases emissions are not possible. Assessments are therefore using precise theoretical calculations for each sectors. They are called “emission factors” and are regularly updated. Trying to quantify emissions related to a given activity requires consideration of complete life-cycles. That means counting emissions from all related activities, raw materials, transformed products and necessary infrastructure (indirect emissions). Naturally, one has to stop imputing indirect emissions to the evaluated activity at some point. This will depend on the working branch and on the assessment methodology used. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Source: Bilan Carbone ©, French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), 2007; Jean-Marc Jancovici, Manicore (consulting company); René-François Bizec, Gaz à effet de serre et changement climatique, 2005. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-assessment_thumbnail.jpg 220 134 Direct measurements of greenhouse gases emissions are not possible. Assessments are therefore using precise theoretical calculations for each sectors. They are called “emission factors” and are regularly updated. Trying to quantify emissions related to a given activity requires consideration of complete life-cycles. That means counting emissions from all related activities, raw materials, transformed products and necessary infrastructure (indirect emissions). Naturally, one has to stop imputing indirect emissions to the evaluated activity at some point. This will depend on the working branch and on the assessment methodology used. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E9F47109-B59E-131D-5A10-FFF76F3BB044 en-US Emissions by gas UNEP/GRID-Arendal Thousand million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year (1970-2004 period) UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group III Report: Mitigation of Climate Change; 2007 (figure adapted from Olivier et al., 2005; 2006; Hooijer et al., 2006). Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-by-gas_thumbnail_002.jpg 192 300 Thousand million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year (1970-2004 period) 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5D732CCF-1378-10AC-7179-E8C7BA344275 en-US Emissions by gas Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions of various gases from deforestation, logging, peat fires, fossil fuel and other sources. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-by-gas_thumbnail_001.jpg 191 300 Emissions of various gases from deforestation, logging, peat fires, fossil fuel and other sources. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A8FDC453-BDA1-1437-C719-D3FE75A18876 en-US Emissions de HFC pour quelques pays industrialisés UNEP/GRID-Arendal Note : Sous le régime de la Convention-cadre de l’ONU sur les changements climatiques, les pays industrialisés qui ont ratifié le protocole de Kyoto s’obligent à déclarer annuellement leurs émissions de HFC depuis 1990. 40 pays font partie de cette catégorie actuellement, dont 22 ont déclaré des données dès 1990. Les émissions supérieures à 1'000 tonnes d’équivalent-CO2 en 2007 figurent sur cette carte. Les 25 autres pays industrialisés dont les émissions sont inférieures à 1'000 tonnes d’équivalent-CO2 ne figurent pas sur cette carte ; leurs émission cumulées se montaient en 2007 à 9'784 tonnes d’équivalent-CO2. Comme les pays qui ne relèvent pas de l’annexe 1 (« pays en voie de développement ») ne sont pas tenus de déclarer leurs émissions de HFC sous le régime de la CCNUCC, il n’existe pas de données officielles cohérentes pour ces pays. Cela ne doit pas conduire à la conclusion que ces pays n’émettent pas de HFC. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal CCNUCC, 2009. Carte initiale : Atelier de cartographie de Sciences Po. Wed, 26 May 2010 20:13:38 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-de-hfc-pour-quelques-pays-industrialis-s_thumbnail.jpg 220 154 Note : Sous le régime de la Convention-cadre de l’ONU sur les changements climatiques, les pays industrialisés qui ont ratifié le protocole de Kyoto s’obligent à déclarer annuellement leurs émissions de HFC depuis 1990. 40 pays font partie de cette catégorie actuellement, dont 22 ont déclaré des données dès 1990. Les émissions supérieures à 1'000 tonnes d’équivalent-CO2 en 2007 figurent sur cette carte. Les 25 autres pays industrialisés dont les émissions sont inférieures à 1'000 tonnes d’équivalent-CO2 ne figurent pas sur cette carte ; leurs émission cumulées se montaient en 2007 à 9'784 tonnes d’équivalent-CO2. Comme les pays qui ne relèvent pas de l’annexe 1 (« pays en voie de développement ») ne sont pas tenus de déclarer leurs émissions de HFC sous le régime de la CCNUCC, il n’existe pas de données officielles cohérentes pour ces pays. Cela ne doit pas conduire à la conclusion que ces pays n’émettent pas de HFC. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone resource kit journalist http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/587FB8EC-126B-8F3B-A24A-C207A7837D52 en-US Emissions due to solid waste disposal on land Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Landfi ling is the most common waste management practice, and results in the release of methane from the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials. Methane is around 20 times more potent as a GHG than carbon dioxide. If the disposal of organic matter were to be decreased (for example by composting or incineration) it would be possible to reduce the amount of methane emissions. However, landfill methane is also a source of energy, and some landfills capture and use it for energy. In addition, many materials in landfills do not decompose fully, and the carbon that remains is sequestered in the landfill and not released into the atmosphere. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC Thu, 09 Feb 2006 23:49:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions_due_to_solid_waste_disposal_on_land_thumbnail.jpg 220 124 Landfi ling is the most common waste management practice, and results in the release of methane from the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials. Methane is around 20 times more potent as a GHG than carbon dioxide. If the disposal of organic matter were to be decreased (for example by composting or incineration) it would be possible to reduce the amount of methane emissions. However, landfill methane is also a source of energy, and some landfills capture and use it for energy. In addition, many materials in landfills do not decompose fully, and the carbon that remains is sequestered in the landfill and not released into the atmosphere. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption landfills methane climate change greenhouse effect http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/63EF97D8-D52D-A059-7CE7-11E9966CFD08 en-US Emissions from agriculture Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Average emissions, thousand million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year in various agriculture generated emission gases. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-from-agriculture_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 315 Average emissions, thousand million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year in various agriculture generated emission gases. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F29F764C-B8D0-10BA-D3E8-D96D0B0F3C2E en-US Emissions from agriculture UNEP/GRID-Arendal Average emissions Thousand million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Greenpeace, Cool farming: Climate impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential, January 2008 (data for 2005). Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-from-agriculture_thumbnail_004.jpg 220 312 Average emissions Thousand million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D82D9BAD-F2EE-46DB-B7B8-2E908E0DCE2E en-US Emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, Finland Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows Finnish emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases from 1980 to 1996 with projections to 2010 according to second national communications to UNFCCC. Greenhouse gases are largely produced by human activities such as industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use, including deforestation. Emmanuelle Bournay, Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal EEA, CICERO 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-of-anthropogenic-greenhouse-gases-finland_thumbnail.jpg 200 135 The graph shows Finnish emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases from 1980 to 1996 with projections to 2010 according to second national communications to UNFCCC. Greenhouse gases are largely produced by human activities such as industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use, including deforestation. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 Climate change greenhouse gases global warming http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14002856-FDDD-7D63-0EBC-12878D9F5E70 en-US Emissions of carbon dioxide, in Africa and selected OECD countries Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Africa represents only a small fraction, 3.6%, out of the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year, yet 14% of the population of the world lives here. The emissions per inhabitant in Libya, the Seychelles and South Africa are on the level of the lowest among OECD countries with the other African countries trailing lower behind them. Regionally, emissions (both per capita and in total) are at their highest in North Africa and in the country of South Africa. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal UN Statistics Common Database Thu, 02 Nov 2006 16:51:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions_of_carbon_dioxide_in_africa_and_selected_oecd_countries_003.jpg 200 201 Africa represents only a small fraction, 3.6%, out of the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year, yet 14% of the population of the world lives here. The emissions per inhabitant in Libya, the Seychelles and South Africa are on the level of the lowest among OECD countries with the other African countries trailing lower behind them. Regionally, emissions (both per capita and in total) are at their highest in North Africa and in the country of South Africa. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 climate change emissions pollution greenhouse gases co2 carbon dioxide http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/2117236D-FC5A-43F7-BEA2-F8261513D9F2 en-US Emissions of CO2 - selected countries (1995) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The rich countries of the world historically have emitted most of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases since the start of the industrial revolution in the latter half of the 1700s. Per capita, the significant emissions still are produced by the OECD countries. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal International Energy Agency, 1998 Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-of-co2-selected-countries-1995_thumbnail.jpg 220 129 The rich countries of the world historically have emitted most of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases since the start of the industrial revolution in the latter half of the 1700s. Per capita, the significant emissions still are produced by the OECD countries. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6E6B4EF6-A5B2-4A3C-AD7F-AE330A241C16 en-US Emissions of CO2 in Norway, 85-95 UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows emissions of CO2 in Norway from 1985 to 1995 and estimates future emissions from 1995 to 2010. CO2 can be created by use of fossil fuel, by land-use convertion, combustion or cement production. UNEP/GRID-Arendal NO UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway/SSB,Ministry of Environment 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-of-co2-in-norway-85-95_thumbnail.jpg 220 386 The graph shows emissions of CO2 in Norway from 1985 to 1995 and estimates future emissions from 1995 to 2010. CO2 can be created by use of fossil fuel, by land-use convertion, combustion or cement production. 64 17.5 57 4 71 31 Pollution greenhouse gases climate change global warming CO2 carbon dioxide emissions Norway http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/3468A68E-4260-4ABD-8DBA-19C4A01FD867 en-US Emissions of CO2 per capita 1990 (selected countries) UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows emissions of CO2 per capita 1990. CO2 can be emitted as byproduct from the use of fossil fuel, by combustion, land-use conversion and cement production. Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are increasing, and it is indicated that this contributes to global warming and climate change. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway/SSB, climate change information kit, UNEP IUC; 1997. Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-of-co2-per-capita-1990-selected-countries_thumbnail.jpg 200 211 The graph shows emissions of CO2 per capita 1990. CO2 can be emitted as byproduct from the use of fossil fuel, by combustion, land-use conversion and cement production. Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are increasing, and it is indicated that this contributes to global warming and climate change. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Pollution climate change global warming emissions carbon dioxide CO2 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5ECC9E9D-BCAE-444E-8903-637B0AC6163A en-US Emissions of greenhouse gases in Norway, 1985-1996 UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows the total emission of 6 major greenhouse gases in Norway from 1985 to 1996 with projections to 2010. Greenhouse gases are largely produced through human activities including industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use, such as deforestation. UNEP/GRID-Arendal NO UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway/SSB, Ministry of Environment 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_in_norway_1985_1996_thumbnail.jpg 200 178 The graph shows the total emission of 6 major greenhouse gases in Norway from 1985 to 1996 with projections to 2010. Greenhouse gases are largely produced through human activities including industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use, such as deforestation. 64 17.5 57 4 71 31 Atmosphere Climate change greenhouse gases pollution global warming Norway emissions http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B6977184-86BD-4FC1-B33C-C94D0DDFDD5A en-US Emissions of greenhouse gases in Norway, C2F4 and C2F6 85-96 UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows emissions of C2F4 and C2F6 in CO2 equivalents in Norway from 1985 to 1996. C2F4 and C2F6 are primarily results of the production process of alumunium. Their atmospheric lifetime is estimated to be around 50 000 years. UNEP/GRID-Arendal NO UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway/SSB, Ministry of Environment 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_in_norway_c2f4_and_c2f6_85_96_thumbnail.jpg 200 249 The graphic shows emissions of C2F4 and C2F6 in CO2 equivalents in Norway from 1985 to 1996. C2F4 and C2F6 are primarily results of the production process of alumunium. Their atmospheric lifetime is estimated to be around 50 000 years. 64 17.5 57 4 71 31 Pollution greenhouse gases aluminium production climate change global warming emissions C2F4 C2F6 Hexafluroethane http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EC0F283D-07E9-41A4-A6D0-6DD29C60E5CF en-US Emissions of HFC in CO2 equivalents in Norway, 85-96 UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows Emissions of HFC in CO2 equivalents in Norway from 1985 to 1996 with projections to 2010. HFCs are among the most important greenhouse gases and are covered under the Kyoto protocol. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC's) do not harm or breakdown the ozone molecule, but they do trap heat in the atmosphere, making it a greenhouse gas, aiding in global warming. HFC’s are used in air conditioners and refrigerators. UNEP/GRID-Arendal NO UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway/SSB,Ministry of Environment 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivesn10_l.jpg 200 288 The graphic shows Emissions of HFC in CO2 equivalents in Norway from 1985 to 1996 with projections to 2010. HFCs are among the most important greenhouse gases and are covered under the Kyoto protocol. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC's) do not harm or breakdown the ozone molecule, but they do trap heat in the atmosphere, making it a greenhouse gas, aiding in global warming. HFC’s are used in air conditioners and refrigerators. 64 17.5 57 4 71 31 Atmosphere Pollution emissions HFC greenhouse gases hydrofluorocarbons global warming Norway ozone http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E14DCB8B-704A-4392-BFB6-840392DFF7DE en-US Emissions of N20 in Norway, 85-96 UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows emissions of N20 in Norway from 1985 to 1996 with projections to 2010. N20 can occour naturally or have anthropogenic sources such as fertilizrs, combustion and various industrial processes. UNEP/GRID-Arendal NO UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway/SSB, Ministry of Environment 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions_of_n20_in_norway_85_96_thumbnail.jpg 200 190 The graph shows emissions of N20 in Norway from 1985 to 1996 with projections to 2010. N20 can occour naturally or have anthropogenic sources such as fertilizrs, combustion and various industrial processes. 64 17.5 57 4 71 31 Atmosphere Climate change NO2 nitrous oxide emissions pollution http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/0C870005-9566-45C2-8576-0A70A0FEE058 en-US Emissions of N2O in Norway, 85-96 UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows emissions of N2O in Norway from 1985 to 1996. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is emitted to the atmosphere by both natural such as combustion and anthropogenic sources such as industrial processes and fertilizers. UNEP/GRID-Arendal NO UNEP/GRID-Arendal statistics Norway,SSB 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivesn07_l.jpg 200 230 The graph shows emissions of N2O in Norway from 1985 to 1996. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is emitted to the atmosphere by both natural such as combustion and anthropogenic sources such as industrial processes and fertilizers. 64 17.5 57 4 71 31 Atmosphere climate change greenhouse gases N2O Nitrous oxide emissions Norway http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/10597E1B-B8BD-12C6-D9B5-598D76417A23 en-US Emissions of organic water pollutants Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Pollution emitted in industrial areas represents a threat to human health and the surrounding natural resources. We have a tendency to believe that the production processes are the only source of environmental damage, and often forget about the possible long-term effects of harmful production practices. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank, 2004 Tue, 07 Feb 2006 17:42:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions_of_organic_water_pollutants_thumbnail.jpg 220 117 Pollution emitted in industrial areas represents a threat to human health and the surrounding natural resources. We have a tendency to believe that the production processes are the only source of environmental damage, and often forget about the possible long-term effects of harmful production practices. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption water http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B315242B-33CF-4A2B-85AF-A7826BC6AEBF en-US Emissions of SF6 in Norway, 85-96 UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows emissions of SF6 in Norway from 1985 to 1996.SF6 is a highly potent greenhouse gas used in the industry for insulation in high voltage equipment and current interruption in electric transmission and distribution equipment. UNEP/GRID-Arendal NO UNEP/GRID-Arendal Statistics Norway/ SSB 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivesn13_l.jpg 200 246 The graph shows emissions of SF6 in Norway from 1985 to 1996.SF6 is a highly potent greenhouse gas used in the industry for insulation in high voltage equipment and current interruption in electric transmission and distribution equipment. 64 17.5 57 4 71 31 Atmosphere Climate change emissions global warming greenhouse gases SF6 Sulfur Hexafluoride Norway http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7A6A110F-BA7E-10CE-16F9-14DD093E3732 en-US Emissions of the Brazilian Amazon Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Brazil has been recognized as the fifth highest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world, and is also the highest emitter within the Latin American and Caribbean region. This high level of emission is first and foremost due land use changes within the country. In 2005, forest and grassland conversion was responsible for emitting more than one billion of metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MtCO2-e) in the Brazilian Amazon. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal Cerri C. et al. 2009. Brazilian GHG emissions: the importance of agriculture and livestock, Scientia Agricola. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-of-the-brazilian-amazon_thumbnail_006.jpg 220 261 Brazil has been recognized as the fifth highest emitter of greenhouse gasses in the world, and is also the highest emitter within the Latin American and Caribbean region. This high level of emission is first and foremost due land use changes within the country. In 2005, forest and grassland conversion was responsible for emitting more than one billion of metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MtCO2-e) in the Brazilian Amazon. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B14ED47A-184B-13C5-80BC-F8A1476A1137 en-US Emissions per GDP in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005 (excludes land use change) Nieves López Izquierdo (Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal) Evidence at international level shows a positive, although not a linear, relation between GHG emissions and the trajectory of the gross domestic product (GDP). There is a strong heterogeneity in the ratio of emissions to GDP (excluding land use change) among the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, with Guyana and Bolivia standing as those countries with the highest levels of emissions per US$ 1 million of GDP produced. Nieves López Izquierdo (Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal) geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal ECLAC on the basis of Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 7.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2010). Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-per-gdp-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-2005-excludes-land-use-change_thumbnail_008.jpg 93 300 Evidence at international level shows a positive, although not a linear, relation between GHG emissions and the trajectory of the gross domestic product (GDP). There is a strong heterogeneity in the ratio of emissions to GDP (excluding land use change) among the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, with Guyana and Bolivia standing as those countries with the highest levels of emissions per US$ 1 million of GDP produced. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FCAAA5BA-8D7F-DCF3-85A3-906FDD123A2F en-US Emissions per GDP in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005 (includes land use change) Nieves López Izquierdo (Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal) A strong heterogeneity in the ratio emission to GDP, including the land use change, is observed among the countries of the region. Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia stand out because of the importance of emissions related to agriculture, forestry and other land uses (AFOLU). Nieves López Izquierdo (Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal) geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal ECLAC on the basis of Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 7.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2010). Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-per-gdp-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-2005-includes-land-use-change_thumbnail_008.jpg 95 300 A strong heterogeneity in the ratio emission to GDP, including the land use change, is observed among the countries of the region. Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia stand out because of the importance of emissions related to agriculture, forestry and other land uses (AFOLU). -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1484D3CB-903A-E24D-3EEE-D314F6F61540 en-US Emissions per GDP, 2005 (excludes land use change) Nieves López Izquierdo (Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal) Examining CO2 emissions in 2005, excluding those associated with land use changes, it can be seen that the Latin American and Caribbean region has a higher level of emissions per US$ million of GDP (598 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million) than the OECD countries (468 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million), but less than the world average (652 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million). Nieves López Izquierdo (Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal) geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal ECLAC on the basis of Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 7.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2010). Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-per-gdp-2005-excludes-land-use-change_thumbnail_008.jpg 220 280 Examining CO2 emissions in 2005, excluding those associated with land use changes, it can be seen that the Latin American and Caribbean region has a higher level of emissions per US$ million of GDP (598 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million) than the OECD countries (468 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million), but less than the world average (652 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million). -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/104DBC51-AF04-6ADB-9A39-9A6969ED1B93 en-US Emissions per GDP, 2005 (includes land use change) Nieves López Izquierdo (Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal) Taking into account total CO2 emissions, including those associated with and use changes, the Latin American and Caribbean region rates poorly compared to other regions with regard to emissions of CO2 equivalent per US$ million of GDP produced. Latin America emits 1,152 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million, compared to 481 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million emitted by the OECD countries. This indicates that for each US$ million of GDP, Latin America and the Caribbean is emitting more CO2 equivalent than the OECD. Nieves López Izquierdo (Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal) geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal ECLAC on the basis of Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 7.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2010). Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/emissions-per-gdp-2005-includes-land-use-change_thumbnail_007.jpg 220 259 Taking into account total CO2 emissions, including those associated with and use changes, the Latin American and Caribbean region rates poorly compared to other regions with regard to emissions of CO2 equivalent per US$ million of GDP produced. Latin America emits 1,152 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million, compared to 481 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per US$ 1 million emitted by the OECD countries. This indicates that for each US$ million of GDP, Latin America and the Caribbean is emitting more CO2 equivalent than the OECD. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9E58AE59-C95F-116C-F015-141A98B9C445 en-US Employment in the travel and tourism industry in Africa Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal About 6.3 million people work in the travel and tourism industry in Africa, where tourism is highly dependent on natural and cultural environment. However, since travel & tourism touches all sectors of the economy, its real impact is even greater. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Travel & Tourism Council. 2006. Travel & Tourism Climbing to New Heights – League Tables. http://wttc.org/tsa1.htm (accessed October 2, 2006) Mon, 06 Oct 2008 16:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/employment-in-the-travel-and-tourism-industry-in-africa_thumbnail_001.jpg 100 105 About 6.3 million people work in the travel and tourism industry in Africa, where tourism is highly dependent on natural and cultural environment. However, since travel & tourism touches all sectors of the economy, its real impact is even greater. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 tourism ecotourism pro-poor growth http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BDFB6FF7-F9A5-A93E-0783-BE4E1551536F en-US En Europe, le nombre d'espèces d'oiseaux champêtres a connu une forte baisse au cours des dernières décennies, essentiellement du fait de l'intensification agricole Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Gregory, R. 2009. “Data for European common farmland birds”. January 14, 2009, personal e-mail (January 14, 2009) Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Société royale pour la protection des oiseaux (RSPB), Conseil européen pour le recensement des oiseaux (EBCC) et Programme paneuropéen de surveillance des oiseaux communs (PECBMS) Mon, 08 Jun 2009 18:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/en-europe-le-nombre-d-esp-ces-d-oiseaux-champ-tres-a-connu-une-forte-baisse-au-cours-des-derni-res-d_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 215 Gregory, R. 2009. “Data for European common farmland birds”. January 14, 2009, personal e-mail (January 14, 2009) 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/72A60A4B-20E6-466E-95D5-81BA110CCB84 en-US Endangered species in the black sea region Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal blacksea UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Conservation Monotoring Centre (WCMC) Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:16:13 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/endangered_species_in_the_black_sea_region_giwa_thumbnail.jpg 200 167 Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. 43.5 34 37 22 50 46 black sea water giwa Global International Water Assessment biodiversity endangered species wildlife http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A1894583-B346-5FF7-2B0D-151524C687CA en-US Energy - environment - security interactions Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Recently energy demand in the region has reached and surpassed the 1991 level at the same time as the world oil prices have increased dramatically. Russia, for its part, has started a reappraisal of the political and economic costs and benefits of providing indirect energy subsidies. These factors are forcing the three countries to urgently rethink their energy supply options. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Sat, 12 Jan 2008 18:09:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-environment-security-interactions_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 266 Recently energy demand in the region has reached and surpassed the 1991 level at the same time as the world oil prices have increased dramatically. Russia, for its part, has started a reappraisal of the political and economic costs and benefits of providing indirect energy subsidies. These factors are forcing the three countries to urgently rethink their energy supply options. 59.5 28.5 38 22 81 35 environment and security conflict energy economy socialimpacts http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9AB83C2E-A2BD-FC28-9F4D-121F05D6971F en-US Energy consumption and CO2 emissions from building UNEP/GRID-Arendal Energy consumption for heating and hot water Kilowatt hour per square metre per year CO2 emissions depending on the energy used for heating and hot water, for a 100 square metre dwelling Kilograms of carbon equivalent per year UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Cécile Marin, Atlas Environnement du Monde Diplomatique, 2007; La Maison écologique, n° 37, February-March 2007; Effinergie; Minergie; Passivhaus; Ademe. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-consumption-and-co2-emissions-from-building_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 299 Energy consumption for heating and hot water Kilowatt hour per square metre per year CO2 emissions depending on the energy used for heating and hot water, for a 100 square metre dwelling Kilograms of carbon equivalent per year 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/91A8D545-11FD-951C-3F17-E5AD6453E5CC en-US Energy consumption and CO2 emissions from building Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Energy consumption for heating and hot water, CO2 emissions depending on the energy used for heating and hot water, for a 100 square metre dwelling. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Cécile Marin, Atlas Environnement du Monde Diplomatique, 2007; La Maison écologique, no 37, February-March 2007; Effinergie; Minergie; Passivhaus; Ademe. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-consumption-and-co2-emissions-from-building_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 290 Energy consumption for heating and hot water, CO2 emissions depending on the energy used for heating and hot water, for a 100 square metre dwelling. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13F3D7FA-F185-CE44-C2BB-110215D5B16C en-US Energy consumption by usage in a building Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Buildings (residential and commercial) account for 10 to 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions, including almost 70% carbon dioxide and 25% methane. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP, Buildings and Climate Change, Status, Challenges and Opportunities, 2007 (primary sources: Al-Sayed Omar Assem and Al-Ragom, 2005; CMIE, 2001; Sustainable Energy Authority Victoria, 2004; U.S Department of Energy, 2006, Office of Energy Efficiency; Natural Resources Canada, 2006). Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-consumption-by-usage-in-a-building_thumbnail.jpg 220 293 Buildings (residential and commercial) account for 10 to 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions, including almost 70% carbon dioxide and 25% methane. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7079E173-BD1E-646C-08D0-156663E69162 en-US Energy consumption by usage in a building UNEP/GRID-Arendal Buildings (residential and commercial) account for 10 to 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions, including almost 70% carbon dioxide and 25% methane. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP, Buildings and Climate Change, Status, Challenges and Opportunities, 2007 (primary sources: Al-Sayed Omar Assem and Al-Ragom, 2005; CMIE, 2001; Sustainable Energy Authority Victoria, 2004; U.S. Department of Energy, 2006, Office of Energy Efficiency; Natural Resources Canada, 2006). Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-consumption-by-usage-in-a-building_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 311 Buildings (residential and commercial) account for 10 to 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions, including almost 70% carbon dioxide and 25% methane. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14BD4BED-5065-8C9E-6FDA-54D654804C2D en-US Energy consumption in Central Asia I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Industry in Central Asia consumes two hundred to three hundred more energy than in Western Europe. The levels of productivity based on consumption of electricity and gross domestic product is noticeably lower in Central Asia with Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan being the worst at energy consumption. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001; Human Development Report 2001, Making New Technologies Work for Human Development, UNDP, New York – Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 19:29:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_energy_consumption_in_central_asia_001.jpg 220 314 Industry in Central Asia consumes two hundred to three hundred more energy than in Western Europe. The levels of productivity based on consumption of electricity and gross domestic product is noticeably lower in Central Asia with Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan being the worst at energy consumption. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar GDP energy electricity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FF405AAE-1335-13C0-78E2-83B227E39633 en-US Energy consumption in Central Asia [Russian] I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Industry in Central Asia consumes two hundred to three hundred more energy than in Western Europe. The levels of productivity based on consumption of electricity and gross domestic product is noticeably lower in Central Asia with Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan being the worst at energy consumption. In Russian. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal Regional report assessing the implementation of Agenda 21 in Central Asian countries, UNDP Aral Sea Basin Capacity Development Project for Central Asia, Tashkent, 2001; Human Development Report 2001, Making New Technologies Work for Human Development, UNDP, New York – Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 20:03:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_energy_consumption_in_central_asia_russian_001.jpg 220 310 Industry in Central Asia consumes two hundred to three hundred more energy than in Western Europe. The levels of productivity based on consumption of electricity and gross domestic product is noticeably lower in Central Asia with Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan being the worst at energy consumption. In Russian. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar GDP energy electricity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13DEF654-E065-7028-9EEF-11BFDD8B49F1 en-US Energy consumption in the countries of the Balkans, 1990-2004 Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett The region's political and economic instability has discouraged any substantial investment in the energy sector. Except for some places such as Kosovo, the Balkans have no fossil fuel deposits, which are significant power source on a global scale. The Balkan countries are neither big energy producers nor consumers, so the region can rely on renewable energy to cater for tomorrow’s growing electricity demand. Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett balkan UNEP/GRID-Arendal International Energy Agency Thu, 07 Feb 2008 09:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-consumption-in-the-countries-of-the-balkans-1990-2004_thumbnail.jpg 220 405 The region's political and economic instability has discouraged any substantial investment in the energy sector. Except for some places such as Kosovo, the Balkans have no fossil fuel deposits, which are significant power source on a global scale. The Balkan countries are neither big energy producers nor consumers, so the region can rely on renewable energy to cater for tomorrow’s growing electricity demand. 41 19.5 35 13 47 26 water energy economy consumption renewable energy electricity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/5DCA1E79-1462-123B-5C5F-10FD98264083 en-US Energy consumption per capita (2004) Emmanuelle Bournay According to current forecasts the world’s energy requirements will have risen by more than 50 per cent by 2030. Oil and natural gas will account for more than 60 per cent of the increase. During the same time period renewable energy growth is lower. Emmanuelle Bournay global UNEP/GRID-Arendal International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2005; US Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004; Wikipedia. Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy_consumption_per_capita_2004_thumbnail.jpg 220 296 According to current forecasts the world’s energy requirements will have risen by more than 50 per cent by 2030. Oil and natural gas will account for more than 60 per cent of the increase. During the same time period renewable energy growth is lower. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 energy consumption oil gas coal http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/222DB0C9-8E7F-4B45-B017-55680C9690CF en-US Energy consumption, current and estimated trends, by region Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows energy consumption of oil, coal and natural gas in various regions around the world from 1990 to 2002 and predicts future consumption until 2020. Over the last decade developed countries have attempted to reduce the over-all energy demand. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Energy Information Administration/International Energy Outlook 2001, based on EIA, International Energy Annual 1999, DOE/EIA-0219(99) Washington DC, Jan. 2001 and EIA, World energy projection system 2000. Wed, 03 Jan 2007 10:01:53 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy_consumption_current_and_estimated_trends_by_region_thumbnail.jpg 200 72 The graphic shows energy consumption of oil, coal and natural gas in various regions around the world from 1990 to 2002 and predicts future consumption until 2020. Over the last decade developed countries have attempted to reduce the over-all energy demand. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 energy consumption energy oil coal natural gas primary energy pollution http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/272B4964-D7B5-4BAA-B074-098D87BA2D0A en-US Energy consumption, economic development and CO2 emissions; selected Latin America countries UNEP/GRID-Arendal As a rule of thumb, economic growth is closely related to growth in energy consumption because the more energy is used, the higher the economic growth. However, it is possible to decouple energy consumption and economic growth to some extent.. More efficient use of energy may entail economic growth and a reduction in energy use. Energy efficiency may very well be an economic driving force. With an increasing use of sustainable energy sources, the link between energy use and greenhouse gas emissions may be decoupled as well. The old “rule” saying that pollution is an unavoidable side effect of energy use, which again is a prerequisite for economic growth, is not valid where decision makers have a will to think differently. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Resources Institute Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy_consumption_economic_development_and_co2_emissions_selected_latin_america_countries_thumbnail.jpg 158 180 As a rule of thumb, economic growth is closely related to growth in energy consumption because the more energy is used, the higher the economic growth. However, it is possible to decouple energy consumption and economic growth to some extent.. More efficient use of energy may entail economic growth and a reduction in energy use. Energy efficiency may very well be an economic driving force. With an increasing use of sustainable energy sources, the link between energy use and greenhouse gas emissions may be decoupled as well. The old “rule” saying that pollution is an unavoidable side effect of energy use, which again is a prerequisite for economic growth, is not valid where decision makers have a will to think differently. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 energy consumption CO2 emissions greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BAA52B51-AA0E-635A-7414-B00B5CBA269D en-US Energy cost of out-of-season vegetables UNEP/GRID-Arendal Oil required for production Liters per kilogram of vegetable UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland), 2006. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-cost-of-out-of-season-vegetables_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 305 Oil required for production Liters per kilogram of vegetable 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D433AF3E-859D-1698-5D79-154A851524D4 en-US Energy cost of out-of-season vegetables Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Oil required for production. Displayed as annual consumption levels of litres per kilogram of vegetable. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland), 2006. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-cost-of-out-of-season-vegetables_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 309 Oil required for production. Displayed as annual consumption levels of litres per kilogram of vegetable. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/634536FB-C0CD-C706-9FC5-E45FB6BF2178 en-US Energy cost of various construction materials Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Energy cost of building material range from 1 to 2800. Energy consumed measured in kilowatt hour per cubic metre for stone, sawn timber, concrete, brick, cement, PVC, steel and aluminum. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Atlas Environnement du Monde Diplomaatique, 2007; Federation of Natural Stone Industries (SN Roc); CTBA, L'Essentiel sur le bois, 2001. Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-cost-of-various-construction-materials_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 165 Energy cost of building material range from 1 to 2800. Energy consumed measured in kilowatt hour per cubic metre for stone, sawn timber, concrete, brick, cement, PVC, steel and aluminum. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/88218E7D-12D6-5BBE-9570-16AA8BABA793 en-US Energy cost of various construction materials UNEP/GRID-Arendal CO2 emissions are not directly deducible from energy costs. Concrete for instance is a very CO2-intensive material due to the emissions from chemical processes involved in its production, despite the relatively low energy costs per cubic metre. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Atlas Environnement du Monde Diplomatique, 2007; Federation of Natural Stone Industries (SN Roc); CTBA, L’Essentiel sur le bois, 2001. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-cost-of-various-construction-materials_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 156 CO2 emissions are not directly deducible from energy costs. Concrete for instance is a very CO2-intensive material due to the emissions from chemical processes involved in its production, despite the relatively low energy costs per cubic metre. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6C9924C0-166D-9269-BEAC-100BB5B24FA3 en-US Energy efficiency generally improves with economic growth...but greenhouse gases increase too Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In 1992 76 million people living in urban areas were exposed to air pollutant concentrations exceeding WHO guidelines. In developing countries 1.9 million people die each year because of indoor air pollution exposure and 500,000 die as a result of outdoor pollutant levels. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal A Better World for all 2000, IMF, OECD, UN and World Bank Sun, 10 Feb 2008 00:08:46 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-efficiency-generally-improves-with-economic-growth-but-greenhouse-gases-increase-too_thumbnail.jpg 220 248 In 1992 76 million people living in urban areas were exposed to air pollutant concentrations exceeding WHO guidelines. In developing countries 1.9 million people die each year because of indoor air pollution exposure and 500,000 die as a result of outdoor pollutant levels. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment poverty energy pollution greenhouse gas ghg economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D1407EA2-14E5-F89E-A3E6-117A5D71AC25 en-US Energy intensity in Latin America and the Caribbean Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal Available evidence indicates that energy intensity – the ratio between energy consumption and gross domestic product (GDP), expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) at 2005 prices – in Latin America and the Caribbean remained almost constant in the 1980-2007 period. This shows that the region has not made the progress necessary, in terms of energy efficiency, to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gasses. The stagnation in energy-intensity levels in Latin America is probably related to the weakness of, or lack of priority in, the energy efficiency policies of the region’s countries, along with a price structure that tends to favour energy intensity and the increased energy consumption from transportation, among other factors. In 2007, energy intensity in Latin America and the Caribbean was 134 kg of oil equivalent per US$1,000 of GDP (at 2005 prices), less than either the world mean (186 kg) or the figure for the OECD countries (152 kg). Among the countries of the region, varying levels of energy intensity can be seen, with energy-intensity figures for Peru, Panama, Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador and Mexico being below the regional average. In the future, these levels could become a key factor in international competitiveness. Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank, online database, accessed in July 2010. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-intensity-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean_thumbnail_007.jpg 98 300 Available evidence indicates that energy intensity – the ratio between energy consumption and gross domestic product (GDP), expressed in purchasing power parity (PPP) at 2005 prices – in Latin America and the Caribbean remained almost constant in the 1980-2007 period. This shows that the region has not made the progress necessary, in terms of energy efficiency, to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gasses. The stagnation in energy-intensity levels in Latin America is probably related to the weakness of, or lack of priority in, the energy efficiency policies of the region’s countries, along with a price structure that tends to favour energy intensity and the increased energy consumption from transportation, among other factors. In 2007, energy intensity in Latin America and the Caribbean was 134 kg of oil equivalent per US$1,000 of GDP (at 2005 prices), less than either the world mean (186 kg) or the figure for the OECD countries (152 kg). Among the countries of the region, varying levels of energy intensity can be seen, with energy-intensity figures for Peru, Panama, Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador and Mexico being below the regional average. In the future, these levels could become a key factor in international competitiveness. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8BA48728-14D1-1836-C4DA-13BDB7978BA9 en-US Energy intensity of economy: Percentage growth from 1980 Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions increase as economies and populations grow; however, there can also be an energy decoupling (relation between energy and GDP) and a decoupling of emissions and decarbonization (relation between emissions and energy consumption). In this way, an increase in per capita income is achieved with less energy consumption and reduced emissions (ECLAC, 2009). Examining an energy intensity index by region for 1980-2005, one sees that, in aggregate for Latin America and the Caribbean, there is no sustained process of energy decoupling, as occurred in other regions of the world. This is reflected in the fact that, in terms of world averages, increases in income have been accompanied by decreases in energy consumption. The trajectories for CO2 emissions and energy consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean in 1980-2005 show that there is a positive relation between these two variables, though it varies from one country to another. During the period in question, both energy consumption and CO2 emissions (excluding those associated with land use changes) grew in the region at an average annual rate that was higher than the world average. Likewise, for the same period, emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean grew at a rate somewhat lower than the increase in energy consumption, suggesting that there has been a slight process of decarbonization in the region. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) elaboration of World Bank database. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-intensity-of-economy-percentage-growth-from-1980_thumbnail_009.jpg 220 276 Emissions increase as economies and populations grow; however, there can also be an energy decoupling (relation between energy and GDP) and a decoupling of emissions and decarbonization (relation between emissions and energy consumption). In this way, an increase in per capita income is achieved with less energy consumption and reduced emissions (ECLAC, 2009). Examining an energy intensity index by region for 1980-2005, one sees that, in aggregate for Latin America and the Caribbean, there is no sustained process of energy decoupling, as occurred in other regions of the world. This is reflected in the fact that, in terms of world averages, increases in income have been accompanied by decreases in energy consumption. The trajectories for CO2 emissions and energy consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean in 1980-2005 show that there is a positive relation between these two variables, though it varies from one country to another. During the period in question, both energy consumption and CO2 emissions (excluding those associated with land use changes) grew in the region at an average annual rate that was higher than the world average. Likewise, for the same period, emissions in Latin America and the Caribbean grew at a rate somewhat lower than the increase in energy consumption, suggesting that there has been a slight process of decarbonization in the region. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/73FCB71D-116E-1031-0080-12992825C19A en-US Energy production waste in selected European countries Diana Rizzolio Waste is a major environmental concern for the energy sector. Depending on the type of energy, the production process itself will generate substantial quantities of waste. The energy sector generates specific types of waste: waste from mining and upgrading coal and lignite (tailing); waste from oil and gas refining; combustion waste from thermal power stations; waste from air-pollution abatement devices and fi nally the components of the power station itself which must be dismantled at the end of its service life (particularly sensitive in the case of nuclear power stations). Diana Rizzolio geoeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal EIONET, European Topic Centre on Resource and Waste Management, 2006 (figures for 2002) Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:23 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy_production_waste_in_selected_european_countries_thumbnail.jpg 220 157 Waste is a major environmental concern for the energy sector. Depending on the type of energy, the production process itself will generate substantial quantities of waste. The energy sector generates specific types of waste: waste from mining and upgrading coal and lignite (tailing); waste from oil and gas refining; combustion waste from thermal power stations; waste from air-pollution abatement devices and fi nally the components of the power station itself which must be dismantled at the end of its service life (particularly sensitive in the case of nuclear power stations). 59.2 3.89 33.19 -27.72 85.21 35.5 europe waste energy poland turkey http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/166156B0-8767-11ED-7E98-103A86479F3F en-US Energy production, consumption and export - Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The land-based activities of the oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have had a much more severe impact on the environment than marine activity. In particular the growth in hydrocarbon-related activity has destroyed the environmental balance of whole areas throughout the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caspianregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Energy Information Administration (EIA) , Washington Sat, 08 Mar 2008 17:38:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-production-consumption-and-export-kazakhstan-and-azerbaijan_thumbnail.jpg 220 286 The land-based activities of the oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have had a much more severe impact on the environment than marine activity. In particular the growth in hydrocarbon-related activity has destroyed the environmental balance of whole areas throughout the region. 42.5 55 30 40 55 70 oil production energy pollution http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/DCF1EBFC-141F-8B60-59EA-B8E788DEAC0B en-US Energy resources, production and transportation Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Energy is vital for the internal and external security of all three countries (see figure). A secure, affordable domestic energy supply is critical to economic development, particularly in energy hungry industrial sectors. It is also essential to meet social needs (heating, transportation, etc.) especially for vulnerable groups. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal INCOTEC. Oil, gas and product pipelines of Russia and nearby states and Atlas. Fuel-energy complex of Russia XXI. Moscow 2006; Lecarpentier A. Underground gas storage in the world, CEDIGAZ, 2006; Belarus State University. Atlas of Belarus Geography. Minsk 2005; State Committee for Land Resources, Geodesy and Cartography. National Atlas of Belarus. Minsk 2002; Botnaru V. and O. Kazantseva. Republic of Moldova. Atlas. Chisinau 2005; State Committee for Natural Resources. Integrated Atlas of Ukraine. Kyiv 2005. ENVSEC consultations 2006-7. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 18:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-resources-production-and-transportation_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 324 Energy is vital for the internal and external security of all three countries (see figure). A secure, affordable domestic energy supply is critical to economic development, particularly in energy hungry industrial sectors. It is also essential to meet social needs (heating, transportation, etc.) especially for vulnerable groups. 59.5 28.5 38 22 81 35 environment and security conflict energy transportation economy gas oil nuclear energy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BDFD2A9F-6045-17A1-EE81-12A9596E73FC en-US Energy supply in Latin America Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Although 70% of South America’s electricity comes from hydroelectric sources, the situation in Central America and the Caribbean is quite different. In these two regions electric-power generation rely predominantly on fossil fuels. For Latin America and the Caribbean overall, fossil fuels (primarily oil and natural gas) continued to be the most important source (76%) for producing energy in the year 2007. Of the energy produced in the region, only 23.1% comes from renewable sources, primarily water, sustainable fuelwood and sugarcane products. Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal UN and ECLAC, on OLADE statistical information database, 2007. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/energy-supply-in-latin-america_thumbnail_007.jpg 124 300 Although 70% of South America’s electricity comes from hydroelectric sources, the situation in Central America and the Caribbean is quite different. In these two regions electric-power generation rely predominantly on fossil fuels. For Latin America and the Caribbean overall, fossil fuels (primarily oil and natural gas) continued to be the most important source (76%) for producing energy in the year 2007. Of the energy produced in the region, only 23.1% comes from renewable sources, primarily water, sustainable fuelwood and sugarcane products. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1E735855-2B48-4569-9EF8-F27F8D42A883 en-US ENSO impact on Southern Africa Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal El Niño describes 'the warm phase of a naturally occurring sea surface temperature oscillation in the tropical Pacific Ocean', southern oscillation refers to 'a seesaw shift in surface air pressure at Darwin, Australia and the South Pacific Island of Tahiti' amd La Nina refers to the cooling phase of the same temperature oscillation that causes El Nino. This graphic shows how the El Nino phenomenon changed weather conditions in southern Africa in 1997-1998, and how the La Nina phenomenon changed weather conditions in the region in 1999-2000. The phenomena can cause dry and warm conditions in some areas and wet and cool conditions in others. Delphine Digout, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geosafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate Prediction Center (CPC), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/enso_impact_on_southern_africa_thumbnail.jpg 200 162 El Niño describes 'the warm phase of a naturally occurring sea surface temperature oscillation in the tropical Pacific Ocean', southern oscillation refers to 'a seesaw shift in surface air pressure at Darwin, Australia and the South Pacific Island of Tahiti' amd La Nina refers to the cooling phase of the same temperature oscillation that causes El Nino. This graphic shows how the El Nino phenomenon changed weather conditions in southern Africa in 1997-1998, and how the La Nina phenomenon changed weather conditions in the region in 1999-2000. The phenomena can cause dry and warm conditions in some areas and wet and cool conditions in others. -20 36 -35 7 -5 65 sea surface temperature sea level pressure temperature anomaly temperature fluctuation climate change el nino enso http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13188881-FB59-84F5-159C-8D8A008EF116 en-US Environment and Security Initiative : Today`s priorities and future challenges Viktor Novikov and Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The pilot phase of the initiative in 2003 assessed environmental threats in Central Asia and South –Eastern Europe, two regions where environmental concerns have clear security implications. The Southern Caucasus joined in 2004. Eastern Europe and the Circumpolar Arctic will be included in 2005-2006. In each region work stats by identifying, through consultation with national and regional stakeholders, priority environment and security issues and situations. Viktor Novikov and Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeuras UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Thu, 16 Mar 2006 14:53:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment-and-security-initiative-today-s-priorities-and-future-challenges_thumbnail.jpg 220 277 The pilot phase of the initiative in 2003 assessed environmental threats in Central Asia and South –Eastern Europe, two regions where environmental concerns have clear security implications. The Southern Caucasus joined in 2004. Eastern Europe and the Circumpolar Arctic will be included in 2005-2006. In each region work stats by identifying, through consultation with national and regional stakeholders, priority environment and security issues and situations. 44.5 33 4 -27 85 93 Security ferghana Central asia politics ecomomy environment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14DA25BD-A58B-15A5-F658-C75518EAD2D5 en-US Environment and security issues in Belarus and Ukraine Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Concept of National Security of Belarus focuses on both external and internal security issues. It directly refers to environmental problems such as global climate change, trans-boundary transport of pollution and the risk of serious accidents at industrial facilities located in Belarus and other countries close to Belarus borders, land degradation and radioactive contamination resulting from the Chernobyl. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal Belarus State University. Atlas of Belarus Geography. Minsk 2005; State Committee for Land Resources, Geodesy and Cartography. National Atlas of Belarus. Minsk 2002; Shevchuk V.E. and V.L. Gurashevsky (eds.) 20 Years after the Chernobyl Catastrophe. National Report. Minsk 2006. Baloga V.I. (ed.) 20 Years after Chornobyl Catastrophe. National report of Ukraine. Kyiv 2006; ENVSEC consultations 2006-7. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 16:50:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment-and-security-issues-in-belarus-and-ukraine_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 341 The Concept of National Security of Belarus focuses on both external and internal security issues. It directly refers to environmental problems such as global climate change, trans-boundary transport of pollution and the risk of serious accidents at industrial facilities located in Belarus and other countries close to Belarus borders, land degradation and radioactive contamination resulting from the Chernobyl. 59.5 28.5 38 22 81 35 environment and security conflict ethnic disputes environmental damage water nuclear energy pollution http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F0814BEC-1305-1121-0BAE-10C71D255081 en-US Environment and security issues in Moldova Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Since water resources are of particular importance to Moldova, water pollution is viewed as a nationally significant threat. Moldova does not have large lakes, and all its larger rivers originate outside its borders. there are many other issues facing Moldova's environment and security future. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal Botnaru V. and O. Kazantseva. Republic of Moldova. Atlas. Chisinau 2005; World Bank and GEF. The Republic of Moldova. Ecological state and The Republic of Moldova. Persistent organic pollutants. Chisinau, 2004; Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chisinau; Bureau of Environmental Investigation, Lviv; ENVSEC consultations 2006-7. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 18:46:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment-and-security-issues-in-moldova_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 328 Since water resources are of particular importance to Moldova, water pollution is viewed as a nationally significant threat. Moldova does not have large lakes, and all its larger rivers originate outside its borders. there are many other issues facing Moldova's environment and security future. 59.5 28.5 38 22 81 35 environment and security conflict energy environmental damage pollution water nuclear http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12A0921B-113C-AB42-0E5C-72D11AC1C80F en-US Environment and security issues in Ukraine Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Compared to its neighbours, Ukraine has a very low Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) (ranking 108 out of 146 countries; Esty et al. 2005). This is primarily due to the high energy and pollution-intensity of its industry, pressure on ecosystems due to intensive agriculture, water stress on part of its territory, and insufficiently developed environmental institutions. Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal State Committee for Natural Resources. Integrated Atlas of Ukraine. Kyiv 2005; Ministry of Environment Protection of Ukraine. On-line environmental maps (www.menr.gov.ua); Baloga V.I. (ed.) 20 Years after Chornobyl Catastrophe. National Report of Ukraine. Kyiv 2006; Shevchuk V.E. and V.L. Gurashevsky (eds.) 20 Years after the Chernobyl Catastrophe. National Report. Minsk 2006. Hats I.A., Ministry of Defence of Ukraine: in materials for the Environment and International Security round-table. Minsk 2006; Bureau of Environmental Investigation, Lviv; ENVSEC consultations 2006-7. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 18:36:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment-and-security-issues-in-ukraine_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 146 Compared to its neighbours, Ukraine has a very low Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) (ranking 108 out of 146 countries; Esty et al. 2005). This is primarily due to the high energy and pollution-intensity of its industry, pressure on ecosystems due to intensive agriculture, water stress on part of its territory, and insufficiently developed environmental institutions. 59.5 28.5 38 22 81 35 environment and security conflict environmental damage water pollution nuclear energy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11D84BC2-9812-127D-D327-118F0D582D97 en-US Environment and security priority areas in Eastern Europe Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Environmental problems often compound external security tensions and worsen internal security challenges in Eastern Europe. Of particular concern are environmental hazards concentrated along national borders (including the borders with the EU, Russia and borders between the three countries). Viktor Novikov, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoeeurope UNEP/GRID-Arendal Belarus State University. Atlas of Belarus Geography. Minsk 2005; State Committee for Land Resources, Geodesy and Cartography. National Atlas of Belarus. Minsk 2002; Botnaru V. and O. Kazantseva. Republic of Moldova. Atlas. Chisinau 2005; State Committee for Natural Resources. Integrated Atlas of Ukraine. Kyiv 2005. Baloga V.I. (ed.) 20 Years after Chornobyl Catastrophe. National Report of Ukraine. Kyiv 2006; Shevchuk V.E. and V.L. Gurashevsky (eds.) 20 Years after the Chernobyl Catastrophe. National Report. Minsk 2006; Ministry of Environment Protection of Ukraine. On-line environmental maps (www.menr.gov.ua); ENVSEC consultations 2006-7. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 18:18:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment-and-security-priority-areas-in-eastern-europe_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 369 Environmental problems often compound external security tensions and worsen internal security challenges in Eastern Europe. Of particular concern are environmental hazards concentrated along national borders (including the borders with the EU, Russia and borders between the three countries). 59.5 28.5 38 22 81 35 environment and security conflict chernobyl nuclear environmental stress border issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/140CBD92-E502-6AFC-757F-A5E286306C82 en-US Environment and Security priority areas in the Ferghana Valley Viktor Novikov and Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows an outline of the areas within the Ferghana Valley which are subjects to disputes over water resources and borders, disputes between private and collective farmers, deforestation and overuse of pasture. The map also show areas of industrial pollution and chemical risks caused by badly maintained radioactive dumps, tailing containments and several working industrial facilities. Viktor Novikov and Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal ferghana UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Thu, 16 Mar 2006 15:07:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment-and-security-priority-areas-in-the-ferghana-valley_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 The graphic shows an outline of the areas within the Ferghana Valley which are subjects to disputes over water resources and borders, disputes between private and collective farmers, deforestation and overuse of pasture. The map also show areas of industrial pollution and chemical risks caused by badly maintained radioactive dumps, tailing containments and several working industrial facilities. 40.5 70 39 67 42 73 Security ferghana Central asia politics ecomomy environment water resources hotspots chemical waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8BBB45B2-4574-4FF5-AE53-6E6F2A78EB16 en-US Environment and security priority areas in the Southern Caucasus Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caucasus UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:25:22 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment_and_security_priority_areas_in_the_southern_caucasus_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 228 Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. 37 45.5 28 39 46 52 security conflict nis cee caucasus soviet http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F7EE353C-8020-1093-681F-11A66C79C92E en-US Environment and security priority areas in the Southern Caucasus (poster) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caucasus UNEP/GRID-Arendal EnvSec Initiative and partners (OSCE, NATO, UNDP and UNEP) Thu, 09 Mar 2006 10:16:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment_and_security_priority_areas_in_the_southern_caucasus_poster_thumbnail.jpg 200 179 Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. 37 45.5 28 39 46 52 security conflict nis cee caucausus soviet http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D7763AB5-C086-12B3-6546-B4C1D62183F4 en-US Environment and security priority areas in the Southern Caucasus (poster) [Russian] Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caucasus UNEP/GRID-Arendal EnvSec Initiative and partners (OSCE, NATO, UNDP and UNEP) Mon, 17 Apr 2006 09:53:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment_and_security_priority_areas_in_the_southern_caucasus_poster_russian_thumbnail.jpg 200 157 Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. 37 45.5 28 39 46 52 security conflict nis cee caucausus soviet http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6055356F-F48A-4362-B1B9-373E5E9FCBE5 en-US Environment and security priority areas in the Southern Caucasus [Russian] Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caucasus UNEP/GRID-Arendal Various Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:25:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environment_and_security_priority_areas_in_the_southern_caucasus_russian_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 228 Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. 37 45.5 28 39 46 52 security conflict nis cee caucausus soviet http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8A663C62-129C-9D8A-3DCC-D7FF064BACB0 en-US Environment in Central Asia I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal There are 25 billion tonnes of waste just from mining and metal production in Central Asia. The most effected areas are highlighted based on a variety of different types of environmental damage such as desertification and wind erosion. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal CARINFONET: Health of Population and Health Care in Central Asian Republics, WHO Information Center on Health for CAR, Bishkek, 2000 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 19:37:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_environment_in_central_asia_001.jpg 220 328 There are 25 billion tonnes of waste just from mining and metal production in Central Asia. The most effected areas are highlighted based on a variety of different types of environmental damage such as desertification and wind erosion. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar desertification wind erosion salinisation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C2A596A3-14C5-10A1-3239-5C63A989B164 en-US Environment in Central Asia [Russian] I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal There are 25 billion tonnes of waste just from mining and metal production in Central Asia. The most effected areas are highlighted based on a variety of different types of environmental damage such as desertification and wind erosion. In Russian. I. Atamuradova, V. Yemelin, P. Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geocasia UNEP/GRID-Arendal CARINFONET: Health of Population and Health Care in Central Asian Republics, WHO Information Center on Health for CAR, Bishkek, 2000 Wed, 15 Feb 2006 20:11:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_environment_in_central_asia_russian_001.jpg 220 318 There are 25 billion tonnes of waste just from mining and metal production in Central Asia. The most effected areas are highlighted based on a variety of different types of environmental damage such as desertification and wind erosion. In Russian. 45 69.5 35 46 55 93 Aral Sea Central Asia environment climate change politics calendar desertification wind erosion salinisation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/0BE3F1DA-E294-42F0-8647-34B857362FEC en-US Environmental policy responses Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This graphic shows the general responses to the need for policy from region to region around the world. The trend looks optimistic that many different types and level of policies are being implemented in most areas of the world. Please note that this graphic is outdated. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP, 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environmental-policy-responses_thumbnail.jpg 200 135 This graphic shows the general responses to the need for policy from region to region around the world. The trend looks optimistic that many different types and level of policies are being implemented in most areas of the world. Please note that this graphic is outdated. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/23B54AD8-E596-4512-87CD-4C22A3BC95AF en-US Environmental threats in the Barents Region Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. This map indicates the political boundaries and economic areas in the region. More importantly it shows where environmental dangers are located and the level of grazing on pastoral lands. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentsregion UNEP/GRID-Arendal Bellona (Norway), Ministry of Environment of Norway, Sweden and Finland and various sources compiled by the author. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environmental_threats_in_the_barents_region_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 183 The Barents region is in the Arctic and covers the area of Western Russia and the northern areas of Finland, Sweden and Norway. This map indicates the political boundaries and economic areas in the region. More importantly it shows where environmental dangers are located and the level of grazing on pastoral lands. (Please note that the The Barents Euro-Arctic Council has expanded the membership since 1998) 72.5 39 60 5 85 73 Arctic Barents Pollution Mining activities Nuclear waste Radioactivity Pollution http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7B243273-B1E1-4D9A-8316-B90AB515DD06 en-US Environmental trends Nordic countries ( I ) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows environmental trends in Nordic countries (I). It describes negative and postive developments in different areas such as climate change, emissions of CO2, Ozone layer depletion and emissions of various other direct or indirect greenhouse gases. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nordic councils of Ministers, 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivenc05_l.jpg 200 135 The graph shows environmental trends in Nordic countries (I). It describes negative and postive developments in different areas such as climate change, emissions of CO2, Ozone layer depletion and emissions of various other direct or indirect greenhouse gases. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 Hot spots Trends climate change pollution emissions atmosphere greenhouse gas http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14ECDD6F-20FE-44BA-A916-FB7FB1580148 en-US Environmental trends Nordic countries ( II ) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows environmental trends in Nordic countries (II). The graph demonstrates negative and positive environmental developments in areas such as marine water and discharges of Nitrogen, fresh water resources, and inland water. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nordic Council of Ministers, 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivenc06_l.jpg 200 135 The graph shows environmental trends in Nordic countries (II). The graph demonstrates negative and positive environmental developments in areas such as marine water and discharges of Nitrogen, fresh water resources, and inland water. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 Hot spots Trends climate change pollution marine water http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/BFEFC142-6743-4A59-A731-DED7DA451791 en-US Environmental trends Nordic countries (slide 4) Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows environmental trends in Nordic countries part 4. It illustrates positive and negative development in Nordic countries within areas such as timber resources and agricultural land resources. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nordic Council of Ministers, 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environmental-trends-nordic-countries-slide-4_thumbnail.jpg 200 135 The graph shows environmental trends in Nordic countries part 4. It illustrates positive and negative development in Nordic countries within areas such as timber resources and agricultural land resources. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 forestry agriculture silviculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7DE54607-CC88-4AA3-9FD8-3749DD7105F3 en-US Environmental trends Nordic countries 3 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This illustration shows positive and negative developments in areas such as household waste per capita, urban environment Quality, biodiversity and number of private and commercial cars, see the other illustrations in this collection for more information. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nordic Council of Ministers, 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/environmental-trends-nordic-countries-3_thumbnail.jpg 200 135 This illustration shows positive and negative developments in areas such as household waste per capita, urban environment Quality, biodiversity and number of private and commercial cars, see the other illustrations in this collection for more information. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/165BF56C-8F55-1576-3AC6-58FA20146547 en-US EPT Rollup Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP - SEFI. Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment, 2009. Tue, 06 Oct 2009 09:55:08 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ept-rollup_thumbnail.jpg 220 253 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment Poverty Times Green Economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/95059A4E-139E-D94F-A0DE-156FF89EB9DD en-US Eritrea, topographic map Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Overview over the country of Eritrea, with topography and major cities. Eritrea, independent in 1993, is inhabited by 4.5 million people, and the capital is Asmara. Environmental issues, according to the CIA world factbook, are: deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing; loss of infrastructure from civil warfare. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal ER UNEP/GRID-Arendal Unknown Tue, 14 Mar 2006 18:41:41 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/eritrea_topographic_map_thumbnail.jpg 220 158 Overview over the country of Eritrea, with topography and major cities. Eritrea, independent in 1993, is inhabited by 4.5 million people, and the capital is Asmara. Environmental issues, according to the CIA world factbook, are: deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing; loss of infrastructure from civil warfare. 15.179385 39.78233 12.36389 36.44328 17.99488 43.12138 eritrea horn of africa east africa http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1463D3E2-170E-14A4-A2E3-68240F951875 en-US Estimate of Area of Vegetation Destroyed Annually by Fire by Region Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO 2006a; Global Burnt Area 2000 Project (GBA2000) Thu, 08 Oct 2009 21:53:42 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimate-of-area-of-vegetation-destroyed-annually-by-fire-by-region_thumbnail.jpg 220 94 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9CC9FFEC-5D57-5BAA-AEA0-5B69132F9B1D en-US Estimated contributions to sea-level rise (1993-2003) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The two main reasons for sea-level rise are thermal expansion of ocean waters as they warm, and increase in the ocean mass, principally from land-based sources of ice (glaciers and ice caps, and the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica). Global warming from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations is a significant driver of both contributions to sea-level rise. From 1955 to 1995, ocean thermal expansion is estimated to have contributed about 0.4 mm per year to sealevel rise, less than 25 per cent of the observed rise over the same period. For the 1993 to 2003 decade, when the best data are available, thermal expansion is estimated to be significantly larger, at about 1.6 mm per year for the upper 750 m of the ocean alone, about 50 per cent of the observed sea-level rise of 3.1 mm per year. Kaser and others estimate the melting of glaciers and ice caps (excluding the glaciers surrounding Greenland and Antarctica) contributed to sea-level rise by about 0.3 mm per year from 1961 to 1990 increasing to about 0.8 mm per year from 2001–2004. (uncertainity intervals in the figure are 5 to 95%) Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M.C. Marquis, K. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge and New York Fri, 22 Feb 2008 13:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimated-contributions-to-sea-level-rise-1993-2003_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 453 The two main reasons for sea-level rise are thermal expansion of ocean waters as they warm, and increase in the ocean mass, principally from land-based sources of ice (glaciers and ice caps, and the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica). Global warming from increasing greenhouse gas concentrations is a significant driver of both contributions to sea-level rise. From 1955 to 1995, ocean thermal expansion is estimated to have contributed about 0.4 mm per year to sealevel rise, less than 25 per cent of the observed rise over the same period. For the 1993 to 2003 decade, when the best data are available, thermal expansion is estimated to be significantly larger, at about 1.6 mm per year for the upper 750 m of the ocean alone, about 50 per cent of the observed sea-level rise of 3.1 mm per year. Kaser and others estimate the melting of glaciers and ice caps (excluding the glaciers surrounding Greenland and Antarctica) contributed to sea-level rise by about 0.3 mm per year from 1961 to 1990 increasing to about 0.8 mm per year from 2001–2004. (uncertainity intervals in the figure are 5 to 95%) 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 cryosphere sea-level climate change climatology oceans marine issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16F5ECC0-EE62-1198-F52D-756F37DD0320 en-US Estimated deaths attributable to climate change, 2000 Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal The extent to which mortality is attributable to climate change remains a matter of intense debate. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) for 2000 indicate that, in Latin America and the Caribbean, there were between 2 and 40 deaths per million inhabitants from floods, malaria and diarrhoea. In terms of regions, the most severe health effects have been in Africa, though significant effects are also being felt in Latin America and in certain parts of Asia. This difficult situation has a major economic impact on the health systems of the countries of these regions. Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). 2009. Climate Change and development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Overview 2009, on the basis of WHO, Climate Change and Human Health. Risks and Responses. Summary, 2003. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimated-deaths-attributable-to-climate-change-2000_thumbnail_005.jpg 220 126 The extent to which mortality is attributable to climate change remains a matter of intense debate. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) for 2000 indicate that, in Latin America and the Caribbean, there were between 2 and 40 deaths per million inhabitants from floods, malaria and diarrhoea. In terms of regions, the most severe health effects have been in Africa, though significant effects are also being felt in Latin America and in certain parts of Asia. This difficult situation has a major economic impact on the health systems of the countries of these regions. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8171FD39-C86A-112D-6AE0-8A623C2C2EFE en-US Estimated global marine fish catch, 1950 -2001 Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Fishing production dramatically increase through the century peaking in late 1980s. At this time there were major declines in several fish populations in different areas of the world. The catch reported by governments is in some cases adjusted to correct for likely errors in data. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 27 Jan 2008 19:43:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimated-global-marine-fish-catch-1950-2001_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 270 Fishing production dramatically increase through the century peaking in late 1980s. At this time there were major declines in several fish populations in different areas of the world. The catch reported by governments is in some cases adjusted to correct for likely errors in data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 fish industry overfishing decline stocks fishing ecosystem http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CE7CE69B-E482-422E-9851-B33C1CB4F06E en-US Estimated ground deposition of cesium-137 from nuclear-weapon fallout Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows the estimated ground deposition of cesium-137 from nuclear weapon testing fallout. Cesium- 173 deposition from nuclear- weapon fallout have severe effects on human health. Based on estimaed doses to the Arctic population, nuclear weapon fallout will contribute to 750 additional cases of fatal cancer. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nhemi UNEP/GRID-Arendal AMAP, 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimated_ground_deposition_of_cesium_137_from_nuclear_weapon_fallout_thumbnail.jpg 200 136 The graph shows the estimated ground deposition of cesium-137 from nuclear weapon testing fallout. Cesium- 173 deposition from nuclear- weapon fallout have severe effects on human health. Based on estimaed doses to the Arctic population, nuclear weapon fallout will contribute to 750 additional cases of fatal cancer. 45 0 0 -180 90 180 Pollution nuclear cesium nuclear weapons testing environment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/17864626-DFB2-70F9-8BC1-D356325EBBBE en-US Estimated Loss of Plant Species 2000-2005 Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. The present environmental situation – heavily influenced by climate change – could lead to a massive destruction of forests and the extinction of countless species. For example, modelling focusing on the Amazon region has indicated that 43 per cent of 193 representative plant species could become nonviable by the year 2095 due to the fact that changes in climate will have fundamentally altered the composition of species habitats (Miles et al. 2004). Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Kirkup 2001 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 14:34:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimated-loss-of-plant-species-2000-2005_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 150 The present environmental situation – heavily influenced by climate change – could lead to a massive destruction of forests and the extinction of countless species. For example, modelling focusing on the Amazon region has indicated that 43 per cent of 193 representative plant species could become nonviable by the year 2095 due to the fact that changes in climate will have fundamentally altered the composition of species habitats (Miles et al. 2004). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E5D82CFA-813A-6E33-308D-15265FBBF96F en-US Estimated Loss of Rainfall in Amazonia in the Next Century Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. The synthesis of 23 climate models shows a decline in rainfall between 1980-1999 and 2080-2099 under mid- range (A1B) global greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. The dry season rainfall is particularly important (winter in north and summer in central and southern Amazonia). Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Malhi et al. 2008. Thu, 08 Oct 2009 16:21:11 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimated-loss-of-rainfall-in-amazonia-in-the-next-century_thumbnail.jpg 220 107 The synthesis of 23 climate models shows a decline in rainfall between 1980-1999 and 2080-2099 under mid- range (A1B) global greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. The dry season rainfall is particularly important (winter in north and summer in central and southern Amazonia). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/125ED8AC-6D68-1316-FE89-598389F12D8D en-US Estimated Residence time of water resources Phillipe Rekacewicz, February 2008 Estimated Residence time of water resources Phillipe Rekacewicz, February 2008 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Igor A. Shiklomanov, State Hydrological Institute(SHI, St. Petersburg) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO, Paris), 1999; Max Pianck, Insitute for Meteorology, Hamburg, 1994; Freeze, Allen, John, Cherry, Groundwater, Prentice-Hall: Engle wood Cliffs NJ, 1979. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimated-residence-time-of-water-resources_thumbnail_005.jpg 220 104 Estimated Residence time of water resources 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 hydrology water graphics estimate time water resource state hydrological http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AF61DF3F-EBD7-DB33-F715-118FBC245C6C en-US Estimated total reactive nitrogen deposition from the atmosphere (wet and dry) in 1860, early 1990s, and projected for 2050 Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Atmospheric deposition currently accounts for roughly 12% of the reactive nitrogen entering terrestrial and coastal marine ecosystems globally, although in some regions, atmospheric deposition accounts for a higher percentage (about 33% in the United States). (Note: the projection was included in the original study and is not based on MA scenarios.) Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Galloway et al. 2004 Sun, 03 Feb 2008 17:35:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimated-total-reactive-nitrogen-deposition-from-the-atmosphere-wet-and-dry-in-1860-early-1990s-and_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 592 Atmospheric deposition currently accounts for roughly 12% of the reactive nitrogen entering terrestrial and coastal marine ecosystems globally, although in some regions, atmospheric deposition accounts for a higher percentage (about 33% in the United States). (Note: the projection was included in the original study and is not based on MA scenarios.) 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 nitrogen atmosphere pollution marine ecosystem http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F6BB8AC2-CFEA-458E-9E21-9AE1F6DFB45B en-US Estimated value of marine biomes Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal An estimation of the financial value of selected different marine areas. Marine biomes are divided between coral reefs, estuaries, and oceans. The marine biome covers 75% of the earth's surface, and accounts for 90% of the planet's water supply. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Costanza et al. (1998). Wed, 19 Jul 2006 09:38:17 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimated_value_of_marine_biomes_thumbnail.jpg 179 200 An estimation of the financial value of selected different marine areas. Marine biomes are divided between coral reefs, estuaries, and oceans. The marine biome covers 75% of the earth's surface, and accounts for 90% of the planet's water supply. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 marine coastal estuaries continental shelf http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11D2CB16-10AA-56E4-244D-EDBC221336A7 en-US Estimates of people flooded in coastal areas in the 2080s as a result of sea-level rise and for given socio-economic scenarios and protection responses Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The lines represent IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) based on different world views. The differences in impacts between the SRES scenarios for the same amount of sea-level rise and protection response reflect differences in exposure (population) and ability to adapt (wealth). The solid lines represent a level of 'constant' (no additional) protection response. The dashed and dotted lines represent the addition of protection response to different degrees. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nicholls, R.J. and Lowe, J.A. (2006) Climate stabilisation and impacts of sea-level rise. In Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (eds. H.J. Schellnhuber, W. Cramer, N. Nakicenovic, T.M.L. Wigley, and G. Yohe). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Nicholls, R.J. and Tol, R.S.J. (2006). Impacts and responses to sealevel rise: a global analysis of the SRES scenarios over the twenty-first century. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 364, 1073-1095 Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimates-of-people-flooded-in-coastal-areas-in-the-2080s-as-a-result-of-sea-level-rise-and-for-given-socio-economic-scenarios-and-protection-responses_thumbnail.jpg 220 273 The lines represent IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) based on different world views. The differences in impacts between the SRES scenarios for the same amount of sea-level rise and protection response reflect differences in exposure (population) and ability to adapt (wealth). The solid lines represent a level of 'constant' (no additional) protection response. The dashed and dotted lines represent the addition of protection response to different degrees. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 cryosphere ice snow sea level oceans marine issues coastal issues vulnerability http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/148ABB39-10A5-138B-EED6-E2CDF2A37DED en-US Estimation brute des niveaux de pertes, de conversion et de gaspillage d’aliments à différents stades de la chaîne d’approvisionnement alimentaire sur le plan mondial Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Vers la fin des années 1990, les agriculteurs produisaient en moyenne l'équivalent de 4 600 kilocalories par personne par jour (Smil, 2000), c'est-à-dire avant la conversion d’aliments en fourrages. Après déduction des pertes, des conversions et de gaspillage à différents stades de la chaîne d'approvisionnement alimentaire, environ 2 800 kilocalories sont disponibles pour l'offre (aliments animaux et végétaux confondus) et, au bout de la chaîne, 2 000 kilocalories en moyenne – soit 43 % seulement des récoltes comestibles potentielles – sont disponibles pour la consommation. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal SIWI. 2008. Saving Water: From Field to Fork; Curbing Losses and Wastage in the Food Chain. http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Policy_Briefs/PB_From_Filed_to_Fork_2008.pdf (Accessed November 17, 2008) Mon, 08 Jun 2009 16:47:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimation-brute-des-niveaux-de-pertes-de-conversion-et-de-gaspillage-d-aliments-diff-rents-stades-d_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 237 Vers la fin des années 1990, les agriculteurs produisaient en moyenne l'équivalent de 4 600 kilocalories par personne par jour (Smil, 2000), c'est-à-dire avant la conversion d’aliments en fourrages. Après déduction des pertes, des conversions et de gaspillage à différents stades de la chaîne d'approvisionnement alimentaire, environ 2 800 kilocalories sont disponibles pour l'offre (aliments animaux et végétaux confondus) et, au bout de la chaîne, 2 000 kilocalories en moyenne – soit 43 % seulement des récoltes comestibles potentielles – sont disponibles pour la consommation. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E46DA459-177D-120C-A2B6-138798307809 en-US Estimation du temps de trajet pour atteindre l’agglomération de plus de 5 000 habitants la plus proche Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Accès aux marchés dans les zones agricoles en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique latine. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Nelson, A. 2008. Estimated travel time to the nearest city of 5,000 or more people in year 2000. Personal communication of December 8, 2008. Rammankutty, N et al. 2008. Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000', Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 22, GB1003, doi:10.1029/2007GB002952. HYPERLINK 'http://www.geog.mcgill.ca/~nramankutty/Datasets/Datasets.html' http://www.geog.mcgill.ca/~nramankutty/Datasets/Datasets.html (Accessed December 4, 2008) Mon, 08 Jun 2009 18:44:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estimation-du-temps-de-trajet-pour-atteindre-l-agglom-ration-de-plus-de-5-000-habitants-la-plus-proc_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 96 Accès aux marchés dans les zones agricoles en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique latine. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/0E76EDD5-39F8-4003-8379-3EEE769BC57B en-US Estonia emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) 1990 and 2010 projections Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal EE UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/1998/11/Add.2, please see http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/climate5/about.htm for more information Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estonia_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_co2_ch4_n2o_1990_and_2010_projections_thumbnail.jpg 200 197 Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics 58 24.5 57 21 59 28 climate change emissions pollution co2 greenhouse gases methane http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/4ACF6226-D332-47D8-A4A3-F88ACDB2774C en-US Estonia, greenhouse gas emissions (COP7) Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Estonia. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. Brian Lucas, UNEP/GRID-Arendal EE UNEP/GRID-Arendal Actual emissions UNFCCC/SB1/2000/11 table B.1 Sun, 12 Mar 2006 10:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/cop6_total_greenhouse_gas_emissions_estonia_thumbnail.jpg 200 146 This set of graphics has been produced by GRID-Arendal in co-operation with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP-7) to the Convention, held in Marrakesh, Morocco 29th October to 9th November 2001. This graphic shows total greenhouse gas emissions from Estonia. Please note that this graphic is outdated, and has since been replaced with more updated information. 58 24.5 57 21 59 28 cop7 Estonia climate change emissions global warming annex 1 environment greenhouse gases http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/98B44329-5FD8-4121-B508-3DFF255D788C en-US Estonia, topographic map UNEP/GRID-Arendal Estonia is located in Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia, comprising of 45,226 sq km. It has a population of 1,332,893 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations. UNEP/GRID-Arendal EE UNEP/GRID-Arendal Unknown Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/estonia_topographic_map_thumbnail.jpg 220 144 Estonia is located in Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia, comprising of 45,226 sq km. It has a population of 1,332,893 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations. 58 24.5 57 21 59 28 estonia soviet union topography eastern europe baltic sea http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FA475B64-B3F2-C9A2-B40F-C754272272A3 en-US Ethnic diversity in Kosovo Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Kosovo, an area that has been a part of Serbia and previously Yugoslavia, has a large mixture of ethnic groups that has kept the area politically unstable for years. The largest groups include Albanians, Serbs, Bosniaks and Gorani with further large pockets of other ethnic groups. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CS-KM UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNMIK; Ninth assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo (2002), OSCE-UNHCR; Kosovo Humanitarian Community Information Center, Kosovo road Atlas. Tue, 12 Feb 2008 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ethnic-diversity-in-kosovo_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 215 Kosovo, an area that has been a part of Serbia and previously Yugoslavia, has a large mixture of ethnic groups that has kept the area politically unstable for years. The largest groups include Albanians, Serbs, Bosniaks and Gorani with further large pockets of other ethnic groups. 0 0 0 0 0 0 ethnic diversity conflict demography http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CE4A75AA-4846-4B92-9CC3-3CBDA7AFF8EE en-US Ethnic groups in the South Eastern Europe Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, ethnic tension has been a major factor in the development of the political situation in the Balkan Region. The break up of communist Yugoslavia lead to wide spread confict in the 1990-ies and has lead to the formation of new countries. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal balkan UNEP/GRID-Arendal See graphic, previously published in Le Monde Diplomatique Tue, 09 May 2006 10:46:17 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ethnic_groups_in_the_south_eastern_europe_thumbnail.jpg 200 176 Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, ethnic tension has been a major factor in the development of the political situation in the Balkan Region. The break up of communist Yugoslavia lead to wide spread confict in the 1990-ies and has lead to the formation of new countries. 41 19.5 35 13 47 26 ethnic origin conflict demography http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/99D4F259-E7AB-467E-8956-87915E83D04D en-US Ethno-linguistic distribution in the Southern Caucasus Philippe Rekacewicz, Le Monde Diplomatique Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, Le Monde Diplomatique caucasus UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:25:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ethno_linguistic_distribution_in_the_southern_caucasus_thumbnail.jpg 200 136 Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. 37 45.5 28 39 46 52 security conflict nis cee caucasus soviet ethno-linguistics http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11AA5918-1323-4ABD-8130-FB6E61051F74 en-US Ethno-linguistic distribution in the Southern Caucasus Philippe Rekacewicz, Le Monde Diplomatique Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, Le Monde Diplomatique caucasus UNEP/GRID-Arendal Various Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:25:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ethno_linguistic_distribution_in_the_southern_caucasus_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 136 Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. 37 45.5 28 39 46 52 security conflict nis cee caucasus soviet ethno-linguistics http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13604722-C9B0-10DD-4DD0-FE4414497B7C en-US EU fishing agreements to West and Central African countries Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Fisheries activities by European Union countries in the seas of West Africa contribute EUR 120 million annually in government revenues. A part of the contribution is set for “targeted actions” to promote local resource management and sustainable development. For some of the poorest countries under these agreements – like Guinea-Bissau, the EU payments represent a significant part of the government revenues. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal westafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO. 2006. Contribution of fisheries to national economies in West and Central Africa – Policies to increase the wealth generated by small-scale fisheries. New Directions in Fisheries – A Series of Policy Briefs on Development Issues, No. 03. http://www.sflp.org/briefs/eng/03.pdf (accessed October 4, 2006) Mon, 06 Oct 2008 16:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/eu-fishing-agreements-to-west-and-central-african-countries_thumbnail_002.jpg 200 201 Fisheries activities by European Union countries in the seas of West Africa contribute EUR 120 million annually in government revenues. A part of the contribution is set for “targeted actions” to promote local resource management and sustainable development. For some of the poorest countries under these agreements – like Guinea-Bissau, the EU payments represent a significant part of the government revenues. 10.5 -2 0 -19 21 15 fisheries marine development mauritania senegal guinea-bissau guinea gabon cote d'ivoire http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1558E7D5-14F1-DC58-03CD-AAD3BE1B794E en-US Europe’s “Dirty Thirty” UNEP/GRID-Arendal WWF Ranking of the 30 dirtiest power plants in Europe Please note: *These are not the most emitting power plants but the least efficient ones. *This ranking only compares plants located in the European Union (25 countries at the time of the study). *The study only covers power plants serving the public power supply. UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Wide Fund for Nature, using the European Pollutant Emission Register and the Community Independent Transition Log of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, 2007 (data for 2006). Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/europe-s-dirty-thirty_thumbnail.jpg 220 299 WWF Ranking of the 30 dirtiest power plants in Europe Please note: *These are not the most emitting power plants but the least efficient ones. *This ranking only compares plants located in the European Union (25 countries at the time of the study). *The study only covers power plants serving the public power supply. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/11DA8B2E-128D-ABD2-A552-151781AF2E73 en-US Europe's 'Dirty Thirsty' Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal WWF Ranking of the 30 dirtiest power plants in Europe and (in)efficiency of power plants located in the European Union and serving the public power supply. Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/europe-s-dirty-thirsty_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 288 WWF Ranking of the 30 dirtiest power plants in Europe and (in)efficiency of power plants located in the European Union and serving the public power supply. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1422BAF3-1114-9756-0BFC-A3C426C7F2A9 en-US Ever growing numbers of refugees Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Many people forced into exile for ecological reasons have to claim political refugee status. For instance, in 1992 the thousands of people who fled the drought in Mozambique had political refuge status in Zambia. Gaining this status was easy since Zambia needed to increase its refugee population to qualify for more international aid. After the drought ended, the eco-refugees returned to Mozambique before official repatriation started. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; Norwegian Council for Refugees, Geneva Sat, 09 Feb 2008 23:54:28 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/ever-growing-numbers-of-refugees_thumbnail.jpg 220 107 Many people forced into exile for ecological reasons have to claim political refugee status. For instance, in 1992 the thousands of people who fled the drought in Mozambique had political refuge status in Zambia. Gaining this status was easy since Zambia needed to increase its refugee population to qualify for more international aid. After the drought ended, the eco-refugees returned to Mozambique before official repatriation started. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Environment poverty refugee conflict poverty politics http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A4ED08D5-1239-147E-48CB-14D314C233D3 en-US Everyday alternatives: biodegradable, disposable or conventional tableware? Emmanuelle Bournay The priority is to decrease the amount of waste we generate. Only then should we will be proud of the high rates for recycling some countries report (see examples for glass and paper). Glass recycling scores best, perhaps because an old habit has never been lost. Many countries still have a deposit on glass bottles (Scandinavia) or have even expanded it (Germany). Emmanuelle Bournay global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek et al., Der ökologische rucksack, Wirtschaft für eine zukunft mit zukunft, Hirzel Editions, Stuttgart, 2004. Tue, 19 Dec 2006 14:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/everyday_alternatives_biodegradable_disposable_or_conventional_tableware_thumbnail.jpg 220 92 The priority is to decrease the amount of waste we generate. Only then should we will be proud of the high rates for recycling some countries report (see examples for glass and paper). Glass recycling scores best, perhaps because an old habit has never been lost. Many countries still have a deposit on glass bottles (Scandinavia) or have even expanded it (Germany). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 recycling reuse biodegradable disposable tableware waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E8C26066-8332-158D-732D-1316E918EC51 en-US Evolution de la composition historique et projetée du régime alimentaire humain et de la valeur nutritive Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Kilocalories par personne par jour Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2003. World agriculture: towards 2015/2030 Summary report. Rome, FAO and London, Earthscan. Mon, 08 Jun 2009 15:24:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/evolution-de-la-composition-historique-et-projet-e-du-r-gime-alimentaire-humain-et-de-la-valeur-nutr_thumbnail_002.jpg 200 300 Kilocalories par personne par jour 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/122F87D1-177E-D1FD-941B-E0F659BE2B94 en-US Evolution des prix des produits de base par rapport à ceux des produits pétroliers Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Prix des produits alimentaires (indice) Prix du pétrole brut (indice) Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2008. International commodity prices. http://www.fao.org/es/esc/prices (Accessed November 10, 2008) International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2008. IMF Primary Commodity Prices, monthly data (CSV file) for 8 price indices and 49 actual price series, 1980 - current. http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.asp (Accessed November 10, 2008) Mon, 08 Jun 2009 15:03:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/evolution-des-prix-des-produits-de-base-par-rapport-ceux-des-produits-p-troliers_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 221 Prix des produits alimentaires (indice) Prix du pétrole brut (indice) 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7D576479-5BF7-469A-8F69-5F348BC588D4 en-US Evolution of the phytoplankton compostion in the Black Sea Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal blacksea UNEP/GRID-Arendal E.Eker, L.Georgieva, L.Senichkina and A. Kideys, Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995.ICES Journal of Marine Science vol.56, 1999.pp 15-22: Dr Ahmet E. Kideys, Institute of Marine Sciences Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Turkey Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:16:17 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/evolution_of_the_phytoplankton_compostion_in_the_black_sea_giwa_thumbnail.jpg 200 241 Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. 43.5 34 37 22 50 46 black sea water giwa Global International Water Assessment biodiversity phytoplankton http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6A47362B-2A4D-4A29-B085-13CA2AAF0B82 en-US Evolution of the world grain production, comparision with China and United-States Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic compares the evolution of the grain production of China and the United States to world statistics from 1960 to 1995. the graphic demonstrates the overall increase in grain production globally, as well as Chinas leading role as the worlds dominating grain producer from 1960 to 1995. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Worldwatch Institute, Washington DC, United States. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/batch1tn_agrgrainevo.jpg 200 175 The graphic compares the evolution of the grain production of China and the United States to world statistics from 1960 to 1995. the graphic demonstrates the overall increase in grain production globally, as well as Chinas leading role as the worlds dominating grain producer from 1960 to 1995. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 grain production cereals United States China agriculture food production http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D9FC12E1-4688-4619-A134-C5FDBF621901 en-US Evolution of the world grain production, comparison World, Europe, China, Africa Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph Compares the amount of grain production of Europe, China and Africa to the world. It shows Europe as both the leading grain producer and as the region with the most dramatic increase in grain production since 1950. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Worldwatch Institute, Washington DC, United States. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/evolution_of_the_world_grain_production_comparison_world_europe_china_africa_thumbnail.jpg 183 200 The graph Compares the amount of grain production of Europe, China and Africa to the world. It shows Europe as both the leading grain producer and as the region with the most dramatic increase in grain production since 1950. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 grain production cereals agriculture economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/C2B3F4E9-128B-DC00-6B3E-12464CEB7E97 en-US Example of enhanced water levels produced from river ice, Liard River, Canada Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The lower curve shows the correspondence between river flow and water levels under open-water conditions. The much greater maximum water levels possible under ice-jam conditions are illustrated by the upper curve. The transition in break-up severity from dynamic to thermal break-up effects (see text) is depicted by the gradually shaded area between the two curves. Dots are observed annual maximum water levels during the spring break up. The 1990 dashed line shows the maximum recorded flow for the Liard River – but note that the water level corresponding to this peak flow is lower than for many break-up events with much lower flows. Effects of climate on snowmelt runoff and ice characteristics will lead to regional changes in break-up severity and associated frequency and magnitude of ice-induced flooding. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal CA UNEP/GRID-Arendal Based on Prowse, T.D., Bonsal, B.R., Lacroix, M.P. and Beltaos, S. (2002a). Trends in river-ice breakup and related temperature controls. In: Squire, V.A. and Langhorne, P.J. eds. Proceedings of the 16th IAHR International Symposium on Ice. Dunedin, University of Otago Mon, 04 Jun 2007 08:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/example-of-enhanced-water-levels-produced-from-river-ice-liard-river-canada_thumbnail.jpg 220 234 The lower curve shows the correspondence between river flow and water levels under open-water conditions. The much greater maximum water levels possible under ice-jam conditions are illustrated by the upper curve. The transition in break-up severity from dynamic to thermal break-up effects (see text) is depicted by the gradually shaded area between the two curves. Dots are observed annual maximum water levels during the spring break up. The 1990 dashed line shows the maximum recorded flow for the Liard River – but note that the water level corresponding to this peak flow is lower than for many break-up events with much lower flows. Effects of climate on snowmelt runoff and ice characteristics will lead to regional changes in break-up severity and associated frequency and magnitude of ice-induced flooding. 62 -96.5 41 -141 83 -52 cryosphere ice rivers spring fall lakes freshwater climate climate change http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1135CF48-13A5-16FE-29BB-93E02B38630E en-US Examples of current and possible future impacts and vulnerabilities associated with climate variability and change in Africa Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adapted from Boko and others 2007 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 14:28:12 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-current-and-possible-future-impacts-and-vulnerabilities-associated-with-climate-variabil_thumbnail.jpg 220 173 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/15983846-F582-749F-4919-130CE3F8D76E en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 01 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-01_thumbnail.jpg 220 240 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F543B31C-F596-1469-5846-16826AEDBE77 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 02 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-02_thumbnail.jpg 220 82 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B0B00153-9159-11D2-C05B-F1CE3065F5E9 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 03 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-03_thumbnail.jpg 220 90 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13079698-14EE-135A-EC7A-D212386CA681 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 04 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-04_thumbnail.jpg 220 39 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EDFB092C-E07E-124E-2138-EE4736A53C33 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 05 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-05_thumbnail.jpg 220 156 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/132905D0-F0BD-9F47-6537-11C65AF55B4E en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 06 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-06_thumbnail.jpg 220 90 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1363959E-D30E-B3BC-16BC-6462D807FA74 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 07 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-07_thumbnail.jpg 220 162 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F19BBB6C-167A-92BA-8E3B-116C1B5203EB en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 08 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-08_thumbnail.jpg 220 127 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/A760D035-1542-15FE-9E65-613C0E39BE81 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 09 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-09_thumbnail.jpg 220 233 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/169B96EB-FC74-C786-0138-A71BF525B445 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 10 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-10_thumbnail.jpg 220 186 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16827A64-13D6-F2D7-23CB-9CAEBBC54BA3 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 11 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-11_thumbnail.jpg 220 325 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12BAC765-1103-12F6-1B13-16459EE35C7A en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 12 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-12_thumbnail.jpg 220 96 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/123F1197-CBDF-F9EC-4491-164F5B5970F2 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 13 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-13_thumbnail.jpg 220 34 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/12D933DA-126F-EF25-286F-EC65AB3FC6AD en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 14 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-14_thumbnail.jpg 220 232 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1651D314-8747-124F-14E2-147801EA7882 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 15 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-15_thumbnail.jpg 220 245 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8E8E6D1E-1237-AB1A-4E01-AFB810EE37C2 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 16 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-16_thumbnail.jpg 220 62 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/132A03F8-D5CA-7E91-1061-155A9888E95E en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 17 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-17_thumbnail.jpg 220 149 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E635B3DE-8D93-E503-8409-9C06CC9981DC en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 18 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-18_thumbnail.jpg 220 200 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/107E3DD1-16EA-15E3-6535-1203EA707DAD en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 19 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-19_thumbnail.jpg 220 154 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6B4AD5BA-8D9C-BA1C-4EC0-8FB81D96E519 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts 20 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ADEME, Bilan Carbone® Entreprises et Collectivités, Guide des facteurs d’émissions, 2007; US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov/solar/energy-resources/calculator.html); ESU-Services Consulting (Switzerland); World Wildlife Fund; Jean-Marc Manicore (www.manicore.com); Jean-Pierre Bourdier (www.x-environnement.org); fatknowledge.blogspot.com; www.actu-environnement.com; www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Wed, 07 Jan 2009 13:21:26 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-20_thumbnail.jpg 220 237 Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Climate Neutrality Climate change UN Kick the habit Climate change myclimate http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/830B53F5-FBBB-622E-5CA7-89A059CD6960 en-US Examples of GHG emission amounts generated by different activities or goods Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Not specified Fri, 13 Jun 2008 19:02:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ghg-emission-amounts-generated-by-different-activities-or-goods_thumbnail.jpg 220 189 are scattered across the book in the form of proportional bubbles (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/712883A4-E154-EF62-215D-1388B9580177 en-US Examples of ozone depleting substances (ODS) smuggling patterns in Asia and the Pacific Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In the mid-1990s, when CFCs were phased-out in industrialized countries (non-Article 5 countries), illegal trade in those chemicals emerged. By 1996 this trade had reached alarming proportions, accounting for as much as 12–20% of global trade in ozone depleting substances (ODS). Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNEP ROAP, Illegal trade in ODS in Asia and the Pacific, September 2006. Sat, 12 Jan 2008 22:06:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/examples-of-ozone-depleting-substances-ods-smuggling-patterns-in-asia-and-the-pacific_thumbnail.jpg 220 283 In the mid-1990s, when CFCs were phased-out in industrialized countries (non-Article 5 countries), illegal trade in those chemicals emerged. By 1996 this trade had reached alarming proportions, accounting for as much as 12–20% of global trade in ozone depleting substances (ODS). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone economy illegal trade chlorofluorocarbons CFCs ozone depleting substances ODS http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F365EE3D-1501-7AA9-E2CE-869D82312ABA en-US Excessive withdrawal of renewable water resources Philippe Rekacewicz (Le Monde diplomatique), February 2006 The countries known to be experiencing stress or scarcity of water per capita are roughly those which are excessively using their renewable water resources (North Africa, Middle-East and central Asia including Afghanistan and Pakistan). Excessive use is also of concern in some of the northern European countries such as Germany, Denmark or Poland. More so, as a consequence of damming, the Tigris and Euphrates in the eastern mountains of Turkey are now considered as major hotspots where violence could easily erupt if a clear mechanism for resolving conflict is not put in place. Turkey holds the dominant position since both the Tigris and Euphrates rise in its eastern mountains. Both rivers then flow through Syria and Iraq before draining into the Persian Gulf. Syria and Iraq are thus dependent on Turkish cooperation for the amount of water they receive. Turkey is carrying out a US$32 billion water development scheme called the Grand Anatolia Project (GAP), which involves construction of several dams in its underdeveloped south-east, for irrigation and to generate hydro electric power (HEP). This will definitely have a negative impact on the downstream riparian states of Syria and Iraq; however it also presents an opportunity for collaboration on water-use. Tensions tend to escalate and erupt whenever Turkey undertakes damming of the rivers. This has made Syria and Iraq continue to lobby the Arab League states to unite against Turkey on the GAP issue. In retaliation, both states have also supported the minority Kurdish Workers Party in its struggle against the Turkish government, prompting Turkey to threaten to cut off the flow of water to Syria and Iraq on more than one occasion. Philippe Rekacewicz (Le Monde diplomatique), February 2006 global UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO, Aquastat 2007. Mon, 26 Jan 2009 15:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/excessive-withdrawal-of-renewable-water-resources_thumbnail_003.jpg 220 137 The countries known to be experiencing stress or scarcity of water per capita are roughly those which are excessively using their renewable water resources (North Africa, Middle-East and central Asia including Afghanistan and Pakistan). Excessive use is also of concern in some of the northern European countries such as Germany, Denmark or Poland. More so, as a consequence of damming, the Tigris and Euphrates in the eastern mountains of Turkey are now considered as major hotspots where violence could easily erupt if a clear mechanism for resolving conflict is not put in place. Turkey holds the dominant position since both the Tigris and Euphrates rise in its eastern mountains. Both rivers then flow through Syria and Iraq before draining into the Persian Gulf. Syria and Iraq are thus dependent on Turkish cooperation for the amount of water they receive. Turkey is carrying out a US$32 billion water development scheme called the Grand Anatolia Project (GAP), which involves construction of several dams in its underdeveloped south-east, for irrigation and to generate hydro electric power (HEP). This will definitely have a negative impact on the downstream riparian states of Syria and Iraq; however it also presents an opportunity for collaboration on water-use. Tensions tend to escalate and erupt whenever Turkey undertakes damming of the rivers. This has made Syria and Iraq continue to lobby the Arab League states to unite against Turkey on the GAP issue. In retaliation, both states have also supported the minority Kurdish Workers Party in its struggle against the Turkish government, prompting Turkey to threaten to cut off the flow of water to Syria and Iraq on more than one occasion. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 vital water graphics withdrawal renewable resources Excessive withdrawal of renewable water resources scaracity middle-east http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9838B491-E6C7-4036-B375-2AE14E87F606 en-US Exchange of electricity in the Nordic countries, 1996 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows exchanges of electricity in the Nordic countries in TWh. The Nordic countries have a long tradition of cross-border cooperation in providing an efficient and reliable power supply. The main reason for these exchanges has been that each of these countries has a different mix of power generation facilities. In the later years, from around 1997, the cooperation has changed from being an oligopoly structure with dominant state-owned enterprises to a competitive market. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal NORDEL, 1998 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/exchange-of-electricity-in-the-nordic-countries-1996_thumbnail.jpg 200 135 The graph shows exchanges of electricity in the Nordic countries in TWh. The Nordic countries have a long tradition of cross-border cooperation in providing an efficient and reliable power supply. The main reason for these exchanges has been that each of these countries has a different mix of power generation facilities. In the later years, from around 1997, the cooperation has changed from being an oligopoly structure with dominant state-owned enterprises to a competitive market. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 Energy energy exchanges export trade imports http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/B3619376-1E3A-4153-9076-37D78E294F50 en-US Exchanges of electricity in the Nordic countries in 1996 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graphic shows exchanges of electricity in the Nordic countries in 1996. The Nordic countries have a long tradition of cross-border cooperation in providing an efficient and reliable power supply. The main reason for these exchanges has been that each of these countries has a different mix of power generation facilities. In the later years, from around 1997, the coopreation has changed from being an oligopoly structure with dominant state-owned enterprises to a competitive marked. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal NORDEL, 1998 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_archivenc24_l.jpg 200 135 The graphic shows exchanges of electricity in the Nordic countries in 1996. The Nordic countries have a long tradition of cross-border cooperation in providing an efficient and reliable power supply. The main reason for these exchanges has been that each of these countries has a different mix of power generation facilities. In the later years, from around 1997, the coopreation has changed from being an oligopoly structure with dominant state-owned enterprises to a competitive marked. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 Energy energy exchanges nordic countries scandinvia export http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AC495CF0-D851-E772-14BC-14A9951DDEB5 en-US Exemples des réseaux de contrebande des SAO en Asie et dans le Pacifique UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal PNUE ROAP, Illegal trade in ODS in Asia and the Pacific, septembre 2006 Wed, 26 May 2010 20:19:51 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/exemples-des-r-seaux-de-contrebande-des-sao-en-asie-et-dans-le-pacifique_thumbnail.jpg 220 267 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone resource kit journalist http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/101A12FE-15B8-15D6-6986-A2B502595157 en-US Existing and estimated hydropower capacity in the Balkans, 2006 Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett Hydroelectric power covers a significant share of electricity consumption in the region (43 percent in 2004). Hydroelectric power dropped noticeably due to lower rainfall in 2002 and 2003, but the increase in overall electricity consumption nevertheless seems likely to continue driving demand upwards. Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett balkan UNEP/GRID-Arendal The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Thu, 07 Feb 2008 09:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/existing-and-estimated-hydropower-capacity-in-the-balkans-2006_thumbnail.jpg 220 298 Hydroelectric power covers a significant share of electricity consumption in the region (43 percent in 2004). Hydroelectric power dropped noticeably due to lower rainfall in 2002 and 2003, but the increase in overall electricity consumption nevertheless seems likely to continue driving demand upwards. 41 19.5 35 13 47 26 hydro electricity water renewable energy consumption electricity power http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9EA5927B-7B00-4D11-8C46-93160F9A5546 en-US Existing and planned development in the Mackenzie delta Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Mackenzie delta and valley are seeing increased development of infrastructure for oil, pipelines and facilities, and with that comes temporary settlements and roads. This map illustrates the possible impacts on the environment with the suggested development in 2027. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nwt UNEP/GRID-Arendal Adapted from CARC (2004), data from NWT digital atlas, WWF (2002). Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/existing_and_planned_development_in_the_mackenzie_delta_thumbnail_001.jpg 200 93 The Mackenzie delta and valley are seeing increased development of infrastructure for oil, pipelines and facilities, and with that comes temporary settlements and roads. This map illustrates the possible impacts on the environment with the suggested development in 2027. 70 -119.5 60 -137 80 -102 oil human impact development natural resources conservation http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CDBB33FF-8244-4EC2-9F88-3A5E90391134 en-US Existing and proposed Coastal and Marine protected areas of the Arctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Includes Marine Protected Areas and Protected Areas with Major or Minor Marine or Coastal Components. Prepared for the the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Habitat Conservation Report No. 2. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Source data supplied by CAFF member countries Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_existing_and_proposed_coastal_and_marine_protected_areas_of_the_arctic.png 220 161 Includes Marine Protected Areas and Protected Areas with Major or Minor Marine or Coastal Components. Prepared for the the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Habitat Conservation Report No. 2. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 Protected areas marine coasts Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CAFF Arctic biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/FDFE8D5C-E549-FF43-61E0-14D21452BC1F en-US Existing and Proposed Protected Areas UNEP/GRID-Arendal The areas that were protected in 1996 are shown on a complete map of the circumpolar area of the world along side with the proposed protected areas. The countries inclused in the information are: Canada, Finland, Greenland/Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and USA. UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Source data supplied by CAFF member countries Thu, 16 Feb 2006 22:31:16 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/existing_and_proposed_protected_areas_thumbnail.jpg 220 151 The areas that were protected in 1996 are shown on a complete map of the circumpolar area of the world along side with the proposed protected areas. The countries inclused in the information are: Canada, Finland, Greenland/Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and USA. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CAFF Canada Finland Greenland Denmark Iceland Norway Russia http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/632D777C-B744-E68E-ECE5-11E0C29334E3 en-US Existing radioactive waste disposal and proposal alternatives for storage Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Radioactive waste presents a unique problem, where it has to be handled with care to prevent radiation exposure for people, wildlife and contamination. Products from nuclear activities can be reprocessed to a certain degree, but a fair bit of the waste needs to be stored or disposed of in a safe manner. Options include storing in deep mountain chambers/caverns, under the sea floor or even sending it out into space. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal STUK & OCRWMb Thu, 09 Feb 2006 23:30:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/existing_radioactive_waste_disposal_and_proposal_alternatives_for_storage_thumbnail.jpg 220 147 Radioactive waste presents a unique problem, where it has to be handled with care to prevent radiation exposure for people, wildlife and contamination. Products from nuclear activities can be reprocessed to a certain degree, but a fair bit of the waste needs to be stored or disposed of in a safe manner. Options include storing in deep mountain chambers/caverns, under the sea floor or even sending it out into space. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Basel Convention waste pollution atomic hazardous waste nuclear radioactive waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9BCE64BE-ABBE-48B3-9A50-D4FC40261D75 en-US Expansion of hypoxia and anoxia zones in the northwest of the Black Sea Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal blacksea UNEP/GRID-Arendal unknown Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:16:14 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/expansion_of_hypoxia_and_anoxia_zones_in_the_northwest_of_the_black_sea_giwa_thumbnail.jpg 200 161 Illustration in a set of graphics prepared for a pilot assessment report on the Black Sea drainage basin, for the UNEP Global Impact on Waters Assessment (GIWA). All data and information were prepared in close collaboration with the GIWA Black Sea team and the GIWA secretariat. The graphics were never not used in this form in the final report on the Black Sea, published in 2005. 43.5 34 37 22 50 46 black sea water giwa Global International Water Assessment hypoxia anoxia biodiversity http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/16E06AB8-12EF-CFE2-DCE3-13B86FBC2C6A en-US Expected impacts of climate change in 2050 Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal It is expected that by 2050 there will be threats to ecosystem services in the Andes and Mexico, in the Central American and Caribbean sub-regions, and in southeastern Brazil, while there will be negative effects on fishing in the Pacific coastal areas of Peru and Chile. The decrease in precipitation will have adverse effects on agricultural yields in several regions and countries throughout the continent. Particularly noteworthy within Latin America and the Caribbean as a whole is the high degree of vulnerability that will be seen in the Central American and Caribbean sub-regions as a result of the increased frequency of extreme events expected to occur in the wake of climate change. Moreover, the rises in the temperature of ocean surfaces will make for more frequent bleaching of coral reefs, with a negative impact on fishing and tourism. Nieves López Izquierdo, Associate Consultant UNEP/GRID-Arendal geolameric UNEP/GRID-Arendal Landa, R., B. Ávila y M. Hernández. 2010. Cambio Climático y Desarrollo Sustentable para América Latina y el Caribe. Conocer para Comunicar. British Council, PNUD México, Cátedra UNESCO-IMTA, FLACSO México. México D.F. 140 pp. Mon, 06 Dec 2010 12:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/expected-impacts-of-climate-change-in-2050_thumbnail_006.jpg 220 241 It is expected that by 2050 there will be threats to ecosystem services in the Andes and Mexico, in the Central American and Caribbean sub-regions, and in southeastern Brazil, while there will be negative effects on fishing in the Pacific coastal areas of Peru and Chile. The decrease in precipitation will have adverse effects on agricultural yields in several regions and countries throughout the continent. Particularly noteworthy within Latin America and the Caribbean as a whole is the high degree of vulnerability that will be seen in the Central American and Caribbean sub-regions as a result of the increased frequency of extreme events expected to occur in the wake of climate change. Moreover, the rises in the temperature of ocean surfaces will make for more frequent bleaching of coral reefs, with a negative impact on fishing and tourism. -12.5 -77.5 -55 -122 30 -33 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1165D9C9-D584-64FA-FCC1-119D6118B828 en-US Exploitation status of marine fish stocks Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal No data. Bounford.com and UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal SAUP 2006 Mon, 05 Oct 2009 14:04:02 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/exploitation-status-of-marine-fish-stocks_thumbnail.jpg 220 94 No data. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 Fourth Global Environment Outlook development GEO-4 assessment http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7099B6DB-1FB5-48C0-9CD4-798DA66C6479 en-US Exploratory oil wells in the Mackenzie region of NWT,Canada Karl Cox, Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Mackenzie delta and valley in the Northwest Territories, Canada (NWT) has seen a significant increase in the oil prospecting and exploration activity. This map shows the increase, over time, of oil wells between 1990 and 2001. Karl Cox, Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nwt UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Canada 2002. Northwest Territories, Canada Digital Atlas. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/exploratory_oil_wells_in_the_mackenzie_region_of_nwt_canada_thumbnail_001.jpg 172 200 The Mackenzie delta and valley in the Northwest Territories, Canada (NWT) has seen a significant increase in the oil prospecting and exploration activity. This map shows the increase, over time, of oil wells between 1990 and 2001. 70 -119.5 60 -137 80 -102 Mackenzie oil human impact natural resources http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/CF027229-B31F-1165-D128-11314B8C7CA2 en-US Export of fisheries products in Africa Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal For some African countries, particularly in West-Africa and to lesser extent also countries along the Indian Ocean, fisheries contribute significantly to exports. Remarkable is also that the fish sector is important for a landlocked country like Uganda bordering Victoria Lake. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoafrica UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. 2006. FISHSTAT Plus - Fisheries commodities production and trade 1976-2004. http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp (accessed September 27, 2006) World Resources Institute. 2006. Earthtrends - Trade in Goods and Services: Exports of goods and services. http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?theme=5 (accessed September 27, 2006) Tue, 07 Oct 2008 16:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/export-of-fisheries-products-in-africa_thumbnail_002.jpg 200 213 For some African countries, particularly in West-Africa and to lesser extent also countries along the Indian Ocean, fisheries contribute significantly to exports. Remarkable is also that the fish sector is important for a landlocked country like Uganda bordering Victoria Lake. 0 17 -37 -32 37 66 fisheries development marine lacustrine aquaculture http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/3218A86A-7215-42AD-B68F-689D2D7FEA4D en-US Export of Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes from Switzerland in 1997 UNEP/GRID-Arendal This graphic shows the amounts of hazardous waste exported from Switzerland in 1997 according to export data and according to import data, as reported by parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. It also shows the amount of waste that was disposed of, and the methods of disposal used, according to both sets of data. The graphic also illustrates the amount and type of materials that were recycled according to both sets of data. No information is presented on waste that was handled according to 'unspecified or mixed operations'. Note: Category Y19-Y45 refers to wastes having as constituents various hazardous substances. Further explanation of Y categories can be found in Appendix 2 of the Guide to the Basel Convention Control System for Hazardous Wastes at http://www.basel.int/pub/instruct.html#appendix2. UNEP/GRID-Arendal CH UNEP/GRID-Arendal Secretariat of the Basel Convention (data as reported by the parties); http://www.basel.int, Email: sbc@unep.ch Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_export_of_hazardous_wastes_and_other_wastes_from_switzerland_in_1997.jpg 220 330 This graphic shows the amounts of hazardous waste exported from Switzerland in 1997 according to export data and according to import data, as reported by parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. It also shows the amount of waste that was disposed of, and the methods of disposal used, according to both sets of data. The graphic also illustrates the amount and type of materials that were recycled according to both sets of data. No information is presented on waste that was handled according to 'unspecified or mixed operations'. Note: Category Y19-Y45 refers to wastes having as constituents various hazardous substances. Further explanation of Y categories can be found in Appendix 2 of the Guide to the Basel Convention Control System for Hazardous Wastes at http://www.basel.int/pub/instruct.html#appendix2. 46 7.5 45 5 47 10 Basel Convention hazardous waste imports transport of hazardous waste transboundary movement of hazardous waste international movement of hazardous waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/D68FA324-4E89-43B9-9118-4524F9E3009C en-US Export of Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes from Switzerland to Other Countries in 1997 Based on Export Data UNEP/GRID-Arendal This graphic shows the amounts of hazardous wastes and other wastes, in tonnes, exported from Switzerland to other countries in 1997. The amounts are based on export data, and shows that Switzerland exported wastes to the following countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Finland. The graphic shows that by far the largest amount of waste was exported to Germany. This graphic should be compared with Figure 22, which is based on import data and is located at http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/basel/22.pdf. Explanatory note from the full report: 'These figures reflect Swiss exports for wastes generated in Switzerland. Small quantities (120 metric tonnes) of hazardous wastes [were] exported to the USA for disposal and recycling.' UNEP/GRID-Arendal CH UNEP/GRID-Arendal Secretariat of the Basel Convention (data as reported by the parties); http://www.basel.int, Email: sbc@unep.ch Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_export_of_hazardous_wastes_and_other_wastes_from_switzerland_to_other_countries_in_1997_based_on_export_data.jpg 220 153 This graphic shows the amounts of hazardous wastes and other wastes, in tonnes, exported from Switzerland to other countries in 1997. The amounts are based on export data, and shows that Switzerland exported wastes to the following countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Finland. The graphic shows that by far the largest amount of waste was exported to Germany. This graphic should be compared with Figure 22, which is based on import data and is located at http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/basel/22.pdf. Explanatory note from the full report: 'These figures reflect Swiss exports for wastes generated in Switzerland. Small quantities (120 metric tonnes) of hazardous wastes [were] exported to the USA for disposal and recycling.' 46 7.5 45 5 47 10 Basel Convention transport of hazardous waste transboundary movement of hazardous waste international movement of hazardous waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/64B19176-1663-421B-AB4D-AF8098BC0F24 en-US Export of Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes from Switzerland to Other Countries in 1997 Based on Import Data UNEP/GRID-Arendal This graphic shows the amounts of hazardous wastes and other wastes, in tonnes, exported from Switzerland to other countries in 1997. The amounts are based on import data, and the graphic shows that Switzerland exported wastes to the following countries: the United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Finland. It shows that by far the largest amount of waste was exported to Germany. The graphic should be compared with Figure 19, which is based on import data and is located at http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/basel/19.pdf. UNEP/GRID-Arendal CH UNEP/GRID-Arendal Secretariat of the Basel Convention (data as reported by the parties); http://www.basel.int, Email: sbc@unep.ch Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_export_of_hazardous_wastes_and_other_wastes_from_switzerland_to_other_countries_in_1997_based_on_import_data_001.jpg 220 159 This graphic shows the amounts of hazardous wastes and other wastes, in tonnes, exported from Switzerland to other countries in 1997. The amounts are based on import data, and the graphic shows that Switzerland exported wastes to the following countries: the United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Finland. It shows that by far the largest amount of waste was exported to Germany. The graphic should be compared with Figure 19, which is based on import data and is located at http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/basel/19.pdf. 46 7.5 45 5 47 10 Basel Convention transport of hazardous waste transboundary movement of hazardous waste international movement of hazardous waste http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/54F20EB2-12FB-AD20-0C42-144C8FB486EC en-US Export of waste as reported by Germany, in tonnes, 2001 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal In 2000 Germany reported sending more than threehundred thousand tonnes of waste to 14 countries. All countries appeared to receive a broad combination of hazardous waste apart from China, which received nearly 50 tonnes of household waste. In year 2000, Germany was amongst the top importers, bringing in over 1 million tonnes of waste from 38 countries. Most of the waste came from the Netherlands, Italy, Luxemburg and Belgium and contained a combination of waste streams. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal DE UNEP/GRID-Arendal Basel Convention Thu, 09 Feb 2006 21:56:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/export_of_waste_as_reported_by_germany_in_tonnes_2001_thumbnail.jpg 220 140 In 2000 Germany reported sending more than threehundred thousand tonnes of waste to 14 countries. All countries appeared to receive a broad combination of hazardous waste apart from China, which received nearly 50 tonnes of household waste. In year 2000, Germany was amongst the top importers, bringing in over 1 million tonnes of waste from 38 countries. Most of the waste came from the Netherlands, Italy, Luxemburg and Belgium and contained a combination of waste streams. 51 10 47 5 55 15 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption germany economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/113C1F9F-B2FE-7095-EE15-D495C943DEF7 en-US Export volumes of pharmaceutical plants from Bulgaria, Albania, Croatia and Romania in 2000 Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett The greater Balkan region is remarkably rich with the potential to play an important part in the regional and global market for medicinal plants. In terms of quantity, Bulgaria and Albania are the two leading exporters in southeast Europe, the former ranking among the top 10 exporters worldwide. Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett balkan UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNCDTAD-COMTRADE database, United Nations Statistics Division, New York. Sun, 10 Feb 2008 14:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/export-volumes-of-pharmaceutical-plants-from-bulgaria-albania-croatia-and-romania-in-2000_thumbnail.jpg 220 220 The greater Balkan region is remarkably rich with the potential to play an important part in the regional and global market for medicinal plants. In terms of quantity, Bulgaria and Albania are the two leading exporters in southeast Europe, the former ranking among the top 10 exporters worldwide. 41 19.5 35 13 47 26 economy pharmaceuticals medicine natural remedies trade exports http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/13C94D1A-1487-DE65-3605-6CD929476FB3 en-US Export waste as reported by Australia, in tonnes, 2001 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Australia is not a big player in the waste trade, but a good percentage of its exports are shipped all the way to Europe. In 2000 Australia reported the export of 16 689 tonnes of waste (all classifi ed as hazardous) to New Zealand, Belgium, Great Britain, France and Austria. More than half the waste consisted of used lead acid batteries, which were moved across the Tasman Sea to New Zealand. Most of the rest of the waste (described as lead dross) was exported to Belgium. During that same period Australia imported 1600 tonnes of waste from New Zealand, Norway, French Antarctic and South Africa. This included mostly copper and lead compounds from New Zealand, selenium from Norway and household waste from the French Antarctic base. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal AU UNEP/GRID-Arendal Basel Convention Thu, 09 Feb 2006 21:46:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/export_waste_as_reported_by_australia_in_tonnes_2001_thumbnail.jpg 220 132 Australia is not a big player in the waste trade, but a good percentage of its exports are shipped all the way to Europe. In 2000 Australia reported the export of 16 689 tonnes of waste (all classifi ed as hazardous) to New Zealand, Belgium, Great Britain, France and Austria. More than half the waste consisted of used lead acid batteries, which were moved across the Tasman Sea to New Zealand. Most of the rest of the waste (described as lead dross) was exported to Belgium. During that same period Australia imported 1600 tonnes of waste from New Zealand, Norway, French Antarctic and South Africa. This included mostly copper and lead compounds from New Zealand, selenium from Norway and household waste from the French Antarctic base. -32 135 -54 112 -10 158 Basel Convention waste pollution manufacturing consumption economy trade http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1041CF51-1428-1118-F5ED-99AB58F33B6D en-US Exportations agricoles totales Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Les échanges céréaliers mondiaux dans le domaine agricole se sont accrus à un rythme constant au cours des dernières décennies. L’OCDE a toujours été une grande exportatrice nette de céréales, alors que l'Asie en est devenue une grande importatrice nette Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2005. The State of Food and Agriculture 2005: Agricultural Trade and Poverty. Can the Poor Benefit from Trade. Rome: UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Mon, 08 Jun 2009 18:34:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/exportations-agricoles-totales_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 257 Les échanges céréaliers mondiaux dans le domaine agricole se sont accrus à un rythme constant au cours des dernières décennies. L’OCDE a toujours été une grande exportatrice nette de céréales, alors que l'Asie en est devenue une grande importatrice nette 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/EDD3534C-B0AE-94AE-2BCD-92181D8B1526 en-US Exports of pharmaceutical plants from Central Europe compared to gross national income (GNI) per capita Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett The Balkans are one of the most competitive sources on the world market. However, stocks of many wild species have recently declined. Some species are now rare or endangered due to the loss of their natural habitat, excessive picking, soil erosion and other factors. Philippe Rekacewicz, Stephane Kluser, Matthias Beilstein, Ieva Rucevska, Cecile Marin, Otto Simonett balkan UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNCDTAD-COMTRADE database, United Nations Division, New York; The World Bank database, 2005. Sun, 10 Feb 2008 09:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/exports-of-pharmaceutical-plants-from-central-europe-compared-to-gross-national-income-gni-per-capit_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 220 The Balkans are one of the most competitive sources on the world market. However, stocks of many wild species have recently declined. Some species are now rare or endangered due to the loss of their natural habitat, excessive picking, soil erosion and other factors. 41 19.5 35 13 47 26 pharmaceutical plants natural medicine economy export trade http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/9FE5FC80-A0F2-C525-EF98-77534ECEDA0C en-US Extent of cultivated systems, 2000 Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850. Cultivated systems (areas where at least 30% of the landscape is in croplands,shifting cultivation, confined livestock production, or freshwater aquaculture) now cover one quarter of Earth’s terrestrial surface. Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Sun, 03 Feb 2008 17:23:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/extent-of-cultivated-systems-2000_thumbnail_002.jpg 220 122 More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850. Cultivated systems (areas where at least 30% of the landscape is in croplands,shifting cultivation, confined livestock production, or freshwater aquaculture) now cover one quarter of Earth’s terrestrial surface. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 agriculture farming land usage cultivation desertification http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/119C3DB0-1051-1397-0046-112515934F8A en-US Extent of deforestation in Borneo 1950-2005, and projection towards 2020 Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The tropical lowland and highland forests of Borneo, including vast expanses of rainforest, have decreased rapidly after the end of the second world war. Forests are burned, logged and clear, and commonly replaced with agricultural land, built-up areas or palm oil plantations. These areas represent habitat for species, such as Orangutan and elephants. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal borneo UNEP/GRID-Arendal Radday, M, WWF Germany. 2007. 'Borneo Maps'. January 24, 2007, personal e-mail (January 24, 2007) Tue, 06 Feb 2007 11:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/extent-of-deforestation-in-borneo-1950-2005-and-projection-towards-2020_thumbnail.jpg 220 170 The tropical lowland and highland forests of Borneo, including vast expanses of rainforest, have decreased rapidly after the end of the second world war. Forests are burned, logged and clear, and commonly replaced with agricultural land, built-up areas or palm oil plantations. These areas represent habitat for species, such as Orangutan and elephants. 0 112.5 -10 105 10 120 biodiversity conservation forest tropical forest rain forest forestry apes http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/14AD12A0-16A7-14D0-18E1-175A30657485 en-US Extent of Pollution over Asia Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. No data Philippe Rekacewicz assisted by Cecile Marin, Agnes Stienne, Guilio Frigieri, Riccardo Pravettoni, Laura Margueritte and Marion Lecoquierre. global UNEP/GRID-Arendal ABC et al. 2002 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 21:54:43 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/extent-of-pollution-over-asia_thumbnail.jpg 220 139 No data 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 forest forests biomes management economic http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/6D79862B-7348-4A93-AA38-C8B7E5B0260C en-US External debt in the Southern Caucasus Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal caucasus UNEP/GRID-Arendal IMF ( International Monetary Fund) Sun, 12 Mar 2006 09:25:19 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_external_debt_in_the_southern_caucasus.jpg 220 352 Peacefully resolving the overriding political, economic and social concerns of our time requires a multifaceted approach, including mechanisms to address the links between the natural environment and human security. UNDP, UNEP, OSCE and NATO have joined forces in the Environment and Security (ENVSEC) Initiative to offer countries their combined pool of expertise and resources towards that aim. ENVSEC assessment of environment and security linkages in the South Caucasus was completed in 2004 and presented at the Ministerial meeting of EECCA countries in Tbilisi. The assessment as well as already on-going initiatives form a basis for an ENVSEC work programme in the region. 37 45.5 28 39 46 52 security conflict nis cee caucasus soviet debt economy http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/AF5BE078-A474-1133-A098-FA51457734A3 en-US Extraction activities and disputed areas in the Barents Sea Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Norway and the Russian federation are currently disagreeing on the exact definition of their respective zones in the Barents Sea. The cause of the dispute is based on the special status that Svalbard has, as an International territory, under Norwegian stewardship - in some ways similar to Antarctica. The disputed is expected to be solved through bilateral agreements. The Barents Sea is currently a hot area for developing new sites for extraction of oil and gas - the map highlights the Snøhvit, Goliat and Shtokman fields. Note that the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations, UNEP or UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal barentssea UNEP/GRID-Arendal ESRI Inc. 1993. Digital Chart of the World. Redlands, USA: ESRI. ESRI Inc. 1992. ArcWorld 1:3M. Redlands, USA: ESRI. Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. 2006. od_mainmap ArcIMS map service. http://217.68.117.237 (accessed July 20, 2006) Mareano. 2006. mareano_oljemiljo_2 ArcIMS map service. http://www.ngu.no (accessed July 21, 2006) NGA. 2000. VMAP 0, Version 5. http://geoengine.nga.mil/ geospatial/SW_TOOLS/NIMAMUSE/webinter/rast_roam.html (accessed July 14, 2006) Patterson, T. 2006. CleanTOPO2. http://www.shadedrelief.com/cleantopo2/ (accessed July 20, 2006) Strande, K. 2006.'Kart for UD'. June 15, 2006, personal email. (June 15 2006) Mon, 29 Jan 2007 12:01:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/tn_web_extraction_activities_and_disputed_areas_in_the_barents_sea_001.jpg 220 183 Norway and the Russian federation are currently disagreeing on the exact definition of their respective zones in the Barents Sea. The cause of the dispute is based on the special status that Svalbard has, as an International territory, under Norwegian stewardship - in some ways similar to Antarctica. The disputed is expected to be solved through bilateral agreements. The Barents Sea is currently a hot area for developing new sites for extraction of oil and gas - the map highlights the Snøhvit, Goliat and Shtokman fields. Note that the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations, UNEP or UNEP/GRID-Arendal. 75.5 39.5 66 9 85 70 natural resources oil gas extraction territorial disputes marine issues http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/E6342378-9F54-119B-1DB2-84BF2DE105E0 en-US Extreme days and nights - daylight variation in the Arctic: Reykjavik, Murmansk and Alert Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Arctic and Antarctic have long nights in the winter and long days in the summer. Above the Arctic Circle (66 °N), there is at least one day with no sun– polar night, and one day with no night— midnight sun. This graph shows the length of day through the year for three places in the Arctic: Reykjavik, Iceland, is the only national capital in the Arctic, Murmansk, Russia, is one of the largest cities in the nort and finally Alert, Canada, the northernmost inhabited place on Earth. Alert experiences 4½ months with the sun below the horizon (polar night) in the winter, and 4½ months of midnight sun. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal geoarctic UNEP/GRID-Arendal Conrad, J. 2007. The Sun/Moon Calculator. http://www.largeformatphotography.info/sunmooncalc/ (Accessed January 1, 2008) Thu, 31 Jul 2008 20:20:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/extreme-days-and-nights-daylight-variation-in-the-arctic-reykjavik-murmansk-and-alert_thumbnail_003.jpg 210 210 The Arctic and Antarctic have long nights in the winter and long days in the summer. Above the Arctic Circle (66 °N), there is at least one day with no sun– polar night, and one day with no night— midnight sun. This graph shows the length of day through the year for three places in the Arctic: Reykjavik, Iceland, is the only national capital in the Arctic, Murmansk, Russia, is one of the largest cities in the nort and finally Alert, Canada, the northernmost inhabited place on Earth. Alert experiences 4½ months with the sun below the horizon (polar night) in the winter, and 4½ months of midnight sun. 72.5 0 55 -180 90 180 ipy arctic day midnight sun polar night http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/267F3EFE-DF2C-4E88-9232-6FA332CB47A1 en-US Factors influencing the greenhouse effect Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal There are three main factors that directly influence the energy balance of the earth: the total energy influx, which depends on the earth's distance from the sun and on solar activity; the chemical composition of the atmosphere, and albedo, the ability of the earth's surface to reflect light. The only factor that has changed significantly in the last 100 years is the chemical composition of the atmosphere. This resource also includes a graphic that shows how the amounts of carbon dioxide (in parts per million), methane (in parts per billion) and nitrous oxide (in parts per billion) in the earth's atmosphere have increased from the year 1000 to the year 2000. The graphic also shows how the amount of radiative forcing, in watts per square metre, has increased for each chemical. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal See graphic for complete list of sources. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/factors_influencing_the_greenhouse_effect_thumbnail.jpg 135 200 There are three main factors that directly influence the energy balance of the earth: the total energy influx, which depends on the earth's distance from the sun and on solar activity; the chemical composition of the atmosphere, and albedo, the ability of the earth's surface to reflect light. The only factor that has changed significantly in the last 100 years is the chemical composition of the atmosphere. This resource also includes a graphic that shows how the amounts of carbon dioxide (in parts per million), methane (in parts per billion) and nitrous oxide (in parts per billion) in the earth's atmosphere have increased from the year 1000 to the year 2000. The graphic also shows how the amount of radiative forcing, in watts per square metre, has increased for each chemical. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 albedo solar influx solar energy influx climate change radiative forcing greenhouse effect http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/164BF0C8-7352-B44D-63B8-EA38064672BC en-US FAO Commodity Price Indices Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil Although production has generally increased, the rising prices coincided with extreme weather events in several major cereal producing countries, which resulted in a depletion of cereal stocks. The 2008 world cereal stocks are forecast to fall to their lowest levels in 30 years time, to 18.7% of utilization or only 66 days of food (FAO, 2008). Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2008. Food Outlook, June 2007. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah864e/ah864e00.htm (Accessed November 10, 2008) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2008. Food Outlook, November 2008. http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/ai474e/ai474e16.htm (Accessed November 10, 2008) Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/fao-commodity-price-indices_thumbnail_005.jpg 220 83 Although production has generally increased, the rising prices coincided with extreme weather events in several major cereal producing countries, which resulted in a depletion of cereal stocks. The 2008 world cereal stocks are forecast to fall to their lowest levels in 30 years time, to 18.7% of utilization or only 66 days of food (FAO, 2008). 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/8C460397-9288-FB0E-0D9F-143F597E4BB3 en-US FAO Food price index (FFPI) Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil The current world food crisis is the result of the combined effects of competition for cropland from the growth in biofuels, low cereal stocks, high oil prices, speculation in food markets and extreme weather events. The crisis has resulted in a several-fold increase in several central commodity prices, driven 110 million people into poverty and added 44 million more to the already undernourished. Information on the role and constraints of the environment in increasing future food production is urgently needed. While food prices are again declining, they still widely remain above 2004 levels. Hugo Ahlenius, Nordpil global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2008. Food Outlook, June 2007. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah864e/ah864e00.htm (Accessed November 10, 2008) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2008. Food Outlook, November 2008. http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/ai474e/ai474e16.htm (Accessed November 10, 2008) Tue, 17 Feb 2009 10:22:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/fao-food-price-index-ffpi_thumbnail_005.jpg 220 92 The current world food crisis is the result of the combined effects of competition for cropland from the growth in biofuels, low cereal stocks, high oil prices, speculation in food markets and extreme weather events. The crisis has resulted in a several-fold increase in several central commodity prices, driven 110 million people into poverty and added 44 million more to the already undernourished. Information on the role and constraints of the environment in increasing future food production is urgently needed. While food prices are again declining, they still widely remain above 2004 levels. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 food agriculture global change food supply nutrition http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/92EA3E04-3FA6-40EE-9C80-B10BB4D23F26 en-US Female Literacy and accessibility (Burkina Faso and Mali) Manon Desforges, Anne Estoppey, Anila Ciba, Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, Claudia Hebrlein, Otto Simonett Burkina Faso and Mali have an extremely high percentage of adult female literacy. This map helps demonstrate the possible correlation between the level of access to markets and infrastructures based on road quality and town size to the levels of literacy. Manon Desforges, Anne Estoppey, Anila Ciba, Philippe Rekacewicz, Emmanuelle Bournay, Claudia Hebrlein, Otto Simonett ML UNEP/GRID-Arendal Digital data source: Demographic Health Survey Points: West Africa Spatial Analysis Prototype (WASAP) dataset, 1995. Accessibility: Road Network digitized from IGN maps, surfaces produced by Uwe Deichmann, 1997. Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/female_literacy_and_accessibility_burkina_faso_and_mali_thumbnail.jpg 200 137 Burkina Faso and Mali have an extremely high percentage of adult female literacy. This map helps demonstrate the possible correlation between the level of access to markets and infrastructures based on road quality and town size to the levels of literacy. 17.5 -4 10 -12 25 4 poverty education literacy female gender http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/F8675407-5775-466F-87FA-45542BF2B86C en-US Fertilizer consumption in the Nordic countries, 1980-1996 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The graph shows the consumption of fertilizers in the Nordic countries form 1980 to 1996 with projections to 2006. The fertilizers included are phosphate, Potash and Nitrogen which are the three most important nutrients for crop growth. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal nordic UNEP/GRID-Arendal FAO, EFMA, 1997 Sun, 12 Feb 2006 23:14:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/fertilizer-consumption-in-the-nordic-countries-1980-1996_thumbnail.jpg 200 135 The graph shows the consumption of fertilizers in the Nordic countries form 1980 to 1996 with projections to 2006. The fertilizers included are phosphate, Potash and Nitrogen which are the three most important nutrients for crop growth. 68 3 54 -25 82 31 fertiliser agriculture nitrogen phosphate potassium potash eutrophication http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/138103DF-1659-1640-D965-E5D868E93266 en-US Fiji, topographic map Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal The Republic of Fiji is a small island country in the South Pacific Ocean. The country has a population of 850 000 people spread out over an archipelago of islands. The largest ones, Viti Levu and Vanua Leva houses the majority of the inhabitants. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal FJ UNEP/GRID-Arendal n/a Mon, 02 Jun 2008 21:19:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/fiji-topographic-map_thumbnail_001.jpg 220 226 The Republic of Fiji is a small island country in the South Pacific Ocean. The country has a population of 850 000 people spread out over an archipelago of islands. The largest ones, Viti Levu and Vanua Leva houses the majority of the inhabitants. -17.5 175.5 -19 171 -16 180 http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/1790D03F-17D1-7B61-0BDC-C95E731CD081 en-US Fin de l’utilisation des Fin de l’utilisation CFC aux Etats-Unis en des CFC aux 1987 UNEP/GRID-Arendal En pourcentage de l’usage total de CFC UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal Agence pour la protection de l’environnement des Etats-Unis, 1992 (cité par WRI en 1996) Wed, 26 May 2010 18:31:40 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/fin-de-l-utilisation-des-fin-de-l-utilisation-cfc-aux-etats-unis-en-des-cfc-aux-1987_thumbnail.jpg 68 300 En pourcentage de l’usage total de CFC 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 ozone resource kit journalist http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/97EBE779-97DC-1566-2D7F-11AFED80BB8E en-US Financial flows for developing countries Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal With increased globalization and a smaller world, money flows more easily and the flows have increased. Where aid once represented a majority of the funds from high income countries to developing countries, this has now been surpassed by investments and worker’s remittances, and these flows show no sign of slowing down – maybe pausing for an occasional downturn in the global economy. The question is when this will start show as a significant decrease in poverty. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal global UNEP/GRID-Arendal World Bank. 2007. Global Development Finance 2007 Volume I. Washington DC: World Bank. Sat, 07 Jun 2008 03:00:00 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/financial-flows-for-developing-countries_thumbnail.jpg 182 300 With increased globalization and a smaller world, money flows more easily and the flows have increased. Where aid once represented a majority of the funds from high income countries to developing countries, this has now been surpassed by investments and worker’s remittances, and these flows show no sign of slowing down – maybe pausing for an occasional downturn in the global economy. The question is when this will start show as a significant decrease in poverty. 0 0 -90 -180 90 180 development remittances money finances economy trade aid oda http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/2DE528ED-0327-483E-8B29-D5DF75EB3058 en-US Finland emissions of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) 1990 and 2010 projections Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal FI UNEP/GRID-Arendal UNFCCC, FCCC/CP/1998/11/Add.2, please see http://www.grida.no/db/maps/collection/climate5/about.htm for more information Thu, 16 Aug 2007 11:35:47 --0200 text/html Image http://maps.grida.no/library/files/finland_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_co2_ch4_n2o_1990_and_2010_projections_thumbnail.jpg 200 198 Emissions from human activities, and primarily fossil fuels, contribute to climate change, global warming and the greenhouse effect. This is primarily from industry, energy, transportation and related sectors. Please note that this collection of graphics has since been updated, please see http://www.grida.no or http://unfccc.int/ for the latest information and graphics. 64.5 25 59 19 70 31 climate change emissions pollution co2 greenhouse gases methane Finland http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/graphicid/7FAE69E6-5BCB-4BB8-91CF-B262C2FBFB27 en-US Finland topographic map Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Finland is located in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia, comprising 338,145 sq km. It has an estimated population of 5,223,442 (2005). Major environmental concerns are: air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations. Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal